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Chapter 7: The French

Revolution and

Napoleon 1789-1815

Previewing the Chapter

Revolution leads to the overthrow and

execution of the French King.

After a period of instability, Napoleon

takes control of France and most of Europe.

Napoleon’s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace.

Section 1: Revolution

Threatens the French King

Members of the Third Estate demand a more representative government.

The fall of the Bastille and the king’s removal from Versailles signal the beginning of the French Revolution.

Section 2: Revolution Brings

Reform and Terror

The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal divisions.

The king is executed, and Robespierre inaugurates the Reign of Terror.

A third constitution puts power in the hands of the upper middle class.

Section 3: Napoleon Forges an

Empire

A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte,

becomes emperor of France and assumes

broad powers.

Through military

victories, he establishes mastery

over most of Europe.

Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire

Collapses

Napoleon makes

political and military mistakes as

he tries to increase his power.

He is defeated,

returns, is defeated again, and finishes

his life in exile.

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Section 5: The Congress of

Vienna Convenes

Following the plan

of Metternich, the Congress of Vienna

reestablishes stability in Europe after the defeat of

Napoleon.

What Do You Know About…??

Napoleon

Bonaparte?

What can you tell

about his character from this painting of him?

Understanding Time Lines The French Revolution and Napoleon

In what year was Louis XVI executed?

Who then became emperor of France?

In how many years would he be defeated?

1789 1815

Storming of the

Bastille ignites the

French Revolution

1793 Louis XVI is

executed by the

guillotine. Reign of

Terror begins

1796 Napoleon

appointed

commander of

French forces in

Italy

1799 Napoleon

overthrows the

Directory

through a coup

d'état

1804 Napoleon crowns

himself emperor,

begins to create

a vast European

empire

1815 Napoleon is

defeated at the

Battle of

Waterloo

Washington is

inaugurated

as first US

president

Connect History and

Geography

Look at the map on page 215 of your textbook

In 1810, Napoleon ruled a vast empire, with control over most of Europe.

The map shows that the Russian empire was an ally of Napoleon’s

How do you know this?

In less than two years, Napoleon tried to strengthen his power by invading his Russian ally

In the end, this contributed to his downfall

Connect History and

Geography Previewing Themes

Power and Authority:

With absolute rulers dominating Europe, Enlightenment thinkers began questioning

why so few held so much power.

The French Revolution was an attempt to

put power into the hands of many.

Power changed hands several times in this

short period of history.

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Previewing Themes

Revolution:

The success of the American Revolution inspired the French, some of whom even

participated in it.

The French people were deeply affected

by the colonists’ overthrow of the British and, in turn, revolted against their own

oppressive rulers.

Previewing Themes

Economics:

The gap between the rich and the poor widened when France’s economy

weakened.

Hungry peasants and city dwellers were

outraged by what they felt was unjust treatment.

The economy of France became a major cause of the French Revolution.

Chapter 7: The

French Revolution

and Napoleon Section 1: Revolution Threatens

the French King

Revolution Threatens the

French King

In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country in Europe.

It was the center of the Enlightenment and it had a large population and prosperous foreign trade.

France’s culture was widely praised and emulated by the rest of the world.

However, the appearance of success was deceiving. There was great unrest in France, caused by high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire.


French King

Main Idea:

Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French

Revolution

Why It Matters Now:

Throughout history, economic and social

inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments.


French King What is the most striking difference between these two women?

How do poor people sometimes feel about wealthy people?

