12357 Partial

POLI 13: Power and Justice

Professor Fonna Forman

University of California, San Diego

Fall 2013

Contents

1. The Perils of Obedience

Stanley Milgram

1

2. Panopticism

Michel Foucault

13

3. The Republic

Plato

31

4. Remarks on the Psychological Appeal of Totalitarianism

Bruno Bettelheim

33

5. Leni Riefenstahl, Filmmaker and Nazi Propagandist, Dies at 101

Alan Riding

43

6. Genocide and Mass Killing: Cultural-Societal and Psychological Origins

Ervin Staub

49

7. Altruism and the Theory of Rational Action: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe

Kristen R. Monroe, Michael C. Barton and Ute Klingemann

61

8. Sugihara’s List

Hillel Levine

81

9. On Satyagraha and Satyagraha: The Power of Non-Violence

Mohandas K. Gandhi

83

10. Letter from Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King, Jr.

89

11. The Ballot or the Bullet

Malcolm X

101

12. Famine, Affluence, and Morality

Peter Singer

111

13. Millennium Goals at the Midpoint

Jeffrey D. Sachs

121

14. Nonconforming Uses: Architect Teddy Cruz at the Borders of Tomorrow

Rebecca Solnit

123

Bibliography 135

*Permission to reprint all selections granted to University Readers by the

publishers for this individual course reader. Please don’t photocopy – to do so

would be a violation of copyright law.

The Perils of Obedience

by Stanley Milgram

Obedience is as basic an element in the structure of social life as one can point to. Some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living, and it is only the person dwelling in isolation who is not forced to respond, with defiance or submission, to the commands of others. For many people, obedience is a deeply ingrained behavior tendency, indeed a potent impulse overriding training in ethics, sympathy, and moral conduct.

The dilemma inherent in submission to authority is ancient, as old as the story of Abraham, and the question of whether one should obey when commands conflict with conscience has been argued by Plato, dramatized in Antigone, and treated to philosophic analysis in almost every historical epoch. Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy ofthe individual conscience.

The legal and philosophic aspects of obedience are of enormous import, but they say very little about how most people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple experiment at Yale University to test how much pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority was pitted against the subjects' strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects' ears ringing with the screams ofthe victims, authority won more often than not. The extreme willingness of adults to go to almost any lengths on the command of an authority constitutes the chief fmding of the study and the fact most urgently demanding explanation.

In the basic experimental designs two people come to a psychology laboratory to take part in a study of memory and learning. One of them is designated a "teacher" and the other a "learner." The experimenter explains that the study is concerned with the effects of punishment on learning. The learner is conducted into a room, seated in a kind of miniature electric chair, his arms are strapped to prevent excessive movement, and an electrode is attached to his wrist. He is told that he will be read lists of simple word pairs, and that he will then be tested on his ability to remember the second word of a pair when he hears the first one again. whenever he makes an error, he will receive electric shocks of increasing intensity.

The real focus of the experiment is the teacher. After watching the learner being strapped into place, he is seated before an impressive shock generator. The instrument panel consists ofthirty lever switches set in a horizontal line. Each switch is clearly labeled with a voltage designation ranging from 14 to 450 volts.

The following designations are clearly indicated for groups of four switches. going from left to right: Slight Shock, Moderate Shock, Strong Shock, Very Strong Shock, Intense Shock, Extreme Intensity Shock, Danger: Severe Shock. (Two switches after this last designation are simply marked XXX.)

When a switch is depressed, a pilot light corresponding to each switch is illuminated in bright red; an electric buzzing is heard; a blue light, labeled "voltage energizer," flashes; the dial on the

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voltage meter swings to the right; and various relay clicks sound off.

The upper left hand comer of the generator is labeled SHOCK GENERATOR, TYPE ZLB. DYSON INSTRUMENT COMPANY, WALTHAM, MASS., OUTPUT 15 VOLTS -- 450 VOLTS.

Each subject is given a sample 45 volt shock from the generator before his run as teacher, and the jolt strengthens his belief in the authenticity of the machine.

The teacher is a genuinely naive subject who has corne to the laboratory for the experiment. The leamer, or victim, is actually an actor who receives no shock at all. The point of the experiment is to see how far a person will proceed in a concrete and measurable situation in which he is ordered to inflict increasing pain on a protesting victim.

Conflict arises when the man receiving the shock begins to show that he is experiencing discomfort. At 75 volts, he grunts; at 120 volts, he complains loudly; at 150, he demands to be released from the experiment. As the voltage increases, his protests become more vehement and emotional. At 285 volts, his response can be described only as an agonized scream. Soon thereafter, he makes no sound at all.

For the teacher, the situation quickly becomes one of gripping tension. It is not a game for him: conflict is intense obvious. The manifest suffering of the learner presses him to quit: but each time he hesitates to administer a shock, the experimenter orders him to continue. To extricate himself from this plight, the subject must make a clear break with authority.

The subject, Gretchen Brantt, is an attractive thirty-one year old medical technician who works at the Yale Medical School. She had emigrated from Germany five years before.

On several occasions when the learner complains, she turns to the experimenter coolly and inquires, "Shall I continue? She promptly returns to her task when the experimenter asks her to do so. At the administration of210 volts she turns to the experimenter, remarking firmly, "Well, I'm sorry, I don't think we should continue."

Experimenter: The experiment requires that you go on until he has learned all the word pairs correctly.

Brandt: He has a heart condition, I'm sorry. He told you that before.

Experimenter: The shocks may be painful but they're not dangerous.

Brandt: Well, I'm sorry. I think when shocks continue like this they are dangerous. You ask him ifhe wants to get out. It's his free will.

Experimenter: It is absolutely essential that we continue ....

Brandt: I'd like you to ask him. We carne here of our free will. Ifhe wants to continue I'll go ahead. He told you he had a heart condition. I'm sorry. I don't want to be responsible for anything happening to him. I wouldn't like it for me either.

Experimenter: Y ouhave no other choice.

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Brandt: I think we are here on our own free will. I don't want to be responsible if anything happens to him. Please understand that.

She refuses to go further And the experiment is terminated.

The woman is firm and resolute throughout. She indicates in the interview that she was in no way tense or nervous, and this corresponds to her controlled appearance during the experiment. She feels that the last shock she administered to the learner was extremely painful and reiterates that she "did not want to be responsible for any harm to him."

The woman's straightforward, courteous behavior in the experiment, lack of tension, and total control of her own action seem to make disobedience a simple and rational deed. Her behavior is the very embodiment of what I envisioned would be true for almost all subjects.

An Unexpected Outcome

Before the experiments, I sought predictions about the outcome from various kinds of people -psychiatrists, college sophomores, middle-class adults, graduate students and faculty in the behavioral sciences. With remarkable similarity, they predicted that virtually all the subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrist, specifically, predicted that most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts, when the victim makes his first explicit demand to be freed. They expected that only 4 percent would reach 300 volts, and that only a pathological fringe of about one in a thousand would administer the highest shock on the board.

These predictions were unequivocally wrong. Of the forty subjects in the first experiment, twenty-five obeyed the orders of the experimenter to the end, punishing the victim until they reached the most potent shock available on the. generator. After 450 volts were administered three times, the experimenter called a halt to the session. Many obedient subjects then heaved sighs of relief, mopped their brows, rubbed their fingers over their eyes, or nervously fumbled cigarettes. Others displayed only minimal signs of tension from beginning to end.

When the very first experiments were carried out, Yale undergraduates were used as subjects, and about 60 percent of them were fully obedient. A colleague of mine immediately dismissed these findings as having no relevance to "ordinary" people, asserting that Yale undergraduates are a highly aggressive, competitive bunch who step on each other's necks on the slightest provocation. He assured me that when "ordinary" people were tested, the results would be quite different. As we moved from the pilot studies to the regular experimental series, people drawn from every stratum of New Haven life came to be employed in the experiment professionals, white collar workers, unemployed persons, and industrial workers. The experimental outcome was the same as we had observed among the students.

Moreover, when the experiments were repeated in Princeton, Munich, Rome, South Africa, and Australia, the level of obedience was invariably somewhat higher than found in the investigation reported in this article. Thus one scientist in Munich found 85 percent of his subjects obedient.

Fred Prozi's reactions, if more dramatic than most, illuminate the conflicts experienced by others in less visible form. About fifty years old and unemployed at the time of the experiment, he has a good-natured. if slightly dissolute, appearance, and he strikes people as a rather ordinary fellow.

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He begins the session calmly but becomes tense as it proceeds. After delivering the 180-volt shock, he pivots around in the chair and, shaking his head, addresses the experimenter in agitated tones:

Prozi: I can't stand it I'm not going to kill that man in there. You hear him hollering?

Experimenter: As I told you before, the shocks may be painful, but ...

Prozi: But he's hollering. He can t stand it. What's going to happen to him?

Experimenter (his voice is patient, matter-of fact): The experiment requires that you continue, Teacher.

Prozi: Aah, but, unh, I'm not going to get that man sick in there -- know what I mean?

Experimenter: Whether the learner likes it or not, we must go on, through all the word pairs.

Prozi: I refuse to take the responsibility. He's in there hollering

Experimenter: It's absolutely essential that you continue, Prozi.

Prozi (indicating the unused questions): There's too many left here, I mean, Jeez, ifhe gets them wrong, there's too many of them left. I mean, who's going to take the responsibility if anything happens to that gentleman?

Experimenter: I'm responsible for anything that happens to him. Continue, please.

Prozi: All right. (Consults list of words.) The next one's "Slow -- walk, truck, dance, music" Answer please. (A buzzing sound indicates the learner has signaled his answer.) Wrong. A hundred and ninety-five volts. "Dance." (Zzumph!)

Learner (yelling): Let me out of here My hearts bothering me (Teacher looks at experimenter.)

Experimenter: Continue, please.

Learner (screaming): Let me out of here! You have no right to keep me here! Let me out of here, my hearts bothering me, let me out!

Prozi (shakes head, pats the table nervously): You see he's hollering. Hear that? Gee, I don't know.

Experimenter: The experiment requires ...

Prozi (interrupting): I know it does sir, but I mean -- hunhl He don't know what he's getting in for. He's up to 195 volts! (Experiment continues, through 210 volts, 225 volts, 240 volts, 255 volts, 270 volts, at which point Prozi, with evident relief, runs out of word-pair questions.)

Experimenter: You'll have to go back to the beginning of that page and go through them again until be's learned them all correctly.

Prozi: Aw, no. I'm not going to kill that man. You mean I've got to keep going up with the scale?

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No sir. He's hollering in there. I'm not going to give him 450 volts.

Experimenter: The experiment requires that you go on.

Learner: Ohhh. I absolutely refuse to answer anymore. (Shouting urgently now.) Let me out of here! You cant bold me here Get me out. Get-me-out-of-here!

Experimenter: Continue. The next word is "green," please.

Prozi: "Greengrass, hat, ink, apple." (Nothing happens. No answering buzz. Just gloomy silence.)

Prozi: I don't think he is going to answer.

Experimenter: If the learner doesn't answer in a reasonable time, about four or five seconds, consider the answer wrong. And follow the same procedures you have been doing for wrong answers. Say, "Wrong," tell him the number of volts, give him the punishment, read him the correct answer. Continue, please.

Prozi: "Green -- grass, hat, ink, apple." Answer, please. (More silence. Subject just sits there.)

Experimenter: Go on with the procedure, please.

Prozi: Three hundred and fifteen volts The answer is "ink" (Zzumph!)

Learner: Ohh. Ooohh

Prozi: (relieved to her response"). Next one ...

Learner: I absolutely refuse to answer.

Prozi: You got to. You get a shock if you don't answer. (Experiment continues with learner refusing to answer, and, finally failing even to grunt or groan. At 375 volts, the subject stands up.)

Prozi: I think something's happened to that fellow in there. I don't get no answer. He was hollering at less voltage. Can't you check in and see ifhe's all right, please?

Experimenter (with same detached calm): Not once we've started. Please continue, Teacher.

Prozi (sits down, sighs deeply): "Cool day, shade, water, paint." Answer please. Are you all right in there? Are you all right?

Experimenter: Please continue, Teacher. Continue, please. (Subject pushes lever. Zzumph!)

Prozi (swiveling around in his chair): Something's happened to that man in there. (Swiveling back) Next one. "Low -- dollar, necklace, moon, paint." (Turning around again.) Something's happened to that man in there. You better check in on him, sir. He won't answer or nothing.

Experimenter: Continue. Go on, please.

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Prozi: You accept all responsibility?

Experimenter: The responsibility is mine. Correct. Please go on. (Subject returns to his list, starts running through words as rapidly as he can read them, works through to 450 volts.)

Prozi: That's that.

Experimenter: Continue using the 450 switch for each wrong answer. Continue, please.

Prozi: But I don't get anything!

Experimenter: Please continue. The next word is "white."

Prozi: Don't you think you should look in on him, please?

Experimenter: Not once we've started the experiment.

Prozi: What if he's dead in there? (Gestures toward the room with the electric chair.) I mean, he told me he. can't stand the shock, sir. I don't mean to be rude, but I think you should look In on him. All you have to do is look in on him. All you have to do is look in the door. I don't get no answer, no noise. Something might have happened to the gentleman in there, sir.

Experimenter: We must continue. Go on, please.

Prozi: You mean keep giving that? Four-hundred-fifty volts, what he's got now?

Experimenter: That's correct. Continue. The next word is "white."

Prozi (now at a furious pace): "White -- cloud, horse, rock, house." Answer, please. The answer is "horse." Four hundred and fifty volts. (Zzumph!) Next words, "Bag -- paint, music. clown, girl." The next answer is 'paint." Four hundred and fifty volts. (Zzumph!) Next word is "Short -sentence, movie ... "

Experimenter: Excuse me, Teacher. We'll have to discontinue the experiment.

Peculiar Reactions

Morris Braverman, another subject, is a thirty-nine-year-old social worker. He looks older than his years because of his bald head and serious demeanor. His brow is furrowed, as if all the world's burdens were carried on his face. Ho appears intelligent and concerned.

When the learner refuses to answer and the experimenter instructs Braverman to treat the absence of an answer as equivalent to a wrong answer, he takes his instruction to heart. Before administering 300 volts he asserts officiously to the victim, "Mr. Wallace, your silence has to be considered as a wrong answer." Then he administers the shock He offers halfheartedly to change places with the leamer, then asks the experimenter. "Do I have to follow these instructions literally?" He is satisfied with the experimenter's answer that he does. His very refined and authoritative manner of speaking is increasingly broken up by wheezing laughter.

The experimenter's notes on Mr. Braverman at the last few shocks are:

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Almost breaking up now each time gives shock. Rubbing face to hide laughter.

Squinting, trying to hide face with hand, sti11laughing

Cannot control his laughter at this point no matter what he does.

Clenching fist, pushing it onto table.

In an interview after the session, Mr. Braverman summarizes the experiment with impressive fluency and intelligence. He feels the experiment may have been designed also to "test the effects on the teacher of being in an essentially sadistic role, as well as the reactions of a student to a learning situation that was authoritative and punitive."

When asked how painful the last few shocks administered to the learner were, he indicates that the most extreme category on the scale is not adequate (it read EXTREMELY PAINFUL) and places his mark at the edge of the scale with an arrow carrying it beyond the scale.

It is almost impossible to convey the greatly relaxed, sedate quality of his conversation in the interview. In the most relaxed terms, he speaks about his severe inner tension.

Experimenter: At what point were you most tense or nervous?

Mr. Braverman: Well, when he first began to cry out in pain, and I realized this was hurting him. This got worse when he just blocked and refused to answer. There was I. I'm a nice person, I think, hurting somebody, and caught up in what seemed a mad situation ... and in the interest of science, one goes through with it.

When the interviewer pursues the general question of tension, Mr. Braverman spontaneously mentions his laughter.

"My reactions were awfully peculiar. I don't know if you were watching me, but my reactions were giggly, and trying to stifle laughter. This isn't the way I usually am. This was a sheer reaction to a totally impossible situation. And my reaction was to the situation of having to hurt somebody. And being totally helpless and caught up in a set of circumstances where I just couldn't deviate and I couldn't try to help. This is what got me."

Mr. Braverman, like all subjects, was told the actual nature and purpose ofthe experiment, and a year later he affirmed in a questionnaire that he had learned something of personal importance: "What appalled me was that I could possess this capacity for obedience and compliance to a central idea, i.e., the adherence to this value was at the expense of violation of another value, i.e., don't hurt someone who is helpless and not hurting you. As my wife said, 'You can call yourself Eichmann,' I hope I deal more effectively with any future conflicts of values I encounter."

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The Etiquette of Submission

One theoretical interpretation of this behavior holds that all people harbor deeply aggressive instincts continually pressing for expression, and that the experiment provides institutional justification for the release of these impulses. According to this view, if a person is placed in a situation in which he has complete power over another individual, whom he may punish as much as he likes, all that is sadistic and bestial in man comes to the fore. The impulse to shock the victim is seen to flow from the potent aggressive tendencies, which are part of the motivational life of the individual, and the experiment, because it provides social legitimacy, simply opens the door to their expression.