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French King

Terms and Names:

Old Regime

Estate

Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Estates-General

National Assembly

Tennis Court Oath

Great Fear

Bourgeoisie

The Old Order

The Old Regime Old Regime—a social and political system that existed in

France during the 1770s Estates were the three social classes of the Old Regime

The Privileged Estates: First Estate—composed of the Catholic clergy

They owned 10 percent of the land and paid few taxes

Strongly spoke out against Enlightenment ideas

Second Estate—composed of rich nobles Two percent of the population and owned 20 percent of

the land

Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas

The Old Order

The Third Estate: This was the 97

percent of the people

Composed of peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie, or middle class

They had few privileges, paid heavy taxes

As a result, they want change

The Forces of Change

Enlightenment Ideas: The ideas of the Enlightenment inspire some of

the people in the Third Estate

Economic Troubles:

High taxes and rising costs damaged the French economy in the 1780s

King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette are known for their extravagance

Louis doubles the nation’s debt, and the banks refuse to loan him more money

The Forces of Change A Weak Leader

Louis’ poor decisions and lack of patience add the France’s problems

He calls the Estates General A meeting of

representatives from all three estates

But with each Estate having one vote, the Third Estate would always lose out in the voting

Dawn of the Revolution The National Assembly

The Third Estate has little power under the old rules.

With support from a French Abbey called Sieyes, major changes are made in the French government.

With these changes, the Third Estate sets up a National Assembly—a new legislation to make reforms independent of the Estates General. This marked the beginning of a representative

democracy and the rejection of the monarchy—it was the start of the Revolution

After breaking down the locked door to their meeting room, the Third Estate delegates swear an oath on a tennis court—hence the Tennis Court Oath—to write a new constitution for France

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Dawn of the Revolution

Storming the Bastille:

Although agreeing to the National Assembly, Louis no longer trusted his own French army and stationed his mercenary Swiss army around Paris

Rumors begin to fly that Louis wanted to kill French citizens and suppress the National Assembly

On July 14, 1789, a mob attacks and seizes the Bastille, a prison in Paris, for ammunition.

A Great Fear Sweeps France Rebellion:

After the fall of the Bastille, rumors and panic spread throughout the French countryside.

Peasants became lawless and during this period of the Great Fear, began attacking nobles and even each other.

Peasants break in to nobles’ homes and destroy legal papers binding them to the old feudal system.

In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over the rising price of bread. It is said that during this time, Marie Antoinette remarked

“Let the eat cake”—this is just a myth!

They force their way into the Palace of Versailles, demanding that Louis return to Paris

Louis and his family left Versailles, never to return, marking a change of power and the beginning of national reforms about to take over France

Review

Terms and Names:

Old Regime

Estate

Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Estates-General

National Assembly

Tennis Court Oath

Great Fear

Bourgeoisie

Forming Opinions

Do you think that changes in the French

government were inevitable?

Think about…

The leadership of Louis XVI

The French national debt

Enlightenment ideas

Other world revolutions

Analyzing Themes

Economics:

How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions?

Think about…

France’s three estates

The role of taxation

France’s national debt

Conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution

Web Diagram

Causes of

the

Revolution

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Chapter 7: The

French Revolution

and Napoleon Section 2: Revolution Brings

Reform and Terror

Revolution Brings Reform and

Terror

Peasants were not the only members of French society to feel the Great Fear

Nobles and clergymen were equally afraid

Throughout France, angry peasants struck out against members of the upper classes.

In the summer of 1789, a few months before the women’s march to Versailles, some nobles and clergymen in the National Assembly responded to the uprisings in an emotional late-night meeting.


Terror

Read about the guillotine on page 225

How did condemned persons die?

Why were some spectators displeased with the guillotine?


Terror

Main Idea:

The Revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and

violence to retain power.

Why It Matters Now:

Some governments that lack the support of

their people still use terrorism to control their citizens.


Terror

Terms and Names:

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Legislative Assembly

Émigrés

Sans-culottes

Guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety

Reign of Terror

The Assembly Reforms France

The Rights of Man:

The National Assembly adopts the

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Revolutionary leaders use the slogan,

“Libertée, Egalitée, Fraternitée”

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

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The Assembly Reforms France

A State-Controlled Church:

The National Assembly seizes church lands, and turns the clergy into public officials.

Louis tries to Escape:

Louis, worried about his future, tries to escape France.

Revolutionaries catch the royal family near the Netherlands border.

Divisions Develop A Limited Monarchy:

In September 1791, the Assembly finishes the new constitution.

A new body to pass laws, the Legislative Assembly, is created.

Factions Split France: Major problems, including the debt and food shortages

remain. The Assembly splits into three factions:

Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives

Émigrés—nobles who fled the country, want the Old Regime back in power.

Sans-culottes—lower classes want even more chages from the Revolution

The Legislative Assembly Radicals Moderates Conservatives

• Sat on the left side of the hall; were called left wing and were said to be on the left

• Opposed to the king and the idea of a monarchy

• Wanted sweeping changes in government and proposed that common people have full power in a republic

• Sat in the center of the hall and were called centrists

• Wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals

• Sat on the right side of the hall; were called right wing and said to be on the right

• Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy

• Wanted few changes in government

War and Execution

Problems with other countries: Austria and Prussia want Louis in charge of France—

France declares war on both countries.

France at War: Prussian forces advance and soon threaten to take Paris. A Parisian mob jails the royal family and kills guards In September 1791, mobs break into prisons, killing over

1,000 people, including many who support the king. Pressured by the mobs, the Legislative Assembly formally

deposes the king and then dissolves. A National Convention forms in September 1791, forming

the French Republic.

War and Execution

Jacobins Take Control:

The Jacobins were a radical, anti-monarchy political organization behind the

1792 changes in government.

After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty

of treason to the French people and is beheaded—by a new device called the

guillotine

War and Execution

The War Continues:

The French army, made up of citizens, wins a great victory over the Prussians and

Austrians at Valmy.

In 1793, Britain, Spain and Holland join

forces against France.

As a result, the National Convention orders

a draft of 300,000 people to reinforce the army.

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The Terror Grips France

Divided Country:

Not all people in France support all the changes of the Revolution

Some liked things just the way they were—at

least they had peace.


Robespierre Assumes Control:

Maximilien Robespierre was a Jacobin leader who rules France for a year.

He becomes the leader of the Committee for Public Safety—and rules as a dictator.


Robespierre Assumes Control:

The period of time under Robespierre was known as the Reign of Terror.

Robespierre killed many of his opponents.

Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies of France and Marie Antoinette.

85 percent of those who die during the terror are either middle or lower class citizens.

End of the Terror Another in Charge of Government:

In July 1794, Robespierre is arrested by the National convention and executed.

Public opinion shifts away from the radicals and towards a more moderate view.

The Moderate leaders write a new constitution.

With this new form of governing, a two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order to France.

The new government names Napoleon Bonaparte the commander of armies.

Review

Terms and Names:

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Legislative Assembly

Émigrés

Sans-culottes

Guillotine

Maximilien Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety

Reign of Terror

Review

Recognizing Causes:

After the French rejected the king’s absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this to happen?

Think about…

The political climate prior to Robespierre’s rule

The need for a leader

Robespierre’s personality

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Chapter 7: The

French Revolution

and Napoleon Section 3: Napoleon Forges an

Empire

Objectives

1. To explain how Napoleon Bonaparte

came to power in France.

2. To summarize the steps Napoleon took

to restore power to France.

3. To describe the extent and weaknesses

of Napoleon’s empire.

Napoleon Forges an Empire

Napoleon was a short man (5ft, 3in tall) who cast a long shadow over the history of modern times.

He would come to be recognized as one of the world’s greatest military geniuses—along with Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of Rome.

In only four years (1795-1799) Napoleon rose from relative obscurity to become master of France.


Read the History Makers feature on page

230 of your textbook, and listen to the story from Mr. Marfy:

How did Napoleon reward his troops?

How did they feel about him?


Main Idea:

A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and made himself

emperor.