It becomes vital, therefore, to compare the subject's performance when he is under orders and when he is allowed to choose the shock level.

The procedure was identical to our standard experiment, except that the teacher was told that he was free to select any shock level of any on the trials. (The experimenter took pains to point out that the teacher could use the highest levels on the generator, the lowest, any in between, or any combination of levels.) Each subject proceeded for thirty critical trials. The learner's protests were coordinated to standard shock levels, his first grunt coming at 75 volts, his first vehement protest at 150 volts.

The average shock used during the thirty critical trials was less than 60 volts -- lower than the point at which the victim showed the first signs of discomfort. Three of the forty subjects did not go beyond the very lowest level on the board, twenty-eight went no higher than 75 volts, and thirty-eight did not go beyond the first loud protest at 150 volts. Two subjects provided the exception, administering up to 325 and 450 volts, but the overall result was that the great majority of people delivered very low, usually painless, shocks when the choice was explicitly up to them.

The condition of the experiment undermines another commonly offered explanation ofthe subjects' behavior -- that those who shocked the victim at the most severe levels came only from the sadistic fringe of society. If one considers that almost two-thirds ofthe participants fall into the category of "obedient" subjects, and that they represented ordinary people drawn from working, managerial, and professional classes, the argument becomes very shaky. Indeed, it is highly reminiscent of the issue that arose in connection with Hannah Arendt's 1963 book, Eichmann in Jerusalem. Arendt contended that the prosecution's effort to depict Eichmann as a sadistic monster was fundamentally wrong, that he came closer to being an uninspired bureaucrat who simply sat at his desk and did his job. For asserting her views, Arendt became the object of considerable scorn, even calumny. Somehow, it was felt that the monstrous deeds carried out by Eichmann required a brutal, twisted personality, evil incarnate. After witnessing hundreds of ordinary persons submit to the authority in our own experiments, I must conclude that Arendt's conception of the banality of evil comes closer to the truth than one might dare imagine. The ordinary person who shocked the victim did so out of a sense of obligation -- an impression of his duties as a subject -- and not from any peculiarly aggressive tendencies.

This is, perhaps, the most fundamental lesson of our study: ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive

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process. Moreover, even when the destructive effects of their work become patently clear, and they are asked to carry out actions incompatible with fundamental standards of morality, relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority.

Many of the people were in some sense against what they did to the learner, and many protested even while they obeyed. Some were totally convinced ofthe wrongness of their actions but could not bring themselves to make an open break with authority. They often derived satisfaction from their thoughts and felt that -- within themselves, at least -- they had been on the side of the angels. They tried to reduce strain by obeying the experimenter but "only slightly," encouraging the learner, touching the generator switches gingerly. When interviewed, such a subject would stress that he "asserted my humanity" by administering the briefest shock possible. Handling the conflict in this manner was easier than defiance.

The situation is constructed so that there is no way the subject can stop shocking the learner without violating the experimenter's definitions of his own competence. The subject fears that he will appear arrogant, untoward, and rude ifhe breaks off. Although these inhibiting emotions appear small in scope alongside the violence being done to the learner, they suffuse the mind and feelings ofthe subject, who is miserable at the prospect of having to repudiate the authority to his face. (When the experiment was altered so that the experimenter gave his instructions by telephone instead of in person, only a third as many people were fully obedient through 450 volts). It is a curious thing that a measure of compassion on the part of the subject -- an unwillingness to "hurt" the experimenter's feelings -- is part ofthose binding forces inhibiting his disobedience. The withdrawal of such deference may be as painful to the subject as to the authority he defies.

Duty Without Conflict

The subjects do not derive satisfaction from inflicting pain, but they often like the feeling they get from pleasing the experimenter. They are proud of doing a good job, obeying the experimenter under difficult circumstances. While the subjects administered only mild shocks on their own initiative, one experimental variation showed that, under orders, 30 percent of them were willing to deliver 450 volts even when they had to forcibly push the learner's hand down on the electrode.

Bruno Batta is a thirty-seven-year-old welder who took part in the variation requiring the use of force. He was born in New Haven, his parents in Italy. He has a rough-hewn face that conveys a conspicuous lack of altertness. He has some difficulty in mastering the experimental procedure and needs to be corrected by the experimenter several times. He shows appreciation for the help and willingness to do what is required. After the 150 volt level, Batta has to force the learner's hand down on the shock plate, since the learner himself refuses to touch it.

When the learner first complains, Mr. Batta pays no attention to him. His face remains impassive, as if to dissociate himself from the leamer's disruptive behavior. When the experimenter instructs him to force the learner's hand down, he adopts a rigid, mechanical procedure. He tests the generator switch. When it fails to function, he immediately forces the leamer's hand onto the shock plate. All the while he maintains the same rigid mask. The learner, seated alongside him, begs him to stop, but with robotic impassivity he continues the procedure.

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What is extraordinary is his apparent total indifference to the learner; he hardly takes cognizance of him as a human being. Meanwhile, he relates to the experimenter in a submissive and courteous fashion.

At the 330 volt level, the learner refuses not only to touch the shock plate but also to provide any answers. Annoyed, Batta turns to him, and chastises him: "You better answer and get it over with. We can't stay here all night." These are the only words he directs to the learner in the course of an hour. Never again does he speak to him. The scene is brutal and depressing, his hard, impassive face showing total indifference as he subdues the screaming learner and gives him shocks. He seems to derive no pleasure from the act itself, only quiet satisfaction at doing his job properly.

When he administers 450 volts, he turns to the experimenter and asks, "Where do we go from here, Professor?" His tone is deferential and expresses his willingness to be a cooperative subject, in contrast to the learner's obstinacy.

At the end of the session he tells the experimenter how honored he has been to help him, and in a moment of contrition, remarks, "Sir, sorry it couldn't have been a full experiment."

He has done his honest best. It is only the deficient behavior of the learner that has denied the experimenter full satisfaction.

The essence of obedience is that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and he therefore no longer regards himself as responsible for his actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred, all of the essential features of obedience follow. The most far-reaching consequence is that the person feels responsible to the authority directing him but feels no responsibility for the content of the actions that the authority prescribes. Morality does not disappear -- it acquires a radically different focus: the subordinate person feels shame or pride depending on how adequately he has performed the actions called for by authority.

Language provides numerous terms to pinpoint this type of morality: loyalty, duty, discipline are all terms heavily saturated with moral meaning and refer to the degree to which a person fulfills his obligations to authority. They refer not to the "goodness" of the person per se but to the adequacy with which a subordinate fulfills his socially defined role. The most frequent defense of the individual who has performed a heinous act under command of authority is that he has simply done his duty. In asserting this defense, the individual is not introducing an alibi concocted for the moment but is reporting honestly on the psychological attitude induced by submission to authority.

For a person to feel responsible for his actions, he must sense that the behavior has flowed from "the self." In the situation we have studied, subjects have precisely the opposite view of their actions -- namely, they see them as originating in the motives of some other person. SUbjects in the experiment frequently said, "if it were up to me, I would not have administered shocks to the leamer."

Once authority has been isolated as the cause of the subject's behavior, it is legitimate to inquire into the necessary elements of authority and how it must be perceived in order to gain his

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compliance. We conducted some investigations into the kinds of changes that would cause the experimenter to lose his power and to be disobeyed by the subject. Some ofthe variations revealed that:

The experimenter's physical presence has a marked impact on his authority -- As cited earlier, obedience dropped off sharply when orders were given by telephone. The experimenter could often induce a disobedient subject to go on by returning to the laboratory.

Conflicting authority severely paralyzes actions -- When two experimenters of equal status, both seated at the command desk, gave incompatible orders,no shocks were delivered past the point of their disagreement.

The rebellious action of others severely undermines authority -- In one variation, three teachers (two actors and a real subject) administered a test and shocks. When the two actors disobeyed the experimenter and refused to go beyond a certain shock level, thirty-six of forty subjeyts joined their disobedient peers and refused as well.

Although the experimenter's authority was fragile in some respects, it is also true that he had almost none ofthe tools used in ordinary command structures. For example, the experimenter did not threaten the subjects with punishment -- such as loss of income, community ostracism, or jail-- for failure to obey. Neither could he offer incentives. Indeed, we should expect the experimenter's authority to be much less than that of someone like a general, since the experimenter has no power to enforce his imperatives, and since participation in a psychological experiment scarcely evokes the sense of urgency and dedication found in warfare. Despite these limitations, he still managed to command a dismaying degree of obedience.

I will cite one final variation of the experiment that depicts a dilemma that is more common in everyday life. The subject was not ordered to pull the lever that shocked the victim, but merely to perform a subsidiary task (administering the word-pair test) while another person administered the shock. In this situation, thirty-seven of forty adults continued to the highest level of the shock generator. Predictably, they excused their behavior by saying that the responsibility belonged to the man who actually pulled the switch. This may illustrate a dangerously typical arrangement in a complex society: it is easy to ignore responsibility when one is only an intermediate link in a chain of actions.

The problem of obedience is not wholly psychological. The form and shape of society and the way it is developing have much to do with it. There was a time, perhaps, when people were able to give a fully human response to any situation because they were fully absorbed in it as human beings. But as soon as there was a division oflabor things changed. Beyond a certain point, the breaking up of society into people carrying out narrow and very special jobs takes away from the human quality of work and life. A person does not get to see the whole situation but only a small part of it, and is thus unable to act without some kind of overall direction. He yields to authority but in doing so is alienated from his own actions.

Even Eichmann was sickened when he toured the concentration camps, but he had only to sit at a desk and shuffle papers. At the same time the man in the camp who actually dropped Cyclon-b into the gas chambers was able to justify his behavior on the ground that he was only following orders from above. Thus there is a fragmentation of the total human act; no one is confronted

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with the consequences of his decision to carry out the evil act. The person who assumes responsibility has evaporated. Perhaps this is the most common characteristic of socially organized evil in modem society.

Notes

1. The ethical problems of carrying out an experiment of this sort are too complex to be dealt with here, but they receive extended treatment in the book from which this article is taken.

2. Names of subjects described in this piece have been changed.

"The Perils of Obedience" as it appeared in Harper's Magazine. Abridged and adapted from Obedience to Authority by Stanley Milgram. Copyright 1974 by Stanley Milgram.

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the authority of a syndic, who keeps it under surveillance; jf he 5 the t, he . be co ned ath. e ap ed ever is or to s ndoo is fo den t ve

on pain of death. The syndic himself comes to lock the door of each house from the outside; he takes the key with him and h ds

er to ntend f the rterj tend eeps til the end of the quarantine. Each family Will have made its own provisions; but, for bread and wine, small wooden canals are set up

een d eet a e inte of the ses, t 1I0wi ch n to ve hi on w ut co nicati g ith t e sup-

pliers and other residents; meat, fish and herbs will be hoisted up the h with ys an skets. . is ab ely ne ry ave t use, n be in t avoid ny m g.

Only the intendants, syndics and guards will move about the streets and also, between the infected houses, from one cor se to

her, tows can t to d ese a eople tie substance who carry the sick, bury the dead, clean and do many vile and abject offices'. It is a segmented, immobile, frozen space. Each

idual xed i place d, if oves, oes s he of his , cont or p hmen .

Inspection functions ceaselessly. The gaze is alert everywhere: 'A idera ody 0 . ilia, c ande good ers a en .

·..... ,_ Of

3 ·-"'I··ll~.p~rC·l~·r·l II .I. C,. ,-' l,jI .w ,:

fo~bwinI:, :Jcccl\:ing ~o a,l .) .. ck~r p,ltli:-.hcd .. I .),1-: fr.C~ (If :Cycr:tc<",o:h C:::r:t'l"Y, "crc the wc;:!:l;! e·; I::: ~C tl\:{{"r' ,,!1CH t!;" J:h;soe aHea(~d in:! town!

First, a ~tr;i·t :;pati~) :>l;-ti~iJH;r;L: :1:( e(l~b~ J: tne ICWnl;l':l in

I).d) i'lg rJ:<,t;i.::~~)" r,r.)hi~,ti()r; ;CU J~w'! the I.l''Vn.u ]l'lII' ')f (:.lht'1,

t;v~ kil!Ll~ (')1:--'1;1 &tJ.~a:;, a-[i'TJo.l.i.~ t"j':' d:-\-i,:)~(\p. rJf li-lC Lprvn ;f110 rJ~[eilLl

U;,H~:-!:, eae'·, gO'/"!:-w:d bj' J, ;WHIi:'C'T"L I"d. s~:-~et l~ plzced 1;\;1C::::

:oc ,:id:,ority cr <\ ;o.~;1ici:l-j wIn ~~~c!)~ ;t :Jlder su:"'cillaDce; jf;w t!1c H;""d, b: ;~i:J ~c cC'1dc'llrJCc! w ,kd:. Gn t~c apt;,j;ntc::!

(~-c:,r, ~v~ryO,;l,~ is f)T"dcl'[c: t') ~r:t~{ ip0nnrs~ it ;5 ;prbif:o{'p t\) !taVf> t')rt pa:u o.r:-' (~_edt!). t-!~~,e! p,vnJ:c htp13~lf (:O'lTl('S 10 ';(,('1, t!1e !]J)c'r of

C f \. 1. H'0m !:~J~ ,tjl.lt':_1ce; 4re, i:Cl.r,ee- ~,t)' V'~ t:l ,:l,;m 3~j ;:ltirttJ: i:: C1·'t-1 .0 t'1!! ifo!c'l,h:~t of .:lItO :P:h.tii r!le :,:Ie,i(:ar:t l:etp~i~ 1:1:,;;

;'!:C 0; the :::p.:ar<l"dr:e. £.,( h hm:l), \lfjE 1-:c:,;( fn::b :15 ov:n

7ll~)-I;~if)n<;; b;r. ;qr h~J.:l. <,pri ';\b,!. ~",,,L v/or)r:ler) C,J,d~ "r~ !,U 1I?

h';>l"v;rCC:1i l!P! st:"Lf.t ~pd t';1~ i.l~Crl(\r Q~' ~!1~ l'('HSCS, t;'-'PJS ?l!~fri-it"lCS ;'~LllL

jlt:IS;:;!' 10 Itce;ye b,; IatiC'f'. ,,!iltIO'l' ccr,lilIU'1'C?t'r,§ ',;."d· r:lt5;1;>

pliei''; diG ocher tChident::.; UcEat, ltd, ard her'Js '\iill)~ 11;J'stedl;}

tr.t;) I he ; 1;):.13C1: ~ii th p.:.IlC;'~fPc! !::l~:':';"'. If ,: (C' '!:)::J~t:tcl)f r'(-(C33a: y H' I~:;vc 61e h');D:~l; i, wi!! :)~ droP!" ):1 ·[\'rP, ;:;vo:r!i"g 'lrry In ...... I;'!;!;.

O;!~:; rhl": ; •• tc'1d;:;'1::;, sypc;ks ar.c; t~'IJ:ds 'lVn mer ... :! abcL;t t;1e . 1 L 1· C' 'I I ;' ~Trr~t] 24fl(1 a _~Oj Jj,~r:'tl:!~-er'} ~ 1C' 'f1re':;:CL lnl1~f'~:, .. :l{DfT1 0J.1,~ t:orF~e ta

,diUa_bel', t;lc ·(:.l·o';:~\/sJ~ o",hG !:']~] 0l! 1~;t tc' rJ~L~ tLe5~ 2fc 'f'et]Fl~ (,f lilde S'l~Sl"W.:t: ':'c'ho C,h",y t~'! sh:k .tl'fY ;ltt. de.,!,:!, cicc;[; J,i ,];) lOa~y v;]e ;10(: :l~);eCI 1)0(f-5', !I ;S <i :::egrr'cr'tcJ j i:T/Oobie, ([Oteo ;;;)]ct".2a:;1

ir.Civid'l',[: :~ !1xd ::r. his pll.:t·,. f_r:d,; i; 1:e rr.(!Ve~, !1:: c!(1~" ~() ::t :IHri~~ of ,:l:i! l;f~'f:fJ;U?,~;(>f' Cf FI'P;,,;\;TIcrl'

l;;spo::crk.r. :lmr:;ri.J;-I] ce~~p,;e!;sl? Th ;saz~ h }If'rt E\Try ,n~;-e::

r.nn~i.:luI0;f' 0;)::!y;); 1"1;I.;tiil~ .:0f'lf'l;.-,derl f.~r g:GGd d:rl~.';·~ anri f'lcr. ,

)(,1 / )

13

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Discipline

of substance, guards at the gates, at the town ha I and in every ua er e ur th ro pt be en 0 he eo e a d t m 5t

bs ut ut n of he ag' ra 5, also to observe all disorder, theft and extortion'. At each of the town 'i~ates ; there will be an observa n pos ,at e d ea s et nt eI Ev y y, e 'nte da v' 'ts he ua er 'n ar i ui s he her he syndics have carried out their tasks, whether the mhabltants have anyt ing to complain 0 , th y '0 ser t ir. ti s·. v y, 00 th sy ic oe in th st et r hi h is sp nsible;

sto s before each house: gets all the inhabitants to appear at the windows (those who live overloo ing th co ty d II e a o-at a in w 00 ng nt th str taw 'h 0 e tty

rna show themselves); he calls each of them by name; informs himself as to the state of each an everyone of t em - 'in w Ich es ct e ha ta w I b co pe ed s ak he ut u er ai of ath" if om n do not p ar at the window the syndic

must ask why: 'In this way he will find out eaSily enough whether ea or sic a b ng 0 eal .' ve 0 I ke u m is ag ev y e hi wi 0 an e g h' na e dhow' g

himself when asked - it is the great review of the livmg and the dead,

is rv Ila e ba d a yst m pe a nt gi rat' n: ep ts from the syndics to the intendants from the intendants to

the magistrates or mayor. At the beginning of t e • ock up', t erie f ch f t i ab nt pr en n t n la' d n n y nth' do m t b ar 'rh a , a e, sex of eve one, notwith-

standing his condition': a copy is sent to the mtendant of the quarter, another 0 e ce f t nail, n er 0 ab th sy ic o ak his ail ro cal E ry 'n ha rna be bs ved du 'ng

the course of the visits - deaths, illnesses, complaints, irregularities -IS note down and transmit ed th in nd ts nd a tr s. Th mist tes av co pie c tro ov m ic tre m t; hey have a ointed a physician in charge; no other practitioner may . treat, no apothecary prepare me icine, no confe or is a ck pe n ith ut vi r eiv d f m 'm w' te ot 'w re nt n ne f 0 0 cealing and dealing with those sick of the contagion,

unknown to the magistrates, The registration of t e patho oglcal mu be on an c tr ze T re io of ch di du to is

19

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Dan pti 's

disease and to his death passes throu h the represe tati es f p w , tIle registration tney make ot it, the decisions they take on it.