Why It Matters Now:

In times of political turmoil, military dictators

often seize control of nations, as in Cuba with Fidel Castro.


Terms and Names:

Napoleon Bonaparte

Coup d'état

Plebiscite

Lycée

Concordat

Napoleonic Code

Battle of Trafalgar

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Napoleon Seizes Power

Early Life

Napoleon Bonaparte is born in 1769 in Corsica

Attends military school

Is teased and prefers to be alone

Joins the regular army at 16 and when the Revolution breaks out he joins the army of the new government.


Hero of the Hour

In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels attacking the National Convention.

Napoleon is promoted, and quickly wins victories in Italy, as well as beating back the Austrians, quickly gaining popularity.

Once he got to Egypt, he was not as successful, losing his first of many battles to British admiral Horatio Nelson.

The news of his defeat was not as publicized as his victories.


Coup d'état:

In November 1799, Napoleon is able to carry out a coup d'état, or “blow of state”, by dissolving the power of the weakened Directory through his (and his wife Josephine’s) influence in the national legislature

At age 30, Napoleon assumed dictatorial powers as the first consul of the French Republic

Napoleon goes on to defeat the British, Russians and Austrians.

By 1802, Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years.

Napoleon Rules France

Vote of Approval:

After the coup in 1799, Napoleon convinced the citizens of France that he had been constitutionally chosen to be the leader of France.

In 1800, a plebiscite—or vote of the people—was held to approve a new constitution

This new constitution really gave Napoleon all real power as first consul.


Restoring Order at Home: Napoleon kept many changes of the revolution

as well as strengthened the central government.

He set up an efficient banking system and efficient tax collection.

Establishes lycées—government-run public schools designed to train officials

He signed the concordat—an agreement with the pope to restore Catholicism in France French peasants and the clergy wanted this, but

it prohibited the Catholic church from directly meddling with the business of the French state.

Napoleon Brings Order After

the Revolution The Economy Government &

Society

Religion

Goals of the

Revolution

• Equal taxation

• Lower inflation

• Less government

corruption

• Equal opportunity

in government

• Less powerful

Catholic Church

• Religious tolerance

Napoleon’s

Actions

• Set up fairer tax

code

• Set up national

bank

• Stabilized currency

• Gave state loans

to business

• Appointed officials

by merit

• Fired corrupt

officials

• Created lycees

• Created code of

laws

• Recognized

Catholicism as

“faith of

Frenchmen”

• Signed concordat

with pope

• Retained seized

church lands

Results • Equal taxation

• Stable economy

• Honest,

competent

officials

• Equal opportunity

in government

• Public education

• Religious tolerance

• Government

control of church

lands

• Government

recognition of

church influence

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Why Economics are Important

National Bank:

Allows a central government to regulate banking activities.

Eliminates problems that arise when banks operate independently, some even issuing

their own currencies.

Results in people being more confident in

their government.


Inflation:

A general rise in the level of prices.

Increases in the price of food, clothing and

housing are caused by decreases in the value of money.

During extreme inflation, a loaf of bread might cost hundreds of dollars.

Low inflation can lead to prosperity and political stability.


Stabilized Currency:

Results from a national banking system, low inflation and other factors.

Currency that does not change in value quickly and that is backed by a central

government contributes to national stability and peace.


Restoring Order at Home:

Napoleon created a system of laws known as

the Napoleonic Code

While it was a uniform system of laws, it also

created many injustices—it restricted individual

rights over order and authority.

It restricted women’s freedom, freedom of the press and speech, and rights to sell property.

It also reestablished slavery in the French

colonies of the Caribbean, which had been

abolished under the Revolutionary government.

Napoleon Rules France Napoleon Crowned as

Emperor: In 1804, the French

overwhelmingly voted for Napoleon to become emperor.

On December 2, 1804, Napoleon arrogantly crowned himself emperor at Notre Dame cathedral in front of the pope, who traditionally did this.

With this gesture, Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the church.

Napoleon Creates an Empire

Loss of American Territories: Once word of the Revolution reached the French-ruled island of

Hispaniola, the citizens of Saint Domingue, many of whom were slaves, demand the same treatment as French citizens.

In 1801, Napoleon sent an army to quell the slave rebellion, but it was a long and costly affair. Many French soldiers also died of yellow fever.

Napoleon decides to give up on his dream of empire in the Americas and turns his focus on conquering Europe.

President Jefferson had expressed an interest in purchasing the Port of New Orleans.

Seeing an opportunity to regain his losses, Napoleon sells the entire Louisiana territory to the Americans for $15 million in 1803.

Napoleon also sees this as an opportunity to punish his British enemies. “The sale assures forever the power of the United States, and I

have given England a rival, who, sooner or later, will humble her pride”

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Conquering Europe:

Napoleon had already conquered parts of Europe, including the Netherlands.

Britain persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to join in a Third Coalition against France.

In a series of brilliant battles, Napoleon crushes his enemies.

After the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon issues a proclamation expressing his pride in his troops.

Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia all signed peace treaties with Napoleon.


The Battle of Trafalgar:

In 1805, the powerful British navy, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated the combined French and Spanish navies at the Battle of Trafalgar.

The defeat forced Napoleon to give up his plan of invading Britain.

Napoleon would have to look for other ways to try and crush the British.

This ambition would eventually lead to Napoleon’s undoing.


The French Empire: By 1812, Napoleon controls most of Europe except for

Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. He also has puppet rulers in some countries and

alliances with others. These countries weren’t totally under Napoleon’s control,

but he could manipulate them easily with threats of military action.

The French empire reached its largest extent between 1807-1812. Though conquered, many European countries had a a

strong sense of nationalism.

Ironically, Napoleon was only able to maintain control of his own empire for five years, and it collapsed quickly.

Review

Terms and Names:

Napoleon Bonaparte

Coup d'état

Plebiscite

Lycée

Concordat

Napoleonic Code

Battle of Trafalgar

HW Activity—Forming an

Opinion

There is an old question: “Do the times make the man, or does the man make the times?” In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator or the creation of his times?

Think about:

The government after the Terror

Napoleon’s defense of France

Napoleon’s popularity

HW Activity—Analyzing

Themes

Power and Authority:

To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to

deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area

was more crucial to control?

Think about:

The length of the period of civil unrest in France

The power and activities of other European

nations

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Chapter 7: The

French Revolution

and Napoleon Section 4: Napoleon’s Empire

Collapses

Objectives

1. To explain Napoleon’s tactical and

political mistakes.

2. To summarize Napoleon’s defeat,

comeback, and final downfall.

The French Empire, 1810 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

Napoleon worried that his vast empire would fall apart unless he had an heir whose right to succeed him was undisputed, so he decided that he needed a son.

Consequently, he divorced Josephine, who had failed to bear him a child, and formed an alliance with the Austrian royal family by marrying Marie-Louise, the grand-niece of Marie Antoinette.

In 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a son, Napoleon II, whom his father named ‘king of Rome’.

Mrs. Bonapartes

Josephine Marie Louise &

‘the King’

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

What words describe Napoleon in the

cartoon on page 234?

What words describe Britain in the cartoon?

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Main Idea:

Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to

his downfall.

Why It Matters Now:

In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings

contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia.


Terms and Names:

Blockade

Continental System

Guerrilla

Peninsular War

Scorched-earth policy

Waterloo

Hundred Days

Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Continental System:

Napoleon, still hoping to ruin Britain, orders a blockade in November 1806—forcing the closing of ports in Europe.

He called this the Continental System, since it’s intended goal was to strengthen the European continent and weaken Britain.

Smugglers and uncooperative allies, including Napoleon’s brother, Louis, make the blockade fail.

Britain responds with a blockade of its own, led by its powerful navy.