~~ I 0 six Jay al r He ..,eglnning 01 the quarantine, the process o ~ pu . fy' g . Ie . ou's : eye h u A tL i a ta s a e

m de 0 I av ; i e h 0 • ern' tu a 0 '. e is I from the ground or suspended from the air' pe fit e' p it d arouou tile room; after carefully sealing the windows, doors and e n e ey __ oJ w h ax, th p fu e IS set altght. Fmally, the e ir ho 'se' • 5 'w'liI th p fu e c s e, Los w have r'lrried out the wo k e ar ~ed as h w re n nt ., ,. the presence of the residents of the house, to see that the did n t

have somethmg on tueir persons as they leftthat they did nor have o e eri g'. 0 r h ur la r, e 51 n ar alowe to re-enter tr ir LO s.

This enclosec1 seo;menterl s"ac obse~'ec at v y 'oi t, which the indiViduals' are inserted in a fixed place, in which the slightest movements are supervised, In wnicn ail events are recorded, i w d an un te u ed wo k rit g Inks t e centre and p ipLer in w~' h 0 r' e rc' ed it' ou di si , c di to a continuous hierarcpir.allig e,' ~icl.-. e h' di'd I i co -stantly located, examined and distributed among the livin bein 5,

t SIck and the ea - all this constitutes a compact model of the d ci in y ec an m. Th pI gu is e y rd rj s functIOn IS t so 0 t er - p si e n si at f e is se w ch s transmitted when bodies are mixed tog th ; th t C tl.-. e 'I, hi '1

is increased when tear and death overcome prohibitions. It la s d wn for each lOdivldual \IIS place, hiS body, hiS disease and hIS

d at! h w 1- in, b m an of n m pr en an omniscient p w tl- t b 'vi s· sel in r gu r, ni ter lp d a ev n to the ultimate determination of the 'nd' id ai, f ha h c ri s him, of what belongs to him, of what happens to him. Against the p g , hi .. is a mixture, discip me brings Into play ItS power,

ic is ne f al is A ho Ii ,fa 11 tio 0 h es va gr w u a ou d he Ja ue' su pe e la 5, ift d ro' bi . on e frenzy of passing time, bodies mingling together witho t r pe , in iVI uals unmasked, abandomng their statutory identity and the Ii ur u er wI. ch h y d ee recognize, a lowing a qUIte d' e nt 'U to p ar B t re a Is a oli ::a r m f e

Dl:::cipjiflf!

of 5uh~jlanCe', guards ;it: the gZltt!E, at the town hall and f::"v'Ci"V

ouar~,"r to cn:;llre the :.:ror:l}lt obedience of the !)~OfJ!e ar:d the m()~t .i, jo ~ •

ab:tnlt:u' ;;dh(:ri~y of ~he :n.agif.ttT~:;l 'as al:,~ to (lb,erve 3:1 dis:)ldf.::, tr,~f:: ",,d ex to rtio,/ , At I!ach of the :~owngai::e,s' ther:: will be ,Xl "" L" ,. . ,- • •

nbser'latlrm pO~I'; !!~ i,;,:; e:1d m e!!(:~ 5~reel ;;ent:l1:::ls. l:.v(:'ry (:3)': !.:1::

bte;dilnt ... i:;;t:o rll::: qu~rttl .1:: hir.; cbilrgl.::, lnq:.:lre:o 'whether the sYlldic!; ba'Jl! :::~n';,::d out their L:,';ks,'~'hether jnh~bitantl have

anything te corep:ain they 'eb:;erv>: their. acdons'. Every day, , ::1' ., f·' ' L - '! I tGO~ ~ne sy:r1~, lC goes lotC· ~ne $r{e~r ,c·r 'gfraCt! ~!; re~pO~~l ) ~;

stops helen: >:ach housc: gClS :>U the ;nhabi~.2';lt!lW ;:~j{le;:r Rt the windows (th:Jsr: ",he liv::: Gy,:r:ooking the .:0~rtyard wm be ",!locaced. a wsndGw Ic-oking onW ::he 5E'ee~ at '.'ibel', nco one

may show them:;elVf!s); hI:! calls ':ach or them by ilame; inD.Jl'iTli

hitmdf at; to die stale Df .each <l!ld tVf:ry one ()~ then~ ... 'in whic~: r~;;pt~:: irih:c:bit;mt5 "0 ~"'''''lp'''l'l"rl '0 ~l·. ,~1. ~,\:, ""<"~_'~~ _.--'"-" ,~,,,t l J ")r~~.H-h

• I" 'f c~at '1 ;! SGme()!1e

::must <lsk. why: 'Tn ihis way ,-,ot appear OIl the windc.\>') the: syndic

fine:. uu ertlHy etlUugh wbe::her d · , 1 ,. I d·' I' ;:ca,":; C' G1C Z are r:elng CCf!Cca e ,~v~(}'r.nf: .o(:i~e(J. ::p .;-:

. •. " '. L ..l I . cagt:: t :;Vf;rYOf!(" ;!l, ~;5 Wlra.1 0 ,\V, (lns-\~.'~::-lr~g tc) hAS naane Clf:o S 1G~·f!~~;; . .

him,e\f whet a!iked .. it is the greet :review of the kY:~ng 2:::ld th..: dt:::td.

~rh~$ surveiHance is bas:::ci on a. 5y~tere ~:Jt perm::.tner:;: r",pc:-t:; L'on:. tho:: !;ndic!1 1:0 the ir:tendants, from:hc L'.i!cnd.:mt:: to the w?gi';::r.3tl:s cr mayo;:-. At t:he begir,ning of czd: of th(: inh::.bitzf:~s pre~t:l!t l:l dw wwr, I:, laW ·jow;-:, rme 0;-::::; ~his dGcurnent bea;:,~ 'the [,ame, age, ,ex of everyone, 1'.Cltwitll· ,;;:Roding l:h condnkn'; <-. cc·py is :lent to the in,e:::dant cF the quarter:,

illlotb::r t'J tht: oHk::: the '<)Wl'. hail, 4!':othcr te, enable the to make h:s dai;.y roil (:.,11. Everylh;ng lha~ may be ab5::::v,:J dmlng tHe cour$'! c·f the Visits .- deatbs, ilbts$es, comF,b.:lt!;, irreglliaritie!; ". is noter:: down ilod t::ansmltted TO the h:!H~H(bnts maght.r:1~es<

m;:;gi;)trntes have c(J:nfJl:~, ... c";-:!.r{)l over medk,,) tre;;,m;:"t; they have ;:ppoir;ted 3. phy~j:k:h.;; in cn;:;.:cgc; nCo other F{llcti1:;oncr m,:y

l " . • - • , , t::eat, no apc·::neCl:,y p:repare J:;]-::Cl:t:::tnE) no CC-:::lressor V:Slt ;:: 3!e.K pr::wn wiLham havl!:g rec;;;ived Eorn him aWl'iw:,::: note

:m)'ene I:c.ra concealir:g ar:d deaH.ng with dIOse tiick of kIt CC::ltagiGn,

l.Iuknownto the fJlagistJ'3.~(:;·, The ::ef,islr3~illn of the pathological

mt:st he CETItr;:;;;ze.j, individu;;:

iO:; i -

P ~!~!nptld:;m

dilje'i:le 2nd to hi!: de;lrh p'IS5t!!: through the r:~'pre!jent;ltiY,;:3 of power, lb: regislraUG:l thty make of h) ih!! dt('isiG.ns they takl~ on

nr six days< ;tIter the beginning uf dw quararJI1:le:, the pr':JCesr; ()fpt:ri(}ring ;:he b)!Jsis (:~t: b}, (:n.~ :s b~p':un. AtJ! tht: inh,1bil,c:.nts Hre

x':'l.::de to lea'\f"C; in e::.:h room 'the fi"milure ~Ed good3' ::Ie rai:;ed li'om thE: ground or :Hlspended ;twrn th,~; ale:; p,~d1J.n,e ~:i pOlj'ted

<tH),mci l!lt WOE":l; ;aft(~r c,:trei1,~lly f;eaH:ng tl:t~ windows, dC'G!'~ a,.,J even tb: keyhole:; v;:th \'!R~: r,he perflHl!I! lSSt!l alight. Fim:Hy, the er:dre l:w~!'e l::: desd while the perfmr;i;' h: cer:n:.:nd; t~:,:)se ,,,.ho 1 .• -<1 " 1 ;. .:~" lr I, ... ,~ _", •. _L ,I ., .• ~ ~" ... ., ~ < .,.' t ,. I::lVl.. ,,,dnr.U OIH. uk. v,,)t't. a .••. ",.,a" •. -~l(.(, as .. h. r yt·.n r.,l - . .<1 ry, In

the pre:lem:e DE tnt: re~;idcllts (If tilt! h:HlS~;, tl) s~e that thl:Y did nDt

hav':~ sn::~~H;:tbng on their penC;-l:"i a!i they jt!f~ thl:: thf::Y did nol

nn e(!~erh"!f.'. fClll,' hour5 13:::::;',che: r:::sider.~5 :::1:'e anowe::.l to r':~t:nl:::r h(1irle~~

'Thill endo:,f:d, segmr.meci space:, ohsen:::d at iv::;:y po.inL. in

·;,hith the jndllliduak are in:;f!r::e:d in a llxed place; in iiiightes:: ilI0'lc:lT:iC:;':IS arE: sl'l:,ervi~td, in 'l/ hkh :3 Jj f~".re:lts are recc:"dec,

which <In ul1l:.terruFl5d work Df 7::dt:ng lill};s the t:clure and . h . I' . , . .,. J" , . per!!) ~ery~ Hl ",\\,:1;(:11 po,,",,!'er 1$ eXerCi$e:t~ ~lt:lOU:: ( 1;:1!~~QOj ;;ccorc:;;ng

,:0 it f:OlldnuOllS hierard:,ka,: figl.!:n:) in whkh I:'<F:-h ir;dlvidi.l;:;l is con, Ill;ln::iy J.oCl:::tJ, examin,~dilnJ distri1:JlIlctl amGrl:~'; the liv:illS be:;,gs, the skk and tlv de;td .-. all (his col1sli::utef; a C(;I':~lpact model cf the d;r,clpHn3.:"'y rr:e.:baDisl!', 'The plague is :n.>!~ b,r nrder; irs flll1cdc.Jj is to Bur::- OH;': ("-ver:/, p~1sib;e ~oHfl;sir,~; :-ha.t of r~(: d~s{;z.,~t:} \l/h~ch ~,s

tn:~:lsDiw::d. when bodies are InfX'::C: togc;:!!,:,; rhEt e.r th.: evil, which. I!:. :::rH.:rl~H~ed 'W.ht:ll fear and d,;a1:h OVI:!t'C:lfile prohihitklHs. It iiiYs dO'N:l [:or each indi:viciuai his place, h;s bed}' I his dis:::;!se .and his

\\/{l1~b.:h .. ~,g';1 by n"~~dn:; l,.)f =If: orr~~jpr£3r!nt o;:--~d om!"l~SC!·::!!t

pOwe'r tb~ ~ubdlvide3 i~3el{ r" a ,egcdar, u,-,intern.;pted W1Y e:v,:~r, iO the Hlri:fll!te dete!-rnilHltion of i~he if!Jiv!Jud.l, of will'll d:ilr;;a;wri:te!;

hin~, of what LeIOl:g; to him 1 0fwh21 ha?peru; to hi:'n, AI~;;;:inst the phgue, which is a rnixture, dis:~prine bring!> l11W plilY its pc,v:l5::, "Vlhit:h is nne of ,;,tf3~:y!ti5 .... 4.. w~hole Ht~r4ry Hctic~j af ~he festi"."zd gr,e~v' up <lroand the P;:1g:ut:; :mspended 1:1,,/[.; lifter1 prohl.hi lions, the fi ···- .'- f ;')-".; ,t··y I,·, rl'" ,,: ,I' ',N - .... 1::- ~- 't':'·,' ".' ~ '( )'_,·1..1 G., ~-.,.} •. ,nb IL.I{:),:)~W, IL,Jlf, JLb "0i:/~.k .. WI JJO.lL n.,p',L:,

indivIduals lJl~:m':15k':~I;~ abandcming tr,-:::r 51:lClllory iGlentilJ E!ld u;~d::! \vhkh they had been r!"co:~;nizt!d, alluwlHg; a quite

different m app>!ac Em th.:'::e Wl!:; ,,::;0 ::: pa!id{:l!: dn'i>!11 of Iht!

'::97

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Y)is ip"ne

pI 5u , 'n hi .1 . .'a ex cL / v se n ( e 01' cf e "es . v b s IC d is n n t w tr ns re e(' ~ t \e ,e t ti r:

reuu) io i 0 ve tI s ,ai' st1e ils f ve .,d y l' te ~r gh t~ m Ii io or th c 1l[let hi a hy th a u d t!-je capillary tunc-ti --; or: p 71; t "'1a 1,5 t!-jat were nut on and taken off but the as . g me t to each inclivirlual of his 'true' name, his 'true' place, hIs 'trlle' horly, his 'true' disease. 'the plague as a torm, at once real and imaginary, of (l1sorder haa as Its meuical and political correlative discipl1ne. behind the dlscipJinat), mechani .ns ca L at. d. haunting, memo.")' of 'c t bio s', o. tL t- .af, e, of reo ell n cr .ne , v ga_o Jaoe, .. es rti ns, p p " 0 PI ar n' d' ap. ea Ii a d 'ie n "s d

Tfi is ru th t tte I pe g e 'se 0 tu Is f e elusion, nrhich to a er in ex n p v'rJerl the }node! tor and genera!" form of the g at ConfineJTlent then the plag;ue gave rise to disciplinary pro-jects. Tlather than the massive, binary division between one set O!~ people and another, it called lor multiple separations, tndtvic.ualtzine; distribUtiOnS, an organtzatlon in depth of sur ei .. an e d 0 ro., an mtens111cation and a raul if. at n f rm. r. It ler er ,va c gf Up in a prac ic ot reJ ct n, of ex .e- c· s e; 'le va Ie' t h' d IT. in Las ar on.;' ':1i . l i W 5 eI S 0 "ff e ia ; LO

si . ~ • tl (ag e' er c gl U' i a Ie . u l u ta ic 1 p rtition-in i w' 'd' 'w'·y'.JU 1 d'C(e n' ti ns were the constrictinO' effects of p w that "'1u1tip1ied articulated and subdivided Itself; the great confineJTlem on the one hand; the correct trainmg on the OWer. The Jeper and his separation; the plague and its segnlentations. fI.e first is marked; the second anaiyseu and uistributeLo. 'L .1e x.e ~.

the leper ano tne arrest 0; tue plafsue uO 0 br g.vi.1 .. eL tL same pOlitical urea.n. n. 1. st s .1a o. a c u c m III 't} tl seconJ t .. at f di cil-.in j ci y T oa: 0" e rc' in _ p w o r .ne f on o'''n~ tl ir re' ti ns of se-ar in~ the' d g 0 I ix re ....... he .)1 'u st 'de 11 w, ay rs .:J through-o 'it! h' ra ch", r· iJ1 n ,obse':"Vation, urritinp'· the town iJrIl ~il' erl by the functioning of an extensive power that bears In

a rlistinct way over all individual bodies - thiS is the utopia 01 die perfectly governed city. (he plague (envisaged as a possluih y least) IS the trial in the course 01 vv lIic" one mal d • .o id all J tL exerCise of oisclpltnary poVver .• n c(. r 0 .. JaL 6r d ·a

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Panopticism .

function according to pure theory, the jurists place. themselves in 'mag' ion' he s of n rej i rder see ect iplin unctJOning, ru ers reamt of Jhe state of plague. UnderlYing dIs-

ciplinary projects the image of the lague stands for all forms of onf n an isor jus the ge he Ie , cu fro

all human contact, underlies projects of exclusion. Tare ren ojec hen t no com ible s.

see t em coming slow y together, and it IS the peculiarIty of the nineteenth century that it applied to the space of exclusion of which he I wa sy lic i bita begg va nds adm

and the disorderly formed the real population) the technique of ow rop 0 di . lina art! ing. eat' erst plag ICt! ,pr ) t th subtle segmentations of diSCIpline onto t e

confused space of internment, combine it with the methods of analy-icat ribu n pr r to wer, divi ize exc d, b

use procedures of individualization to mark exclusion - this is what was rate gul by' cipli po r fr the inni

f th nete h ce yin e psyc Iatric asylum, t e penitentiary, the reformatory, the approved school and to some extent, the

osp Ge lIy kin I th thor exe ing 'vid control function according to a double modej that of binary division nd ndin mad nei gero har Sin alia rm nd of cive ign t, of ere I dis r1 ution (who e

is; where he must be; how he is to be characterized; how he is to be reca zedi w a tan rveil ce is be e cise er h in an individual way, etc.). On the one hand, the lepers are treated as plag iet! the ks . divi lizi isci' es a mpo on t xci d; a , on t othe nd, e universality of diSCI-plinary controls makes it possible to brand the 'leper' and to bring into y a st h the listi ech ms xci n. constant division between the normal and the abnormal, to which eve . div' I is ject brin us b to ow 'me, app g th nary ndi g nd of leper a quite itferent objects; the existence of a whole set of techniques and institutions for suri sup sing d eo ling ab mal gs i play the disciplinary mechanisms to which the fear of the plague gav ·se. the chan' 5 0 we hich en ay, disp d ar d th nor ind ual, ran m a to a er

99

Disdplir:e

,,1'!O'Uf' whil'!. "Ya" "'''FrI,· p'v~'r""" "lJ: Ul'" cr.!j"'.-tive ;-'..0.' c~: < .. '"' " .J "-",/"'1-( -~~~"'J "'--, "-' ~ .... '- "' ... "'" '"- '--- ..... -~'-L I" I"! ..J' .. '~:~ '''' "t" 1" '~'-""-""'i' 1·' t·\·· .,'"' ~t··J , .,( lill .. ,L.le. ul'vL.,· .. lil"'1 l:,~~ .<I.w:' •• ll .• 't';.C;"sc;'''j !J~>.~ tit: J,_n~. 1.~.,'-h1 'L ..

.. -, 'J." ." . , .•. ", .. • tE~~ • .,I!Q·I 1.'- .. '\' r~ ••. ,...l. 'l'r d "n'} d, U::"ll. , .. ,IO!. .. :r1l0 C"'-.:.! •.• L. ·,Hl •• :, ... :;. {_r3:::o G: ~.yt'!'j·.,,!v !.'.r •• 1r>:',lb,J ulL G . •

m,:diali.on cf tb:: cOTflDlere hier;H"Chy ~hat ilS$ured ::he c;:1)i!!al'v fi):'l,{;·· ...' .;. .1

t;~H1inf~ of pOW.Cf, n0~ masks th;;:t were pnt O!l ;md tai{e:l1 ()H~ bUl: the as:;ignr:le~:lt tG each In(hvidllal d his 'true' n3.-:-ne, hir. "me' ph.ee, hi:; ',~ ,_1 1 .d·, }:<I '. ). , .:\'" , ·£'1:,.,., Ln.' <If.. '. ( .• ),.1 •.• \1 •. 1L}~ , .. I. trJC I. I.'. as"" L. prag",- a. a lOfI!l, d .tItce rt:~,

,.!. , ;_ .. ..-.~ ~(~!("'~ ,_1;l,".io.: oi~ ~,~:" -"'-:d'~~" i . .J '~.J ~,,."'-~ -", ::rJ ,: foC>\ an .... Irr:,lgdbl. "1 'J! '.,.,·.HL,(, IIdU d$ L, D.K .l~,a, ,IDL. l1Dllh, .• lt I..orr!. .. ilLv <. ..J J :r

di:;ciplin .... Rd:.1m1 lhe disciplinary m~chanisms .:::ar: l.Jt: 1 · r j c, ~ L' J" 'j' ,13.'.U-:tlfig memU!',',' G. ;;'onti1gwne) 0, tni':' plRgUf::. p( n,r.dIGnS, cd.m'~s~ Vaf!;abc.ndagc) de3ertkr.s; p-:::opi-::: who :::ppe,:" and di!'3.?p<':3.!', livt! ;;Iml dir: in di!,()rdr,.

is tl".H: that the .i. Ct::ftall'. ,::(r.~nt

g'~\'e :-isr: to !"!tu:.:lt; the model for and

~~"'!""'1 -1;" ")ll~,·' .... ~ ~;.,,(, lLwn, "u!_.1 to

gefll:!n.I form '':If tl-:.e ~ r ,. "1 .. I" "

f~fi:;;,l '~.O'1nnen:enr: I;';e;-: U'H: p<>gHe g;;v,-: use to {Is.r:!plm.;;ry plO-Had;er" ~h;-;n th: mar.:ilve:, bf:r:.'lry divisinr:.. net7/een one set of

l ' • , '1 Ie. ~'J" ' . ". c, 1" peop e and :a::ot.::!erj ;:t c:.L:.~Ci WI' f!IIIJtip eSI!pal':O;Wlrl!}j !nCl;Vlilua 11.lr:.g

dl~~dhulir;()~, atl G::g;',:'li1'.Hior. in depth of s'~:I!veilb!1ce End comrol, • ", ..l ' fi' I' "<'1 1 ' an ~nten$ihc~~lO~ anci a rflffi1 lc~t~on 0.t poV:i.r;r. 1 ~"J:! r~prI '1~t/as L-;,;~;,ght

,1P a practice of re;lrc'-;:-;n~ ::,{ ~;xHe-endo:n;re;h~: ~/a::: left to dO~Ji'il 1::'i c.l m,::;s amnng \::u-hich it wa:' u~.;:cle% to rii!-r<"ent:~~~e; dK,:;e

:,ir.k or the plaguf! '}H':te c;:::ughr up in a mer:·:uloU5 t;;,cticEl pat:,iric,n' , - ' .

ing in which IF,.dlviJual ddf;-:r;cf!.timiGns were: the cnn~lrk;tiJlg tffe·::ts Df a p0wer ':hat muhip:;ed, j·rricu;::,t.::a :md su::divitbf t::sdf; the great cor:.fi~::::mtl1t (l" til" (;;<:: hat·; . .::); the c:[)rrect IrzJlnil1l!. «:11 the other. "T"'!...,,,!,,,,.::I.~ .... d e-~ -,p"" "'+~ \l',~ tl..,- _l.;:..v, ~...1 ....... \' l ,f'" t:.( f' -1'''1,,,-1 ,I,~. ,i Ft .. flo •. !lS ::~\jart!dG", :t! I.-'l .. :<,llt: ,mu h~ .)cgfl1~lh<t,don". 1. ,l~

fir::::. i::: m:::'ked: tht~ec()nd analysed .and dis~dbuleJ. The ::-xile Dr , . l~*" 1"'"''"'' p"" "'~,"'."-~ "·h~ ..... - .• ~ ,. r 1,1",;,\ ,,1·, ~r;.'.·~, ,:.~ --":TH!. h·; _ - t";","\. +-=-"')1"";'-t,.~ ,,;J~. ,,"I;J d·~ ",tl. f.5" o ... h. jJ ,lb~'- u" ::<1' ,._'.1 .ag '(l, I.:1 l!!v.!!

sJ!~e po~~tir:~i dr:::a:. •. ~rhe first is of :i PU!.r c0!"fErn.l:'1~ty~ t.he .~- .. d "h" f"· J: , .• : •. j' .\ ~.,,' ~,,·1' ... · .~.~;:' ... - !.; .,' , '4~ ~~'""-.~(ln ,~_"lt 0: a (h:l'_"~J? tnet . ..,I.,,,t.:le.y.. wO Wo,)':: Or e-,>i .. t:rcf::nn~R PL\\'-,.:~

olJer !~"i'::':> of CC1fltrc-U:ng, thdr rr:htiGflS, '.'If lil:'p::>r,,-dr;g 01H: danR'er.::JUs mi:cul"'::s Tht~ ;:.:J,:-::ut:-strkke.n ;own. mwen;ecl thWi.lgh-

~,~ • ~~; /I .....

out 'with hierarchy) sOJ.""/eiH::>rKf!: nbsetv::nian, ',v::it:ng; .. he lo\vn inm-:.obiH:~~d by ihe func::toni"lg G{ an I!Ktensive power::h<1t bears a di~dnct ".:ay f)Ver all ; fl(liY:.dila I b:Jriies _. tni:; is the mopia dIe

l"Jerfect!·; v(lv{:rr:ed z-!.tv. The plaglle :\'c~n'i.;sa<!ed B,$" nossibiiit.v at. .J '.) .I... t", r }

:ca:,r) ;:; !hc: Hi;JI in the C:lUfse of whkh on.; may de.fine :.de;:liy the c)fei.'dsc of dbr:ir!h~.arjl po W .. :f. In ode:- to r~l;;kf; dgh~s

. !nR f

Pan OptidSlll .

2,::,:ordingw purl! theory" !:he jm:;ms Fla;:e thr.msdves in ~ ~v:' - ~ .~ ~ ~ 'I ·:--,4 ~:"t' ,-_C"", ..,...._.; ,,,.-"',,,1 ..... (- 4;~"'" ' tl"- -_ .. ::~:~ ......... ~; -,(.. lEh::,IlI,IIIO:11L t .. ~ ,,,ate '~'1 !:!.H'.he, 111 L .. ue. to ~~~ per e'ut t .. vu;.·"nL~

fu::cdoHing, rulers rlrl:!lllllt cf dlt: titale of pIag;J~. '[}nderlyil;g dis·, C::plilii:l.ry PWjf~ct!l the i~~ge c,f the plague uands fClr 31: f:mns confw;ion ;md disode:r; j",3t as the i:-:l<"ge of !:::: l:::pcr, ,::1. :)ir fr:-;m aU huma~ COil.:',,:::,-, ui'Jde!He~j Frojeet~; of exdu;'.ioD.

Tl':c::y lH! dift::r::nt p!ojecls, ~h:~n, b:H nm i~L,;mr3~ihle C·,',tS. \Ve '!"' r. "h">~'- ~''"t~-,.- f ,,.'l- f'l --., o ... t,~." .. ~: .:,,-"1;. ':~"'''~ ;:r ..... ":'~~";,' ... , '" j~' ';',4 ,e .. : t .,!" (,Ol:11:!b'~UW) tL·6,---,\,Li;. anc. '" L tL p~'-U.b,.I,j oJ t..~

'. \. 1 L ",' . I' L ('t:nlu:~y 1:!Jflt l1.:a,yp 1~(. IW tn:' :space of ,::XC,UHOfl (H W l!CI:

leperw,"s the SY:llDOilf; inhrtbb=:~t (beggars:,:zgauonds, mldnwn the disnrdedy fonr:,::d the neal populat:on) the lechr;ique of

power proper ;:0 dhdpHna!}' pnrtilionh:g. '['re"t ':c0e;-:1' ",s 'pI3:!:"e victir:-;s', project tho., s,lbtle tltgmem:;tior:" 0f r:isdpli n.f: U1Ho d::: rod~;scc13p;lCe otinternment, c()mbir;,~ i.: Ivith tlw method:; of . I " .. . . J' ,~.. 'I • ..l 1 •

tlca "JI~~n ::nll:on pruprr !.O pnWf::f, :nr ;vlduat;u: [ It f~xc:;;"ru: l:;;~

\.!.',c p!0cedllr~s of iC.ldi'/idllHliz::tion to I'm.::!, eXcif.1Sion --this i~; what ',\lIS ollerall;d reg'ulari,! by tlbdpli::ar-v Dower [rom the Lt:;finnit:;:'

_ .. '"' [ 4..-.0 W

. Qr I}:~ r:jneu:en~h ,:e:':~ury in tnl! psycniatdc a5ylull1, ,he peni~enliarYI the refom:!ar~)ry, die appr.:)Ved :;choc::ilwl, .. to SOIT-.:: .::x'eJlI. the ~ ['; '[.j (",~,.".."q I'" ,.,.":..k-" " •• ~ ~:l th;:;o. r, t~ -~':'I!"; -":" ,.'1' ~-""~.:.:.' ~ ',\#-:~,'·"r!i.::.: .IO.'Ill a .,~i,.r.fT"':j ,'p ..... 1)'0' _ •. _ c:U"GA •.. ,r .. C.'i.t., v_lng 1.._,'\11., __ ,

C01Y1:r~,;: flmctior; according: ~o a d()l;bk Him::.:; that c-fbinary thvisiull and branding \'4.3c!:::an€:; da::gero~l~>/barmle:i!l;n'Jrn:n1/abn()rEJ;;:;); alll: that of c!.:crdve i!ssignmrr:l., c:t dilT(:r~(:dal dis£rihuL.ion (,)I h,: .. he:

mUH:bt; hew he i!. 10 De dIRracterh,,:d; hew he is lei be r(~r:Dgni~ed;. how .3 :;:nm:tant :iurveiHance is t:) be exer:::ised OH:f

;~ ~:~ l',,;..1 .. ~ ·r." ., ') 1"'1 tl·.·" ,,', n·,'·d :.~,": "-"""'t" r.. t "J"<. ·;1,·, ,(! a" •. "ul, •· .. ll. .. at .I.i)') et ...... ""H ... :'. cn·~ de".l ~ LI, .. ";-'_' ,.I '1 ... e r ~>' , ...... ,,:;

" t·· '''. l' '.J J" ,.,.. , • vletH-'-"" t,w .. ···'t .. · .. s ~: '''I 'VJi:r:a i'll'·'"i • 'ICC!":''''':! a-~ :rnl"()~('-" ..... ~; '--"' ........... ~~., ... '"'~,'_~~t~ ..... ',L- .•• .t;U,)-.t'.iI..&"~'-' ,.", ' r-' ~.\,'

en 1':h::: e):eiuG .... d; and, on the (Jihe.:: ;,3IH1, rh~ 1.1I:.;ver!;ali Iy of di~dpHn::lry controb ::!lEkes .it FossihIe w br,mo tht~ ']l.::p.;;r',.::lo to ·:-.rhg · ... ·t ·1,·· g';'" • h; .. 'fl ..1. '1' ;~ ~pr·L -i.. y 1- ,l~;. ':'~,q 1.;.1 0- p a,1 .1 iL!1S .... l!1i , e "I,;) IStl~ l!l~_lla".::m .. , 0 eJ"Clu,,,nr:. • ... ,.

constant dl\';!>10n between the ;:'lormEl and the: abnonn.J,ji) tcl\ddch everr individUal i-; :'it:b)f;c~ed, tr:i.::r,s w; b;:ck TO (fur O'tln

applying tht: hh;;ry brand::1!! and (;xile Gr !he l::pel to qUlte dUTen~n:: ohjects; ,he e:1.::ster;ce of:1 whdeset of t.-:t:hrjqllC~~; and inSIHut;.:J!lt;

f')[ .rne,:suE"in:?:, S:lpl:l"\)lsi:'1~ and ::,~rrec~jng the ab~or~;:d brill~:; imo '.'''' '," ','

the disdplin<:ry mechanisms to which Ihe {If ph;;lle g,,-ye rise, AU themechaiii:'illlS of fX)W[;S whi;:-;'; even today, ,Fe

di!<pos.:·ci <,-round the abr:e~m;J1 :rdivid;;:j!, to b,;;'1d him and to alter

~ ~).;:

15

58T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


, ciplin

him, are composed of those two forms from which they distantly deri

Bentham's Panopticon is the architequrJI figure of this composi-tion know princ' n wh' 'was : atth riphe an a r bui ; at t tre, a er; th er is ed w wide windows that open onto the inner side of the ring; the peri-pheric building is divided into cells, each of which extends the whole wid the b ng; t ave windo one 0 insi corresponding to the win ows of t e tower; t e other, on the 0

side, allows the light to cross the cell from one end to the other. All s nee then, plac uperv in a I tow and ut up ach c madm pad con ed m a worker or a schoolboy. By the effect of backlighting, one can obs from h tOwe t nding t precisel against the light the I cap hado the of th riphe hey like so many cages, so many small theatres, In which each actor IS

alone, perfectly individualized and consrantly visible, The panoptic mec mas spa nides mak ossib see c srant y and to r gnize ediat y. n sho, reve he pr ciple of the dungeon; or rather of its three functions - to enclose, to dep of Jig d to ' - it P es 0 e firs elim' ates other Full 'ng a e eye supe capt better than darkness; which ultimately protected. Visibility is a trap.