Angered by the blockade, Americans fight England in the War of 1812. This was does no real damage to Britain

Battle of Lake Erie, 1813 One famous battle was the Battle of Lake Erie,

won by American Commodore Oliver Hazard

Perry aboard the USS Niagara.

Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes The Peninsular War:

Because Portugal was not complying with the Continental System, Napoleon sent troops through Spain, causing protest and nationalism.

Napoleon the makes his own brother king of Spain, which enrages the Spaniards even more.

Spanish fight the French troops as guerrillas—small groups that attack then disappear. The guerrillas are aided by the British.

Napoleon loses 300,000 men during the Peninsular War.

In Germany, Italy and other nations, nationalist rebels fight the French.

Francisco Goya Los Fusilamientos del Tres de Mayo (the executions of the 3rd of May)

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Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes

The Invasion of Russia: Napoleon and Czar Alexander of Russia had been allies.

However, Alexander continued to sell grain to the British and soon the alliance fell apart.

In June 1812, Napoleon’s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men.

Refusing the bait, Alexander pulled his troops back and use scorched-earth policy—destroying crops and livestock.

In September 1812, the Russians retreat from Moscow after the Battle of Borodino.

Instead of surrendering, Alexander has left Moscow in flames for Napoleon and his 100,000 men.

After a five-week wait, Napoleon retreats, losing thousands more soldiers to cold weather, famine and raids.

Out of 420,000 soldiers that entered Russia with Napoleon, only 10,000 survived.

Retreat from Russia, 1812

Napoleon’s Downfall

Napoleon Suffers Defeat: By October 1813, Napoleon had raised another

army—but he no longer had experienced veterans on his side.

Britain, Russia, Sweden and Prussia join forces and quickly defeat Napoleon.

In April 1814, Napoleon gives up his throne and accepts the terms of surrender offered by Czar Alexander I.

Napoleon was given a small pension and banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba.

However, Napoleon would soon return to France.

Napoleon’s Downfall The Hundred Days:

Louis XVIII, brother of the guillotined king, was appointed the new ruler of France.

The French disliked him and he soon became unpopular amongst the peasants.

Napoleon escaped from Elba and by spring of 1815, he became emperor again.

European allies gathered their armies and on June 15, 1815, Napoleon attacked the British troops at Waterloo, in Belgium.

The Brits, led by the Duke of Wellington, held their ground until Prussian reinforcements arrived—Napoleon was again defeated.

This marks the end of the Hundred Days—Napoleon’s last attempt at power.

This time, Napoleon is exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.

Napoleon’s Lasting Legacy

Napoleon was a military genius and

brilliant administrator.

However, his greatest battles were not

won in the battlefield, but from reforms in laws, banking and religion.

His defeat opened doors for freed European countries to establish a new order.

Review

Terms and Names:

Blockade

Continental System

Guerrilla

Peninsular War

Scorched-earth policy

Waterloo

Hundred Days

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HW Activity—Analyzing

Motives

What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon?

Think about:

Why some of his own allies refused to abide by the Continental System

Why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years

Why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities

Chapter 7: The

French Revolution

and Napoleon Section 5: The Congress of

Vienna Convenes

Objectives

1. To explain the importance of the

decision made at the Congress of Vienna.

2. To show how the ideas of the French Revolution continued to influence people in Europe.

The Congress of Vienna

Convenes

European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon.

They had a goal of a new European order—on of collective security and stability for the entire continent.

A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the Congress of Vienna, were called to set policies to achieve this goal.

Originally, the Congress of Vienna was scheduled to last for four weeks. Instead, it went on for eight months.


Convenes

Read ‘Connect to Today’ on page 241.

what is the purpose of the United Nations?

What did the major powers agree to after World War II?


Convenes

Main Idea:

After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore

order and reestablish peace.

Why It Matters Now:

International bodies such as the United

Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today.