To b gin with this made it possible - as a negative effect - to

avo ose c act, 5 ing, ling s tha re to

found in places of confinement, those painted by Goya or described by Howard. Each individual, in his place, is securely confined to a cell whi is se om th nt by supe ; but side w Is pre him comi g to co with comp ions. He is seen, but he does not see; he is the object of information, nev subj com 'catio e arra men! is roo op the al to 'mpo n him axial lity; the divisions of the ring, those separated celis, imply a lateral invisibility. And this invisibility is a guarantee of order. If the lo-rna re co 5, th no er of lot, a temp collective escape, the planning of new crimes for the future, a reciprocal influences; if they are patients, there is no danger of

:100

58T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


an tici

contagion; if they are madmen there is no risk of their committing iol ce on ne ot r; i he are ch ch re th is 0

copying, no noise, no chatte~ n-o waste of time; if they are workers, er re 0 d ord 5, ih t, co tio ,none 0 those IS-

tractions hat I w dow the te f w k, ak 't I P ect r cause accidents. The crowd, a compact mass, a locus of multiple xch ge in' id It! m in og he a c lec e ect s

abolished ,and replaced by a collection of separated individualities. ro the oin f w th ua ian, t is pi d ya !tip-

city that can be numbered and supe vis d' fr th po' of iew f t e Inmates, y a sequestered and observed solitude (Bentham, 0-

Hence the major effect of the Panopticon: to induce in the inmate st 0 on ou nd er nen vis lit ha ss s t au -

maric functioning of power. So to arrange thing tha he urv '1-nce IS permanent In its effects, even If it IS discontinuous in Its

cti ; th th er tio of w sh d d re er ac al exercise unnecessary; that this architectural apparatus should be a

ac ne r c ati an su ini a ow re ion nd end t

of the person who exercises it, in short that the inmates should be aug t up in po r Sl uatlOn 0 which t ey are themselves the

bea s. T ac 'ev his' is on to mu an 00 'ttl hat e prisoner should be constantly observed by an inspector: too little, or at au is at kn s ms to 0 rv ; t m h,

because he has no need in fact of being so. In view of this, Bentham aid ow th pri pIe hat pow sh uld e visible and unveri-

fiabl V' 'ble' he' m w co tan y h e for his es e tall outhne of the central tower from which he is spied upon,

n ifi e: e rna m n er no wh he e b g looked at at anyone moment; but he must be sure that he rna alwa 5

e lord to ak the pre ce r a sence of t e Inspector unve ifiable, th the ris er n ir Is, nn e s a shadow, Bentham envisaged not _only venetian blinds on the win w f t ce al se tio al ut n t in e, tit s that intersected the hall at right angles and, in order to pass from

ne ua r t the the) no do b zi zag pe gs, or e slightest noise a gleam of Ii ht, a brigt ne n half pe d d r wou betray t e presence of the guardIan. The Panopocon IS a

~"~. ,', ..c.';,SClp:'Ene

him,,;.:e co::nposed of those rWD f{wrns from, lNhich .r1~f",;.. .. ·~itI"~ ......... MII"!!.. Y ..

n::;,~\/t ..

Bentham'!; Pml(~llticofJ is the ;1rchif):cmt~lli:~;mle of (his ccrnpcsl" r;cr.. \Ve kr.cw ~he pri:1dple or. whkh it wii$ fJi!i;ea; at tile periphe!) I

, h '1.1 ' I . . " d'} an s!'lHuiar . mom!!,; ;n t 1e C!:!T,,,;;, ;;:; tow!':r; ::=1.1", tow!':r :.:; pier,:€! Wit I

wid,:~witlclow:; lhal Cp~::l omo the inn,:r ~ide 0:[ I:he ring; phcdc ImUding;;s divided into {)~i151 c!i:I{:~,1 of wh;"b {x;:md:;

'iHidth of the l:mHding: they ha"l': twc 1'findCows~ on€: ·:n:, cow:spor:t!lng to the '1'IttIC!OWti cf th:~ tower; th,: Dtilerl on t\-:::: {Jut·· side, allow!l ~he:light to (TOSS the:.eH from or.'! r:nd to the l" l' "1-. •• •• 1 ,'l..n wat JS neeoe'..ll t ... "n, Jb lu r:a.-:t: a :mpervlbOt ;n ;; (;t:fllr,c;, tOWf::r

:tud to ::hu!: up in each "d! a rr,:td"'C:l'I~ 11 p:tt:ent] il cOudt!lIlned m,lII)

a wo;rker or il:l:h001boy. By ::he of bac:kligE!1ir.g, one c:m 0bscn;e {:0f:l thr: iUYlct) ')tar:dillg; 0'':1: preci :dy again::t dH: !igh'l rhe small c::::Jdve Ehdnws ir, rhe cells d ;:he pt:;-iphery.. They an: lEk.:: ::;0 many :~:;3:g:':S, flO wallY ,m;;)! 1}:,~at::-e:::. illwhic:h alone, perfectly indiy'jdualj;~(!d andc:onfa;;ndy vi!dble. mt..::h;lI"~;$Ir: a;:Tan?,e~ spatiallmit:ts th:;:t mak(: it pos5:Lle::o !it:t con!ltantly ;;ra1 to rccngnb:c f;~1medlatdy. b ::!::Orl, it t!::verSI~:l lhc ciple IDr.- r:bu(!(!or.; or:rali1r.-r OLliS. thre~ fll1leljo~:s ... tt:) f!ldr:se. to .... t.., ~ , . . ~ .. I' . 1'" , ! h ')" dEpt~Ve -Jt ,ig i'C ,HId to ude - H prt:;I:f"Y'cS 0f:':'1' t ":E tirs!: ;:;HU C Im:!!I"

ates !he Other £w'O. Full ;lghtlng and ,he eye of a :mpef"vi50r !:l:ipIUrC

ht:tter dum darkuesH, which ultirnl:.ldy pr:lH!cted. Vi:iibiilty is :.l.

Tn begin with: this made II pml:dbl.~··~l:! :l: negati"t: dT,;cr ~ it: twoir:: rhos~ cmr.p~ct, swarming, howling masses that were 'to be j . j 'i f ,. I 'J: b -, l)'ilEu 1Il p,:lces oJ conHnemefll:; t lOse pamt'::u y tlOyZ! or by Howard. El:cb individll:i:l!: in hii plac.~:, hi :;ecurdy t;onliH':d to .2:

~H ::~Gr:1 which he iS3een f::om the i.'::Unl. by dJt: sl.lpc::"lbur; but the '1" l.'" ,- .' h h' til: f: w;;::s p::evem: Jllm rrom cc'·r,Blnf, :mo {:onmct Yin 15 COIll:pan·

:: .. , H· ',.- ,-,' b I ' ',' I ,-~ • L.,. :: •• I':":!' h)' v-·t . f' :;-~".' v~: ~ ; .. ur..s. t. .;: I .. , ",,,el1, U _ r.10C~ L.U ,).,1;; 1-.· .... ,' ".1..0 I ... " 0, ,p,·." .. L<:.,n.··. " ",,- "h:' . .-, ' ... ~ ',·r'· ,: ... "':'h .. " ~ f h;··· - ", IH':":::! ;'! $,l"jt"_! !:I '::;',mn,l.:.::CL.,OH. '" e ;ilT,."gcrcen, 0 1.1 lC'.ffi,

oppc:;it.e the (entIal to'.',::!, ir.:,po:;::s on hi«l a:! m<1:).i visibiliry; but the division, of ehe ring, dwm sepill;H:;d tdh, :\HI;:ly a !;Jf.Cl,::l h"av;:;ibWt.lIf..Ar.d in':.dsibJilY is a Il":.u,,·antee (:if ocd:::-, If ._ _J

mac,:::; are COf!Vict8) t1'::;r.;; :$ !'10 '-!;mgel.' of ;;:; plot? an att:en:,pt at colleclivl~ escape, the planrkl,; of new t:rtm.;;s fOl'cilc f"turt~ h:::d }'ldprm:,,1 inl~Ht:nc,::;; jf they aft: p;;1ient~;, th,:crei! [;() c,f

':lOO

PanoJltidsm

.:ontagiofl; if th,::y :ue m;;dmen ~hen; ;SflO risk of the:! camrr::rrinf'; ,: : o' ~.,. • "~ ..• ,,...,. , ,~"1 .~. :{ .,' . " --. ,,~h' 'j-h,!··j ?', -h,'" 'n ~·:).tl" •. ,t}J .. n .. > ..... dL· ..... 1L. ," ~nf:y .,.·f:.L cu '. rL~ ru ':' " tic IS L,

::op),ing, no :nohe, no ch:IEe!1 n0 waS1e of 1ime; if they lEe th::::e an: r'.o ci,():t.!r:r:'i, no theft, no caalitwn:'l, rIm:!: (;f thG5!: di~~r;telic':15 ::l0w down the rate of '~llm'k; m::lkt i~ l,;s! perfect:lr ,:all"e ;)cddem:l, Th,: crc'wd, ,1 compact mas:" ;:; hx::,,:! cf rnu:;ip1e

. . d' " .. , , . I'" 'I' , eX(:=1:Hlf';r'S, :=1 1'y:::H13Hr:i';S mergmg ~of';etr:e(, ;:; co ;eeu,,!!,::> ect , l!l

. j'!.l .1 I . J '1" ]. " . J I" lP;) IS leu .:lr.~l l:ep ac.::·c :'y a ':C"; f:;:;:;:lon 01. se::,,:::;:;:::( :nill-";';U;J ;;;If::i.

F . . ,.. ' , d'" I . I I' \. [C·m t;-o,:: DOliH ot V!~W of t;-ot lIlja, 1;::1:", It: l~ H=P, ,:I,:c;C; lya ;'fllI 110 1-,JI. ':".J, .. . ;

:il:y lha~ ca.'::l be numbered and s':Jpt!"l.<1::nl; fi.(;'(llhe point of view c:[ the inm<lte!; by a seqUl!:;~ert!d and Ub:i!!t'I'fd sulit:..:de (Benrham; 6c

H.;:r:.('o: majer dl~c.! of the PRllopticon: to in(:u,-·., lfl th:: inlT<l~{:

;1 state of :::·In,,::::·cil.l!: unci perm:af!-::nt tha':: aS31l::f~S [J,e ;;utc

ma~;:~ [u:-<doni:~lg power. So £:) ;mang:,: rhi:lgs t:hat the .m':'JI:il .. iar::::e;s permanent in it; e:~ecls) ,;,e~l ,f it is discor:tim . .:ous i,: it::;

act:on; ~har ~r:e p.f:::feGion nf pov.'el' sh,mld lend to r~nder :its il.::tual exnd!::: ur:ne~,::s::aryj th,;JI:: rhit; ar:::h:itcclu,ai ,~ppara~l;:'; sh.Juld be (:

E'sraining a pou;er felationincieper:-d"Tlt cf t>:lf: per;iOE whc· ex,:crci:;.es ir:- ::hor:t, ::hat the inE',~~e5 shoc,ld be r.l:.;.q,h~ t.:l) ;:: a ::Jcwe! simadon of whk:h ihe\j an, ~hf:n::)dve:; :he L... ...

be;:;rers.TD 3chkv,::; ::hi::;, it!:;l at O::C1: ~uo nluch ar,:! 100 little thzt p'isoner should b,: c':ms~(lntly observed :tll' an im;ll-t,.:,wr; taG lirde, fOt" what mi:l!lr,r, ~s t;-1;i:~ r:.f: know:; hinls~lf to h~ Ohsr:Tverl;coe ,[JII1r.h,

b!CaWi!:: he has no nf:ed b I~lct Cof heillg 3(". Ir; vi:::w pri!'l{.ipk chat pC'"""'e, shOl;Jd be visible and l::wer:

lnl1!;Jte win cO:1standy h;:;ve bd~:'J(! his eyes ~he ted I o~jtlin;:: ,)f::hc Co-t:fltn.: te'i,e::- f::om Ivhkh r.:: :s Spt:;r. lJnyedt",b;e: the i"mate milS::: neycr know wberl"II=:! he is being hoked ill at anyone (flOmenl:; bill: 11-= 11::, list tH! :iu::e th«t he rna y alv/ays b: 5C. T:: r::rd::r tz, :::«ke ,he pre:;e!:,~r: or absfflc!: of dl':: ir::;pr::cior ull';fedfic,bie, so t:~I;Jt pf330ners, jr; theif' cdls, Car1::-<H even "ee ,; '. !:) L ., • • l.. .. J . s::;,,:cO'V, aent,;;!:e'[i ,:r,vlsag;ec not ,om), ver.·::t!3r. v::r. S OD ~ne

w:fdnw~ n[ the; 1::::ntr:lE nh~t:n/;:;tior. hall, hut, nn the inr-.ide, partidon!;

that iJHt::rs,;:c!):d tbl; hill! <;,: r.igh: ang:::r> ::;:rd) ill order t'J p:::ss c·ne quarter t,:} ~he: oIher, nOe dOC':5 b-cH zig-zag {)penh',gs; for ,he ~::glw~st !lOisc, n g~cam 0f ligh::s a b6g!H~(~:b in i:! ha:f-op,:e:ed d00r would i::,et::'(lY th{· pre:lence ,~.r th,: gt:n:rdi;JI:. 2 The Pilnopt:co,lJs ;:;

2en

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achine for dissociating the see/bein seen dyad' in the eriph-ic r ,on to se with ev eein n th entr

tower, one sees everything without ever being seen. 3

It n im tan cha m, f t au adz nd div dualizes power. Power has its principle not so much 10 a person as , act in concerted distribution of bodies surfaces lights gazes'

an nge ot w e in al m anis pro e th ado in which individuals are caught up. The ceremonies, the rituals, the

ark wh the erei 5 su s po r wa ani d a useless. There IS a machinery that assures Issymmetry, Isequilt-brium difference. Consequently, it does not matter·who exercises

owe ny ivid tak aim at rom, op e tI machine: in the absence of the director, his family, his friends, his

isito eve s s nts nth 45) 'mila it s n matter what mottve animates 1m: t e curiosity of t e Indiscreet, the malice of a child, the thirst for knowledge of a philosopher who

ishe vis is m urn hum natu or t perv ty those who take pleasure in spying and punishing. The more

ume s tho non ous tern ary rve e, th reat the risk for the mmate 0 being surprised an t e greater his anxious awareness of being observed. The Panopticon is a marvellous

ach whi wha r us ne wis 0 pu to, duc homogeneous effects of power.

A sub ion om chan' Iy f a fi IOUS atio So it 15 not necessary to use orce to cons tram the convic goo behaviour, the madman to calm, the worker to work the schoolboy

ap atio he eot the erva of re tion Bentham was surprised that panoptic institutions could be so light:

ere re n ore 5, n ore . ns, mor avy ks; a t at was nee e was t at tle separ ons uld c1ea d t

openings well arranged. The heaviness of the old 'houses of security', ith r fo s-li rchi ure, Id b plac y t mp!

economic geometry of a 'house of certainty'. The efficiency of owe scram for ave as, pa ov 0 th

other 51 e - the e 0 sur of pplica . H ho subjected to a field of visibility, and who knows it, assumes responsi-

ility the nstr s of wer; rna the ay tan ously upon himself; he inscribes in himself the power relation In

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ic he m an u p YS ot 01 ; h be m t e prlOcip e of hi ow s bje 'on By hi ve fa, t e er I w m y throw off its physical weight; it tends to the non-corporal' and, the

re t ppr ch t s ltmit, the more constant, profound and rm en ar its ffe s:' is p et I ct y at oi a

physical confrontation and which is always decided in advance, Ben ham does not say w et er he was inspired, in his project, by V x' me ag . e V sai s: e st en ge in wh h e

different elements are not, as they traditionally er di ib ed' n a par ( oisel, 104-7). At the centre was an octagonal pavilion

ic 0 he rs 0 c si d 0 y a in e r m, he ing s salon' on ever side I ge wi do I ked 0 0 0 ve ca s \the eighth side was reserved for the entrance), containing different

ec 0 an rna B B th m' im, t s en ger ha dls-pe ed Bu 0 fi s p gr mm 0 th Pa op . 0 a

similar concern with individualizing observation with characteriza-n d ass ca n, it he ana ytica arrangement of space. The n tic n i a ya me ag . e; he ni I re ac b m ,

individual distribution by specific grouping and the king by the mac lOery 0 a furtive power. Pith this exceptton, the Panopticon

so oe he 0 0 n tur st. t ke it ss Ie d w p differences: amon patients to observe the s mp m of ch' nd' '-dual, without the proxImity of beds, the circulation of miasmas, the

ec 0 co ag n n lo th cI ca ta S; m g ho 1-children 't ak it 0 'bl to bs ve er rm nc (. th there belOg any Imitation or copying), to map aptitudes, to assess

ar te , t dr p r gor s ss cations an , in relatIOn to or al ve pm nt, d' in is 'Ia' es an tu 0 ne ' fr m

'incurable imbecility'; among workers it makes it possible to note e pdt de f ch or er, compare the time e takes to perform ta , d' th y p 'd y e y, c cu te el w es

(Bentham, 6cr-64). So much or t e question 0 observation. But the Panopticon was

so la ra ry t c uld e ed s a a in 0 rr u xp i-ments, to alter behaviour to train o'r COrre t ind'vid al To xp i-ment Wit medicines and mOnitor theIr effects. To tryout different

un hm nts n is er ac rd g th r m an c ra r, and to seek the most eff tlv on ,T t eh iff en tee ni es

203

D;scj:)li::t

m,lchinc Fe:' di;;;;;;e:d;;ring the see/heing :leen i"iY,ld; in the pen ph-!ric ring, one is totally seen: without eVer :;eel:<g; in th::: ccntr;;:l t~;v{'er) :JIle ::eet evervthiDil "";'v~;tho~t e1o/er bein~r set:n .. ~

-i ,oJ .>.l

It j" all in:,p0rlcUlt mechanism) 1"0, it t;.lwm2:the,: disindivi-, ! '" l' ." , .

utEl lZfS YOWCf. lO~i\VCr H<£$ Hs pnfli.::rple :lot 3e· fi':Jch In" persn!: l!S . . ... .." • . '"' '1' I' ,n a::ertall1 cc·r;·:erted. ,::!;stn";:':.mC:1 ot bOG:es, 5uri'::lce!:, tS:-·l:~, gal;·~s;

!fl an aEangl:mel::~ wb.J~e in!.e!!l:;'! mechanislIl!; prGdu:x the rehtior; in wh::.:.h indi·(l(Juills arc r:a!lbil~ up, The: ceJ.el~;on)l:s, th; riw<lk, the m"rks hy whkh Ih,: sovereigr:'5 51::rpbs power war: ~i::JHrr:~ed ar:",

i!; a madunen: that <lr:r:Ul':::S cliss'imm~t:::v, riise:luili-; ." "'-,

C::;meqlJCr;tiy, h d.::;es not rD2,:tler,who exerci:;t5 POWE:!. Any indivdual, l;llten aln>J::l al: randcnl; Cf:!! ')Perf:~~' r.::::: (:!ilchine: in ~he ,:h:,eflCf: of Ii!t: dlr::'dOt, his (""':lil.y, hb :fl:end!" his

visatGrs, f:ven b, sef'/;,m~s (Bttltham,(n. Simihdy; it :.ices nnt maHer whrlt rr.o~i\'e an;:;:,He~ him: til" rudo-;ity !:-:c h,di:cf'.('r.t, thr!

h .. ..l 1 I' <". , d r h'I'" l ;;:. c ":"': t 11:: t u::.;, i:Gr xno"ne @'}: c·~ i1 P I C!iOphErWIIO

wis:he~ to "'ish this museUIllD[ hll1':'I.,1:1 r:,;;wl'c! or th:: perver:;hy vi l:·n,>" '" :.'1 ,,~.. nl~'h'''r;> ;'" .. 1'''';,..... "',' r~,rl\ ." 'lO)' (',I'll'l''':- ":["1'" ):""I:Jte .. ,.,. "',", ,_._- t .. ,-~~u_ ... -,'.1'"0''' ;--" ';:" .1 ......

;-Jume,GUS ,hose <HlOnymol~s and ten:;xmlry Dbr.~..(,/!;':rs ;lX,,, the greater t.he r;"k f.:-r <he bm,me: rlbcing :il;rpris(:o ;lnd til .. : gr::>lI<:f hh. lInxict;:;

aW2,-:::'1[;S:: d bd::g The PE::·Jpt:cc·nis a marvelloE'; ,:or\<:chin<"which. whali~ver u:;,: C'~lt may wl5.":1 ::Q !Jut it to, nroc:..:ces

i .....; l

hG!i1cgen~ous e~ecr5 (·f POV,/tf .. A neal '3L:'::1je:::!ior: hi bo<o mer.hanH.:'llly from" ., !'" d E Sf, no, "ieces~ary w u~e !orce to con~tn:,m the ccnvlct to goc·

heL:<:im,:r, lhe maJm;m tv calm, dIe 'wr;rker to'NOl"r:, the schodJ:JOY

to application, the Fd'::Ie:nt 1:/ the obsr.rvadon nf the r~gu;ar:nns, WriS s'~Jr?r,i;:;f;:::d ~hr:,t pf!~~_Op::.H·~ insrh:utior.!1 ~ould be: ~:;o Eght!

there were no mc.rc Lan, no frlOr;: ch:l:in5, flO mGIe heavy lUf:k,,: ;,:H tbat wa:; needed ,,''15 t:lat the £tpa:;::ions

·'.--- .... n "-":)"""':;'IrP ,,' .r'''T''"': :"l'- ~ ... , '11"--;-0."',"' r~t-;;9 '~.~:'I -..,:.,-,,-~ ~-tf-;::-J-~ ·~t :. (. ~_.,h 'b~ .. -,' ,1ft a.'b~ (,. • It: .. <,.3 \ .. 11..>., :)1 L.'. C,_ 11. <lA.S _.I.LUt l Y ;, with (::>[::ress .. lik,: architecturt, {,)uld b~ rep~~ced hy !he :;i:J:plc, eC::Jr::Jmk 5emT!(~t:-y of <! 'hml~e cer~<!lnty', eJic.iem:y of

:P{)W~:;J liS (:otls!rainlllg force h<:.vt':, J;::1 a SI:I:;SC, pas:;ed r,ver ,n sid.;; - c:) thr. !.:ide of ils snrf,:ct: of :lpp1iC;Jt~(jfL Ht: wh::: i$

to a fielti ofvI5ib;lity; and who bwws it~ a:;:iUm'::5 re!;ponsi ..

lhc,':oll!;ir:,,: nt!; of pCIWt!; he ,fJI:kC'; them p:a)' " .. ~ ... ",.")" l.'l'r~"·el;·'. ;'JP ; ... "",.;ll~" ;n l'l"l"""!( t:· .. nr)'Uer ,<.:11".['01' 1')'1 "'--"'.,.JI,,::'1I.,::, u t- ... Jjl Lt ~\..j .i.; L ...... ..... JI.~~Ji.,,{ .......... oj JI. ~ ................ ~ .a,o,_ r'l. - >;,,' ~\\ !;

:102

Panopticism

wb:h hI! ~iIllH.:.t;H\tOU!1ty pkys hoth roks; he h::(':::f1H'::: d~t Frinci pie: cf h~£ own :mb;,::ctJem. Bv this very (;3':t, th-:: e:-:rerm:l PO'7/-::f fn2V

j. .-I _. ... ,; • '1 ,'. . 1 I' ,

~h\lSl!':,,' Wr.lg::~; l~ :.r~nJ;) to t it: iHlll~COl'fIOra : anc) ti'::: .... ~...... r ~

more it appl'O<l":}les tbis ;lir:::lt,c the rnc:-e CC~15ra~ltl pn;.f(}u:1d and ff .. l'" ~ permanent a!'/? lL:; ~.' e~t~,: It: ]:;; <:. rerpeIC<l, v1Ctr.:-y rn,::t ;;'':O!O:; "ny

,c'~lfr:)nt;lt:(m ;lnd =h:::-h i::: fllw:::ys d:~:ciGi::d in 2.dvanr.c.

Bf:1Hh~m de":$ nGt ~;;y 'i\,,f:.t'lh.:r W;J5 f'lspired, til his preli<>::::, by Le Vatu.':; :rnenageri(! a~ Ver:l<lille~i; trH: firtit menr.geri.: in whieh the iHff<:!ent e;~,11ej:t:-; are !10l, E$ they tuciiionally' ',·:e;'e, d;:;l~ ihule:l 1:1 a park (Leise!, ;:04~7,). At rhe cer::'r!: tv;,!; an octagcnd pavilion which, on t'lf: fil':3tflonr, cor,si!;ted of only ~ s!r,f,le 1'(lr,r!J; rh,= kiLg'!)

on every :drlt: h:.rge wir;;1ows looked 01l~ Gm:) 5c'.te;;

( • • I • •• •• h ' , "LT t:-::e i"'gl1t:-:: s:·::e ,";;$ rC5,:'VCo. !Qr t ,f; en~n;:rlc<J, r.c':ntall~,i.ng Cllill:renl

Ep(':cies of ':::limak By B-!!ltham's time, this fr:e~2g~rie had dis· appe;w:d. But one: fh·ds: ~iI the ':)wgrarnme of tbe Panoptico:; a -;ifnH;;:- c0;)ccw 'with i;'1dlviduil~izinp,: CJbr:~lT«tion, wir.h char.I("I:·;:::i:;cCl· .' . :; -:. ,·,·:fi .... ' ~,,: th l, ," 1 •• ·.' ,,-1,,- ) 7 '.'~, ,t"" ',., - T'" ,lon anC. •. "j .... , .• Cl.dOll, w.. Lit .. ;kill·.XU" .. " t11 .. Cltlb •. LJ~'1t c, +,.lLr. .. :-j,;

Panop:ic:on is ;,: royal menagerie; the an!ma! is replac-::ci by tr.,u"" ciis\:rL1:mtic'n by SPf:Cd1C grouping and the king hy lhc of a furtive ;:.:oq.fct, ,\Vhh ~l:is e:xcepr'::ltl j the Pancpticor:

aho doe~ the work of a ;:);;;nlranS~. ::trna:~es ;~ p,Jr:;;ib:e te, ora>;'.' 1Jp

dinert'nce:';; ;m:0ng pat:e:;t::;, to ohe.!"','e Eympums 0f eaeh i;;<:11'/:-j' .. ,. L ,., "b" . . I" f' l

f eE!:~ W!ii,·:mt the rfO~"jmlty 'J! ... cd.s) ,he ct::Cll at::.·:m 0 11::I;;'SJT,aS, :ene I· . .,. , ,". 1 t'. "

0: {;!)nI'ag':cHI C()llhl~:~flg E',.e; Ct:::ls:.;al Uj)~(':3; ?H!ong $C~WO:~

:::h:;dren, it ma:':'es. ~t pOlslble to observe performances (With-3D t bdflg ;my imitad:::n or copyiHg), to map aptitud,::>; tc <l3Se%

character:;, to draw up l.'igo:mu.5 da5silicaliom:, and, in r.;:13,io,·, TO rt0r:TIl:i d,~\,tbpn':,::r:l, to d:::lI:~flgllisb \la;~int:s:, al:d s~uhborruH::ss'

'im:Uf~blc h::h:::.:ility'; lJ.mo::g work::r::;,il.~m!h:,: it pGss:bleto note: the Hptiwdes of ,:~ach 'rio!"kc!", ,x,mpil:-e tilt lir~le he "akes to perk:'"ll~

a t3!ik) and if they <Ire paid l:,y the day, to caleulare their ,,:,:ager:

~So-·<i4)· So ffi~g::h the ·T.le~t;::m Gf oho::::vatiGr.." Eut the Filflopticon 'vas

3:50 :3 hbora::oryj it could be m:ed,:s a rnadd!:e ~0 CZ1rrjf ~mr. expe:ri-"".. 1·,-,1; . '-."'ha', '0'" t· ... ,· :" ::l',. 'r- .... I' .{: ,'; ,j .• )" T.·, ',n" :~ rrk;;,S, .d aLe)' 11" .J, _t, ~ _,il",. ~. L,>Lec .n.", .UI>_ .). ~ L,;->,.L

mtmwir.h :r:r;d::':ll1t::'; 3r:2 rno.nitor ddr eJ1~:cts, '1'0 try om di([erem puni.shm.:nts on pr:sone:-s;, aco:.rding to ti::ci:- ;:.Timcs ar:d charactcr-? ar:c tos.;:t':k the most efffxtlve ones. To 'tea:ch Jinere;'1t t;:dmic:1Jn

1:'3

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simultaneousl to the workers, to decide which is the best. To try out gogic peri - a part r to up 0

again the well-debated problem of secluded edUcation, by uSing orphans. One would see what would happen when, in their six-teen eigh h yea ey w resen ith 0 boys girls, coul ify w er, as etius ght, ne co learn anything; one would follow 'the genealqgy of every observable idea' e cou ing 'fferen 'Idren rdin differ syst of th t, rna certa ildre ieve two a two do not make four or that the moon is a cheese, then put them together when they are twenty or twenty-five years old; one would then e dis ns t ould Drth at de ore t

the sermons or ectures on whic so muc money IS spent; one would have at least an opportunity of making discoveries in the dom of m ysics Pan on is rivile lace exp nts 0 n, an anal with plete inty transformations that may be obtained from them. The Panopticon may pro 'd n ap us for rvisi 'own hanis In t ntral r, th ctor spy 0 the e yees t

he has under his orders: nurses, doctors, foremen, teachers, war-ders; he will be able to judge them continuously, alter their be-hav impo pon t the m ds he ks be d it even e PoSS! e to 0 serve the !rector Imself. n nspec arriving unexpectedly at the centre of the Panopticon will be able to jud a gla witho ythin ng co led fr im, h the e est men uncti . An any enclo as he is in the middle of this architectural mechanism, is not the dir 's ow f e ent' I bou d p with . > The' mpet t

phy n wh s allo cont to s , the mpe prison governor or workshop manager will be the first victims of an epidemic ora revolt .• "By every tie I could devise", said the master of ano!, , "m n fat been nd u me w theirs (Bent am, 177). he Panopticon u tions kind laboratory of power. Thanks to. its mechanisms of observation, it gai effici and e abi ' 0 pen e int n's be vio nowl folio e ad 5 of r, dis ring objects of knowledge over all the surfaces on which power IS

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Th lag tric to the nop esta hme - t djfferences are important. They'mark, at a distance of a century and

hal e t form cns the ipli pr amm In t rst case, there IS an exceptIOnal situation: against an extraordinary

evil, power is mobilized; it makes itself everywhe e pr ta d isib t in ts n mec isms sep es, mmo zes,

partitions; it constructs for a time what is both a counter-city and he p ct sty; po an i fun nin ut 0 that

reduce ,in t e nal ana ysis, like the evil that It combats, to a simple dualism of life and death: that which· moves brings death and one

ills wh mo Th ano on, the er h ,m be understood as a generalizable model of functioning; a way of

efiri' po rela' s in ms he e da eon. oub entham presents it as a part/cu ar institution, closed In upon

itself. Utopias, perfectly closed in upon themselves are common nOll As osed the ed ons, red h m anis

of torture, to be seen in Piranese's engravings, the Panopticon rese a cr ing 'ous e. T act it s Id h giv ise, n in our own time, to so many variations, projected or

realized, is evidence of the imaginary intensity that it has possessed orst hu d y . B he opti mu not

understood as a dream building: it is the diagram of a mechanism of ow duc 0 it' al f ; its cdo' g, ab cte m a bst , res nce r riction, must e represente as a pure archi-

tectural and optical system: it is in fact a figure of political technology hat an ust eta fro ny cific

It is polyvalent in its applications; it serves to reform prisoners, but to t pa ts, t stru cho ildr to c ne nsa ,0 supervise workers, to put eggars and j ers to work. It IS

a type of location of bodies in space of distribution of individuals n re on t ne a her, hier ical ani on, isp

don of centres and channels of power,of definition of the instru-men nd m es 0 erve n 0 wer ich be lem ed hosp s, w shops, schoo s, prIsons. en ever one JS

dealing with a multiplicity of individuals on whom a task or a part ar fo of b viou ust mpo , th nop sche may be used. It is - necessary modifications apart - applicable 'to

II e !ish ts w oev n w' ,w' n a s e no 0 la

'C)' •. , J'_ j:::Cl~:~0.e

3i;;:)cJt<1l1cously to the w:Hk,::rs, to decide which 1:: !he besfo T c-• '1 \ • 'I I out P,:GzgOglci1J eXptli,m,nts - ;lnn m pat::lCILlr 10 ta <I: up 0]0:

again weU-C.:b3,~d pl'obJC!m of sedlJc::-d edilC<1rioll) by :,3ic:g orpha1l:;. 0,:-:,,; 'Ilould see what would happen when, i!1 their ::ix·· teenth or eightu:nth year) they wer(~ ptesentedwilh OIh,'~ boys Gt

gids; on~ :::0uld v~;rif~1 whet:'e:, as 1'{dvei!U5; :hought1 Rnycr:e could :eam an,Ylht~:g; onl: wo~ld f;=,lluw 'the ge:1::a!ogy id e;,l , ; 'JDe ccdd bring up diffe:,ent chiic:,en ac(»)rd:"g to different r.yr.tcf'!,;; of thought, m~kiq;;; cen:~ln chil::ln~:i belir.vr. dlat two and two do l,at m",b~ four or thar. the Hille,,, if, a ciJf:e'1t', rh,::';

tcg~U"i:'L' wher:. tllt!y ::>7C t'Ni!n~y cr tW':I~"ty-fiw: ye;;n: ::h("r. have discc:$~lons dlilt,vCH.l;':i be ·w·")rth :!I gre;;:; deal more I I l . 1. 1. " L ,t: SerTIlOES or ectul'cS on w ~11CIl :,C '!l'.le,; rr.oney t~ "peHl; One

wuuld hl:lVe at ~I~au ;l" (lppG::tt..:nity making di!;:::overie!; b dOm;;lZ"l n~e~3;;nys~c:t"

exprriments On mrn, and r~')r amdysing Iransl~.JH;:"."d(l!":s~hat :rnay b~ ohralfltd

i5 :1 privilegr!d place for coml)]e:te certain!\! ;:he , , then!. Tbe

F<l,;Y eVe:: provide an apparaim: t:.:ptr,rhh:g i~s rywq mechanism!;. ,his central r~n'''er, the director m~y spy 0;; an the empb)'e':s th:3..~

he h;J!i :'lIIder :'is nnJem: r.:.use,,:, do("wr:,ll fcr::m::f:, t:::;r:n::r::;) W<lr

ch!rsj he will be able te. judge th;:G c();ltir:.'.ww31y, a;::-::r thei:::' be, fr~1pOge upon ti:eiH rhe mc€}:0d:, hI':: lhh'lb bt~~t; and it " ... m

even be ":){)ssihle iO:Jb!;e::ve d,e dln>:::ur h:rmdf Ar! ir:,:3p;~ctor , . J" .' I 1~1 . ." h 1! anlvmg III1e:q::p.r:tel;'j,,:t tn~ cen::re m tIe: ".r.optlcon -;;::1, ".e 30W to

jUdge ;;t a ghfHX. ,vithGHt :;;-.ythbg bdr:g wf·.-:r.<lled li:om him, hour : C''',· "'~ ,." ";:,, L "" 1~ l-" '"t.' " .. ~( i"; :,' "'"' ,,~,,) ,'. "I t·,h :::.::.1·, t.,t,':::";:I:oun.uH 1_ ·.,nt. lU::::ll::' ;~llU, ::l an.r c.::::;e, i.I :'.u::;eu

,,'; he if, ,n the mid:dl£: of this E,rr:hi~ecl:l1ral mect!anis:r;;., is nN ~hr: dirr·:-::;,,'s D'i"i;-, f:;tt: emi;-dy bOWld :;pwith it? The inr:(}jl"I!H:ten~

phy:kian ;'lh'J ;':;;'s ,,!iO'.1!ed conr.agi'JTI to spread, the incor~lpetent prison governor Dr' '1I':lr];.shop managerwHl bt thp. fin:. Vietir:,3 Qf:::i!

epidemic 0'<1 revolt. ' "By every tie I could cev::;e") s~id the masre:' ('. o· .." r· -.l' • '; h '1..