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Convenes

Terms and Names:

Congress of Vienna

Klemens von Metternich

Balance of power

Legitimacy

Holy Alliance

Concert of Europe

Metternich’s Plan for Europe

A Meeting of Nations: The Congress of Vienna were a series of

meetings held between 1814 and 1815 that reshape Europe.

Several of Europe’s most powerful leaders attended—King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Emperor Francis I of Austria. Britain and France were represented by their

foreign ministers.

None was more influential than the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich.

Metternich’s Plan for Europe Metternich and the

Great Powers: Metternich was an

aristocrat and distrusted the ideals of the French Revolution.

He said that Napoleon’s rise to power was a direct result of experiments with democracy.

His chief goal was to restore the balance of power—with no single country being a threat to others.


The Containment of France:

The idea was to make countries surrounding France stronger.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed and Switzerland was recognized as an independent country.

Austria dominates a new German Confederation of 39 German states.

The Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa.


Balance of Power:

European powers weaken France, but leave most of it intact.

The borders remained the same as in 1790, and France kept all its overseas possessions

and its army.

France did have to return all lands taken by

Napoleon, but the Congress of Vienna was overall fairly easy on France.


Legitimacy: Monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon

were returned to their thrones, granting their monarchy legitimacy.

Most monarchs rule over constitutional monarchies.

Leaders hoped to restore order through these changes.

Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments to work together.

The Congress of Vienna was one of the most fair agreements don in the modern era.

European nations agreed to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years.

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Political Changes Beyond

Vienna

Conservative Europe: Because Louis XVIII adopted a constitutional

monarchy like Britain’s, other absolute monarchs in Europe became nervous.

Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to fight any new revolutions by forming the Holy Alliance.

Metternich strengthened these alliances by creating the Concert of Europe, whereby countries pledged to help each other if revolution broke out.

Despite this, the ideas of The Revolution had already taken hold throughout Europe—there was no turning back the clock.


Vienna

Revolutions in Latin America:

When Napoleon replaced the king of Spain with his brother, Joseph, rebellions broke out throughout the Spanish American colonies.

Eventually, liberalist revolts against the new king of Spain, Ferdinand VII, resulted in independence for Mexico in 1820.

Liberalist revolts in Portugal then gave the Brazilians an opportunity to declare their own independence.


Vienna

Long-Term Legacy:

Power of Britain and Prussia increased, while the power of France was diminished.

Nationalism grew in Italy, Greece, Germany and other new countries.

As revolutions exploded, more new countries would form.

Principles of democracy and equality became the new way of thinking.

Review

Terms and Names:

Congress of Vienna

Klemens von Metternich

Balance of Power

Legitimacy

Holy Alliance

Concert of Europe

Review

Evaluating:

From France’s point of view, were the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna

fair?

Think about:

Metternich’s three goals

France’s loss of territory

The fears of the rest of Europe

Review

Analyzing Themes—Power and Authority:

Why do you think liberals and conservatives differed over who should have power?

Think about:

Old Regime privileges

Attitudes toward change

Enlightenment ideas

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Chapter 7: The French

Revolution and

Napoleon 1789-1815

Chapter Review

Long-Term Causes

Enlightenment Ideas—liberty and equality

Example furnished by the American Revolution

Social and economic injustices in the Old Regime

Immediate Causes

Economic Crisis—famine and government

debt

Weak leadership

Discontent of the Third Estate

Revolution!!

Fall of the Bastille

National Assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man and a

new constitution

Immediate Effects

End of the Old Regime

Execution of monarchs

War with the First Coalition

Reign of Terror

Rise of Napoleon

Long-Term Effects

Conservative reaction

Decline in French power

Spread of Enlightenment ideas

Growth of nationalism

Rise of international organizations

(Congress of Vienna)

Revolutions in Latin America

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20

Chapter Review

Go to page 242 in your textbook.

Let’s review!

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