(')l. f:1f' ,fwopn::-:oD] my r,-.;;;n lal:::-: :1,,> .• !j~t:n .:xml1o up ,y m.~ Wltl;

th,:in" , <1l~:Hth;Jr,;, 1'7'1). Tht! P;;noptktxl f;;f)r.t;i)!I~; ::IS a k:ml of JaboratDry of power.. T'h:.mh to. it5 met:b,;n'sms of ot.so"'rvatlori, it

:W,4

to ren~tn~e inw men's ht!haw~·,,·~·,· .... <, (£ "owel' di;"c'lVer'in!" ~l·'''W· (. ............ "-..,..~ ,~ ;,.. 'I -,).... ":, " ....

the 5IU'f~IC"S 011 which po\\,/f:r is

Panoptkhm

Ti:::, plai!~;c~s~ricke", tc·wn. ~he aanoDtic cstab!ishmerH - Ll1i'~ ~ ,'} ~

6ifTen:[I:e!; <:1e itr;~H)rtant. They mark, i~ .:: dist.::n:::e of.:: :::entury ,:..~:( 1 n .,. ,::~:;>;,,,~;.. ''''t' ~:..". J',,,' \.... ,"'''' r J ,,' r. ,..,.:) {,ll" ,L1:l:\".m."J!",,(l· .. , 0 .,";. u::."Jp 1l.,a"iY progl"mmt .. ,n t lL !' h' ..... .. ,Est ca~e~ t er,e '15 :;;.n exception:,]," 5itlla~lOn: agamst ~lr: extraOtC:'ERty

(~1Jt!, power :, mCJbj]j:,~ed; i1t makes, ::tself (~',f(~ry·}!here p!/~f;eni

it il:,:;,nit; ne,,," mechanbm::; il1: stpnrates,it immohi:h,e!l, it part::ion:;; it ,:ons~n.:.:I':.i for a ::imew'hat i:; both;:: cC·'3nter··city :lnd

• l'., " " I (" ., h· tn, pe, :.:~::-~ t;()cJ!~~y: H imposer, "n :df::,l ,,~lIm:L,Onlr:g, Dut one:: llt :'"

c'cr.1H:ed; in the [-m;J: analysis, Ilk.: r1:1:t: I~vi) :-hi:l!. i: .:-."1mbar:;, ':') i! -::i:-:;ple dualism of ;iJ(! and de,lth: th;l1:: whicbl ;;love::; brings clcrnh, and ':)he

J "j h . " ~"" 'L h l' ~,; 5 t ,at: Wi!:C[l f11C.Yt:s. 1 i!e l-'af!'JPt;eon~ 01; t!le o::lIer anL,m:"t: heunde1'5tood a~ a g(~neraij:wbte mod~j cf fur:cdnnbg; a W2.j' of de:~ning PC,;:'::f :,d:::.tiofl$ :n ter::l$ of ::lit! evel.·yday life of ml:[";.

li.,)llh~ Ih:n;h;ul'l pn:seflls it ;J!j H panlcd;;r ;f:stltHdGn; dG-::::d in uP::>f) '1,·,,1/' t},·' ".j:- l, ,,,:, ~",.; ;," . :...- v ~ ! .. ", ' ~- . -1 .h.... . ,J)}Jlas, pe[ . .;:,ct) "",,0 ••• 1. "I '.1pon t",:'LLt: 'f .5, t:;t: •. ·.·I,H;:·"):,

enough .. As 0ppmed 10 ~he m~nrd pdsnn;, Etter:'.::! 'with rnechanisins of tGrtL:n!, to be seer.i!l Pir.m,;se\ engr.::ving5; ~he P.::;;optiC(Jr; present; a cr~~~:, ingedous C<1i-:e. The f:lct that it;hould hav~ g:vtn

rVff! i.;"1 0111'~IWn t: f!IC , tG tiO J;1iJflY v;;d;Jti~r;;:) ;:)1'0je('~:d ·Jr

I d "d - I' . . . , .. . re:a ::IE ~ IS, tVl (!nc:e Ot tle ,magtnary mtef'.sIty nEt Et l"Ji1S 'p0!lSe:;~ed

[or 2.;iIHJst 1\':0 hU!!il'cdycaf:i. Rut tb,,~ Pallc.p,ticon ;:nU!it nc t he

w-;:lertJtcfxi as a d,e<:fn hlxddinf:;: it :s tbe cliagrarr, ~)f3 Ej{:·::::3r:i5,1l nf powC"r rfdu~:C"d ::,) 1t:> i<lr;;;J form; lt~, f1;ncdl~ning, a;:.,>rractec:l fwm hny

Of frktiion~ must repr-::sented ;E5 :3 ?ur:: t;:I:l':lual and c:ptiCtll :;;ysterr::: it i" in f;,(.~ a fig",!:!, nf polll:cal tcd:nology

that may lfd m;Js:t b~ detached from any specif;,: me,

I: i~ poIY"';JleIl1: in it~; aFplic<don~; it !:it:,.;r& to rrform pr:S(XKrS, als0 t(', treat p<:Jlem:1) to;!!sm).c~ 5chl)'.Jlchild;ren~ Ie con£~ne lht

insane. tG ciJjllervise wotkers. ~o 111;:1 bes::g;~r:; and idler:; w werk. Ii is i' r , (..~"<..I

;:I type of loC:<ltiol', of hClii,:$ ~n spac:~, disrr:hi..H;on :)[ inri:vidu;:;:s , •. } ~. , "I ,. f..1' , m relat;:),h to ':-;W: ano:: !.er, oi ll1er;;!C,,:I(:a orgatllZatK'fi, 0 'lWPOSl-

of cl~nt!e5 and chEnnds c:t power, of Jeflrd~!O!! of ~he ;:1$:: l..!

r);'::,:.::o and me:.k:; of !:H(:rV<~!ltie;, nf ~O':'i,:r, ",hkh {:at~ be imptcTnen-hi hmp:rds, werksb':JpS,iChcob, F!'i:::ons. Wr:.ene·:er oue ;$

del,::nR w!,th a Illu:tiph.::ity nfilldiv:ciuals (lfl 'Ii/hom a ;;;sk ('7 ;l

~ ~l." •• • I . I tcrm ot Ceta"llOL!! f11Lltlt De ImpCI'Seu, t ie i=1l:'lOptlC !,C ~:em;,

may b"" W;f:J. It i~; - ller:,:!;saL'Y rnodiiic:aI'iC'I!S apan - npi=,;j-::"bl" '20

eu::!uHshmellf,'iw!:at::oevel', in 'vj~:kh, ',y!ihi:;, ""pac!! 1l0~ lC:O largt

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o be vere r co and y b ngs urn of p ns a meant to be kept under inspection' (Bentham, 40; although Bentham akes pen ntiar ouse his p e ex pie, bec it h

many different functIOns to fulfil ...:. safe custody, confinement, olit d for d lab and i struction).

In h a app ion mak t po Ie to rfec ex cise of power. It does this in several ways: because it can reduce the

urn of t e w exer it, Ie i asin he n ber those on whom it is exercised. Because it is possib e to intervene at any moment and because the constant pressure acts even before the

ffen , mi es 0 ime ve b com ted. caus the conditions, its strength is that it never intervenes, it is exercised pan eous nd out se, i nsti s a hani who

effects follow from one another. ecause, without any p ysica instrument other than architecture and geometry, it acts directly on ndiv als; give ow f m ov min The nop

schema makes any apparatus of power more intense: it assures its con y (in teri n p nne tim t as s its caci

by its preventative character, its continuous functioning and Its automatic mechanisms It is a way of obtaining from power 'in

ithe un mple uan, eat ne nstr ent government; .. ; its great excellence consists in the great strength tis ble ivin an stitu it be ght per

apply It to' ( entham, 66). It's a case of 'it's easy once you've thought of it' in the political

phe It c n fa be irate nto fun n ( catio medical treatment, production, punishment); it can increase the ffec this ctio by b . g lin clo wit it c cons

tute a mixed mechantsm in w Ich re adons 0 power and kno ledge) may be precisely adjusted, in the smallest detail, to the pro-esse at a 0 b perv ; it est h a ct p orti

between 'surplus power' and 'surplus production', In short, it rra thi in hay th he cise po is n

ad de on from the outside, ke gid, vy strai, to t

functions it invests, but is so subtly present in them as to increase heir cie by f in sing ow oint co t. T

panoptic mechanism is not simply a hinge, a point of exchange etw am anis f po and unc ; it i way aki

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ow re tio fu tio in fun ion, an f ki a nc n function through these power relations. Bentham's Pr face 0

~n ptic op s h a 1St 0 -the ene t5 to be obtained [rom his ns cti -ho e';' ilio Is or d - ea p ery -' dus y

Inyigorated - instruction drfJused -public hurthens lightened - Economy eat ,a w ,u n oc t go an no [t Po -L s

not cut; but untied - all by a simple idea in architecture t' (Bentham,

9)· Furth.-rno th ar ge nt f thO m hi is ch ha 't5

enclosed nature does not preclude a permanent presence [rom the ut . e: ha se th an ne ay me nd erc in e 1-

tral tower the functions of surveillance, and that, this being the case, ec ga ac ri 0 ew in hie he rv an isp cds d.

In fact, any panoptic i titu' n, en' fit' as igo us cI d as a penitentiary, may without difficulty be subjected to such megu-ar d c sta in ect ns: d toy b the pp te ns c-tors, but also by the public; any member of society will have the ig to me d w h ow ey ho the ho s, ospita s,

factories risons function. The is r' k, h ref re, at e Increase 0 power created by the panoptIc machine may degenerate 'nto yr ny, he SCI na m ha m III e mo tic y controlled, since it will be constantly accessible 'to the great tribunal om itt of e rid T P op on, ubt ar ge so at

an observer f!1ay observe at a glance, so man diff re ind' id Is, Is na s ery ne to come an 0 serve any of the observers.

Th see' g ch' woe or of rk 00 in w ch indivIduals spied; it has become a transparent building in which the xe se p er ay s erv ed s ety s a h

The panoptic schema without disap eari as uch r 1 . ng ny of i pr pertles, was destine to spread throughout the social body; 'ts ca' n s be m g er 'ed un on Th pia e-stricken town provided an exceptional disciplinary model: perfect, bu bs tel vi nt; a t d ase ha ro ht eat, p er opposed its perpetual threat of death; life inside it was red ced to

ts pte pres n; wa, ag nst t e power of death, the meti-cuI s e rCI of he 'ht th sw d. e no co on he other hand, has a role of amplIficatIOn; although it arranges power, alt ug IS ten d t rna it re on IC d re ec e,

Dis::.plille

t(l b: covered or cG~mmHlded by buildin::~;5; a mIme=::- of per~Of:S ar;" ~!:.am W ht~ ker-t under inspe;"::10t;' (Se!ltha~, J:C); although 'Scllth3:Tl

take's tne peIlite:r;:tiary nousf: ~:; his prime tx;mpl,!, it is bec;;.u!';,: it h;::s d ' a:. (' ." " ,,..' ,.. .1 fi

H!;>ny . !);i;,;:'ent H..;n(;UO'~S to IU;;l: -' S:O,:'; ClJ:iw::JY: ,:O~l lllen1f:nt,

~0litw~e) fOrt:~d laiJe'Jt ai'lct ir'st.ruc~i('.·~).

:b eich of its 3pplicaticni, iI: makes i~ ros,,;,hl~ to . f y, h" . ~ , c.;;c (J _ power .. It does t ~;5 H~~ se~,/'crz! \\1;;YS: ~)e·:aU1e i ~ c;,n

numb,::r of th)!1; who exer:::i:le h, whli.-:- incr:::;;sir:g

tho::;; on ~i~.~)m :r is e.xerc:sed. B"'(:;UlSco it j" pc:ss:hlt: to btervefie :1::

or,y ITH::mer,t and beC3.u;:E die constant pre:;SL:fE ;;.etG even he£;~lrc ~he Gffer,.:i~s, m;:itake~ orcrir!l::::; have bi:en cc-'-'Jrniu:tJ. He:.:~':.!"e) in ~ht::s::

.:,:~ogditlo!l$, ~t~ str:::ngt:h j~ r.h:;,t it n~ver !nrr.r"lt!'-!(!s* i:1 i~ exercised sponta.l~,eou$ly ,lnd '"ithcut lKllse l it consti':mes :a'1;e:char.ism ,;,;hn!,c ~, . 'I f h I' . h " , "~c·,~'~ ' .... : r-;Wi.:-Jm u' fl(:' ~"(l' r. ,,'4~;;;:~r" w:- .,'," 'I "n" .fjC'YSl("ll "'''-~ - ~~ . ..,} ).~..; w iff --'0- ~ ~ -~- ~.lt _ ".. ~-~ ( -~ _~~-_,."_.'. ""'J c_ ~t, C J ".J (l ... ·f t "'~.. .',

. .,. , , 'd' I lllSl;'1H;1~f:l otill':! Ulan 4,·cllltect:.!!e :mcl gf:omt:try, it ~lClS . l::'crl: Y (In

i:-,d:vidU315; ii, ghes 'power of m:nd cv:r mind', pal'"::Jptk .. ,~ • e ,

~;;Ke:, ,:!ly xrp;;.;;t~l:'t or pO'wc:- :non: m::'!IIS,:':. lr <L:,sure:> Wi

!~COrlOlny (in m:.w::rial, ::31 perscZ1ncl, in tim::)j i;: aSt;:Jfes its jC'h_ ~. t Cn"i'Ecter; I~s continunm functio!ling

"llwmatic r~:{cb!ni3r;13, It is R way ~)f t::btainh:g f~Oln power hithert,:, ur.e:(a~?led qU<:iltity', 'a great tIeil;;, lnt:tmmen~

. ,. .. I I gG"' ... ~ctnment ;. ~ -; ;;'~ gr~a; exceUC':1_Cf: CDn:;~5t.s ln t H! go;:-cat :lr:~~nP:J: 1

it is capahlc: 01" giving to a~y iJlstitutic·'~! it ['I;'Y he ~hour:ht P:'op<', I.e apply it ::0' (B::~,hrtn:) (6),

I~:s 3, C~Se cf !~2:~ easy ·=+oce thought d it' In the pc.litical sphere. It ~an lin [a.:t be ~nt,!grl<ied iUl0 :my [Ul:':.:.iOI; (:::dw:.:ai:un,

., , \,' h \'.' I mcalca: trf~~~HH"nr. proa::;,,::lOH; pums .rDcf:t;; 1t Cl:i"1 mCI',:flr.e tie

effect lhl£ ftH1.Ctl0l1" by t..:l-:lg Ii"k:t:d clo!i:::)' with t:..!~t: a El:xd medHmisrn ::1 wh:::h U:tuiOl::' :)(p;IIi::r

lcdg,~) may he pr~dsely djusted. in the $mallest deta;:, to the pro-1.I:~i!ifS ::hatJre LI he :mp':)',.Jj:,t':d; 1:: con eSci<1hlhh a di:-ect pr0pon!0n

betWEf:,1 '5lEplus p,::Jwer' "nd 'S~jXil1S pr;;.:1uction' .. If! short, it arr<l!lges thkg:: k, 5uch a way t::la th,'~ excrci~if: of puw{;r is not

.. J d ,. I " t l't . " .. .' ~d.: 't; un ~f0n! ~ -~e 0ut;~l;: e~ i ~t~ a l'"lglG} !~.iea\ry C0i1!'itr-3;!;Cit; 'to ~.!1e

func~;:Jn5 it tnvc3ts: hut is :;:J :mbr.iy :r(f:si:'::~ :,( them,::; ·~o t,:jcr(~i:lse

dldr dfieiency by it5elf increasing its own poin:t; o( CG:,~;.:ct. T?t~

panoptic meCh'lHism is nor sin':ply <1 hing~; a point of exchange t,,:t;,'e::e::n a n',cd:;lr:i,l!J of power and a f~tnctiCon; h is a wav c·t

.lu6

Panc:)rid!;m

a hmctio!L aDd cE :11aking, d fu nction , '. ... ~. ~

rcr\1l~: re!at~'Jn$ :!unctlc'!1 fUJ::.('don th::ough the!;e pow;:;: rda/lom:, B,::nth'lr:':'~ [\'ct.1co; to

Pa71opcicon cp':"'S with a list of·tbc ber:[fi!~l ,0 be otlt::dm:::i his Ji;1$PEctiO!I'~;1Ouse': 'klm!.!!j' r~./');·med ... AarltA prt;.f/!r::,eJ .. inll/i.:!I)' ., 1 ~ c 1'ff, d I.!' 1 , 1'; ;'-' YJ)-'l.g-otaf:?t1 .- In.rtr2J.Cr:t::r" a~il "-Sf. .. ···}}"!..-f-... iE .. ' tll.trt/!t';r .... ~ (J.i.g,.':!.tener: -"·l:.!:onorny

st3r';:ci; 33 it were: :;pon a nJck- thc gonl;::n knot: ofdle PDOl',Laws not (ut; btu untied -. aU by a sImFI;.: idea :!l 3,.d:irccr:;;:,c [' (Bc!:d:arn,

JCl ':0 '-Furthennnie, rh:: :1rIiIngnYlf::nt of +i:> machine i> such Ih:::J Its

~!nc.lo~:;:d nat'.ue doe~" not preclud::: a P::::ffiilHcut pre3enc:e we have: 5f:f:n "hot anyo!!e may come ?na exelt.:i~;e ill tht: c<:n

Ir:al t(j'Yle::I' the:: fUIH.:tk'!l$ (if sUlTt:JlJanct:, ,:,ml thai, thIs heir::::; the c?se, he C;il1 :::aiil a cb;r idcB of the wa'v'b which t~:e :lu:tveiU31,,:'i: is oractiscd.

o.,J ~, Ji

b . any pa':~lor-( i.rlHin;~ior;, evr,n if it h as rigGtOl~.3ly closed a~ a J;eni:tentiarv, may without difficult', be sub~ect:d W fiueh i,Te:)u-

4- "' ,). ~_)

h:: and con:;~<:nt !nSpecdells: ami not only by the clppc.ilnted impet> tor!), :but (IJ$O by the p:Jblic; nny meml:»:::: ot' ~ccietJ' w::l h;::vf:: fight ro co~r, ane :,ee with his n-.;rn e'r'e~ he'I'" the schoc,h, l;,ct('Jies; pri:;oos fiJf;,~dD,L Th.':re is no ri::lk, ther-E{()re~ tbat the

iEcn:2:se cf pmver cr::ater:i by the p:3nopric r;)3CUne !1':3y dr:gr:l::::r;:;~::: into t,/::Hnl:'/: the d:"dI}I;:l;;:ry :'!Jc:d:;;:nis:nwJIl be 1:lemGcf':.dt:tlllv .. -". .",

con:rolle:l, !;inc:::it ",m h:: cO'lscantly 3ccf:st;ible 'w ,he grez.t trihL"lZ.: comn,ittee 0:: the ''1'or:d', ~ 'This P'1i'lOpt~cor., mbtly arnlflgcd so that an ob$erl'er may ob;et'v,e, at a glance, flO rr:;:my dif1f:n~n: indivH

er;;;t.·jt:s t:ve:-yonc to r.ome (;Jlti obscrve ;;r. y ;; f The seeing rnaeh:ne was ,::mr.e a SCott of dark roon') inlo wHd': ludi-,idua\s ~/id; it has become a lram:l;;rc;lt Lllild:::g 1:: whIch

r>·)\~.'~;:- n1~y he supc;:rv·is~r: by SC~(j.(:'l' dr-; ~

Tb-: p;1r;.JptX::: schema, Wi::hOU1 disap~H~aring as sueh or l()~;ing aT,y c·{ it:Jpr::rpeJt;'~s, wa~ delt1ned tel 5pread thrnughou:: the social body; i~s \i0GI~;0n \'/;:~ iO b::·t:e:;ne ::: ge:::;:';:'dlh:ed [lll1cticlll. 'fhe plage,:,. scrick":l1 town pIc,vicied 3)":. exc,f;pticni:l c:sc:i?lir,::t;:'y :neG.;:::

::tbsnluto:iy vic:cr,c; to £he di:;case. th,:t hrOIlg.'H oeal;', PO""'I::' opp05ed its ~)~rpetu,,:: threat of dc"dlj W;: ;::::;,<3(' it ')I'll:; n:<:h1:uJ I:, : ts simplnf f,:Yrn:~,i'~Hl,; i, Wa".~g'l:r.Sl t:':e pnwer nf de;;:.:l: the DV"cj·

eErds·~ of the right of th.: swnf{~. The Panopticc", o:l:he olh,;:r'l,:nd, has a rc,j~· of arnpfific:;:,l;J(lI::; ailho,-:gh !c <'lHi!ngcs pow::r, illthough:t is :nt(~l1ded W milke h :UUH: :::cn!lofnic 3:1:1 more efli:ct!Vf,

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isc' ne

t d so t fo ow itse, no r t im iat alv n 0

threatened society: its aim is to strengthen the social forces - to ncr e p duc n, de op ec, om spr e ad

raise the level of public morality; to increase and multiply. H is we 0 b tre he in ch way at, fr

impeding progress, far from weighing upon it with its rules and egu ion, t ac ally cilit s s pr ress Wh nte fica

of power will be able at the same time to be a multiplicator of pro-uct ? H w w po , b cre ng i orc be e t ere

those of society instead of confiscating them or impeding them? The an ico so on thi ob is t th ro tiv cre

of power can be assured only if, on. the one hand, it can be exercised on uou in e y f nda ns so ty, the ubt

possible way, and if, on the other hand, it functions outside these ud ,vent isco nu fo star ou up th

exercise of sovereignty. The body of the king, with its strange mat I a phy al p en wit he f e t he sel epl or transmits to some few others, is at the opposite extreme of this

ew hys of we pr me y p opt m; e d ain panopticism is, on the contrary, that whole lower region, that region

f i gul bo, t dIs, ir !tip mo me their heterogeneous forces, their spatial relations; what are required re ch sms at alys dist uti ,g ,S 5, mbi

tions and which use instruments that render visible, record, iff ntia an am re: hy sore on od ubi

power, which has its maximum intensity not in the person of the kin , ut the die at be div ali by esc ado . At the theoretical level, Bentham defines another way of analysing the cial dy d t po rei ons at ers ; in rm f practice, he defines a procedure of subordination of bodies and forces ha ust rea the Iity po r w e p USl the ono

of the prince. Panopticism is the general principle of a new 'political na y' as bje nd d a at re ons so eig

but the relations of discipline. ce rat tr par , ci lar ge, i th hi to ,

powerful and knowing, may have been for Bentham a project of a er di plin in tuti bu e al set t to ow w

may 'unlock' the disciplines and get them to function in a diffused,

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multiple, polyvalent way throughout the whole social body. These disciplines, which the classical age had elaborated in specific, relatively enclosed places . ...., b~rracks, schools, workshops - and whose total implementation had been imagined only at the limited and temporary scale of a plague-stricken town, Bentham dreamt of transforming into a network of mechanisms that would be every-where and always alert, running through society without interrup-tion in sp~ce or in time. The panoptic arrangement provides the formula for this generalization. It programmes, at the level of an elementary and easily transferable mechanism, the basic functioning of a society penetrated through and through with disciplinary mechanisms. .

There are two images, then, of discipline. At one extreme, the discipline-blockade, the enclosed institution, established on the edges of society, turned inwards towards negative functions: arresting evil, breaking communications, suspending time. At the other extreme, with panopticism, is the discipline-mechanism: a functional mechanism that must improve the exercise of power by making it lighter, more rapid, more effective, a design of subtle coercion for a society to come. The movement from one project to the other, from a schema of exceptional discipline to one of a generalized surveillance, rests on a historical transformation: the gradual extension of the mechanisms of discipline throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, their spread throughout the whole social body, the formation of what might be called iil general the disciplinary society.

A whole disciplinary generalization - the Benthamite physics of power represents an acknowledgement of this - had operated throughout the classical age. The spread of disciplinary institutions, whose network was beginning to cover an ever larger surface and occupying above all a less· and less marginal position, testifies to this: what was an islet, a privileged.place, a circumstantial measure, or a singular model, became a general formula; the regulations characteristic of the Protestant and pious armies of William of Orange or of Gustavus Adolphus were transformed into regulations for all the armies of Europe; the model colleges of the Jesuits, or the school~ of Batencour or Demia, following the example set by Sturm,

Disciplir:t

it Jr,~~ S·J Dnt f~')f }lower itself: HOr fGf Ihl:' immr!oial;: ~ahrtti01l of a . , , • L" , n

3ccl:ety: It!i ;,.,HI 33 1:0 5tzcngt]!en t~e !JOCla! torcES '. te.

increase plorkcdon,w develop the (:~o!lOmy, sp:eiold education, rals': the:evd of public morality; to k:creust "DC fE::hipJy_ r' , f ,. ~ h r ' dow 15 power W Dr, $UenW,lenf';l Jf: $1.1(:.1 ;1 war:: at; jtlf ircm

im pcdi:"g pr:Jgr.:5S~ {'Ir fi"om weighiIlg '-lpeG i:: hs l'-lIES !f:g!11aio;1::, it ;)ct'-l3Hy fadli(a,~s r:uch progr:::;s? 'V/hal h,tel\sific~:wr of Ji)'J',Verwill b~ i:.ble at the 5an:l-: tin,., to bc: a !i!,Jtipl:i;awr Dr pro duniel:? He,,-' w~H pGwerJ by i::cr-e~jing ittl {;)::ces j be able lC b,,:j'ez,:>c

tJ.'lc,se of sGdetyins ted of confi~t:atb,g !'h"m or impeding them? T~f' PUHGpdcor;';; wlur::)H to this pwhlr;m i~j that lJW pn:ducliv.: i!i~:;re25e of pcnvet can as:",ncd only if) on ,he o!,e h'J.;lci, h caE be {;x{;;'c.b:J

::.:or:.dm.:ou::.l V ihe '.'elY J0'-!ndal!0nS of';cdet)'. in :::tIe sl:;:btle~t ., ,

p)!;$:blc! -,,/a),., and if, er~ Dlher hand, Ii: f~mctic'!lS outsicie the:;e $\,drienjviD)er:l:) dis':Dnt:,",UDU5 forms that are ht:'tmo up with thr:

. f ' "['h I . f' .. "l ' r.;·[t::tC:1S::: (l $')V~f;:lg;!lty: ~ Joey 0 tr:(: k:ng, 'it:,,! In stra"gc m3~E.::iaJ and physical F,cser:cf:; 1;vitil the fore!! that h;m~;e:f deploys or traHsmits::o som,:: few ::Jthcrs:. 1!l at t1::': 0ppo51:;{; :,:Xlf',::ll1e G[ tith;

new phys:::::; Df pcwer repre~;ented by 1:3;-::Jpt;d~m; tb~. dC::-nidl of

P:3I1optlcu;m hi, 0n cc:r1trlzy, tim! whoic lower dB, regic,n of h~eg!J;a( bGdies~ witil their detail:.) the:,! nmltipIe l:rovemell£:s~ their b:1:,;rog,:r:.,:ous fnr{;,:~;) their :;pati:1i :rdwdnn::;wha:: ,<t'(: fe:.}uir:,:d ;He m"ch~nisms roar ~nalysf dl,,:r;hmlon!i, gaps, series, cmn!:dna· dons; ;3.n-::1 Idlich use i.:r:lS.lw::nf::nts "1-:",, r;;micl:' vhibl!~. ,ecGr·=L d:rretenti:lle ,mJ compar~; a physict; of a relational ?o:HI ml..ltiple power; whj,:b has b, maXirn'lllll lnl.er:t.ity ne~ the person uk the ;,~ni?;:. ill;:: in ::he bc-~i,,:. that can r:e ir.dividuali;.ced C)' the!4t! re1atiom. At tht:oretical kvd., Benlh;H),; defines another way Df • " I'" " l' I . . ~ t!'1e scoa bOdy aHd ,He pc.,;;,':,;r r.r.di.0m t l:at tr,:ver$t;: :It; ~n l:'::rm~i 0;

pra<:tke, hI! definf!!; 3-. pnlcedure of Sl)lbO!di:<ation of bodies a:<d fc,.::ces It;a!: must i£",:.::::-t:~5C the ;.rcHi~y of pew(:r whHe fJraed:iing die E~C:OflUrny of thf: Vr;':J:>:. Pancptidsru is the gener:tl pdndp:;: of a ne'.'! 'p:::i!tkal

.' h' • " I I' l' ' an,Hc:my 'W!j;lf,C oeJect aD;l t!lG are !,;l( I:.'; ::-e atlc;:l.S ,:Ii 50verelgnty but the ,dollie,,:; (If discipline.

The ceiebrated J trampa:n:!Ht; drc:Jbr cage, with i:s high towel', powerful ard k:~inwif!~;) [fj?O)' have been Eer,tham a pn:.ject of;l perif£t disciplinary i~13-dtution; but he also !let nlll !.O r;fww how on('

, 1 .\., l :I" '''. . . d· I· . f ....' .. 'T ' 1 ffi.,y \Jr.. 01:': tHe (;sclj}:Jncs dE get: t ;:::n1 r::: .. IE1:;~lDn m a "Hl.use'l,

"O~q kV~

n~. ~ ;~:, 1 ctEupt!,-!::dT,

,uay:hrrlllghG.,:.t the , the

relarh,.;:i.}, enclos·::d places ,-. b21nacks) schods, -- and ir::lpielllent.ljoll had !magir:ec: or:l y ~!l th:: lir:':j

:;Gllt: of ,; plagt:e,st.ricken tow:r:, Bentbm , in!:o :1 netwerk of mech:.;nkms rh3t would be

always akrt) r\lnn:'l~~\brm,;gh sockty 'wi:J1OL:thter;'\Jplic', : n :3p:~ce ·:H' if to.me. The panoptic arrangeri-'f~J{ provi'~f3

k.r thd genera:,:tLa!:loll. It progsamr:lf::s, at thc: level of an <Iflt! eil::.ly lrandi:rab:e mech;mi:mL the b~l~k

of a !i~H:if:t'i

" ~ s ;;~,~~:), ~

There?~e two

v:i ,\,

a

of pc-,:':;:', mol'£:: dkci'lve, h de:'<ign of subtle

come, The movement {rc!"~l one project te ::me of

Gn a his~oric;',l tr&E3f;)rn1ation:

alld dght.::er:th whc.i.:' sodal body ~ the fc.!:"mati.::m of w-n<;1: m~gnt be in gfilcr;;!

the disdplinary society" A .,vholo:: dis{;lplit"!ary ge::'lefali:!.dL!011 - tho:: Bc!!l1!di!!ik .:-'~iysk~ c.r

Il"''''~~ ~"'Ilr",~ullt~ .," ·",l,'!l"",:wd" .. ,',,,,·,; "1- d,~~ - :,-.u: """" ";e':: rV~'I ...... "''-r _.;l\"" ... ~ .... ~"""",.. VI' ........ b ........................ '-'" ............ ~ ......... ...... .r ....... _ ... ---. h ." I "'" . ,'" , . ' ", tnroug o~t tae ~,~35S;,C3 age .. 1 ne spre;JG at G!_5Clr_:~_n4ry ~n!;nt~;t:cn~>~ W:-;0~P' nr:twe.,.k w,,, br:ginr-ing to nrV':-;r iin ;:Y<'r ;;:rg"''' fi,;"[a:::::: ann o':-cuf'ying above all a lc..,s· arid kS5 mafgir;ai p'::-'5i::ion, ::c,t::l", t·,

::his: what W,H aE l:;;'::£j a privil~gedphce; a eifcum3o"tial m';';'Silff, or a singula model, bEcame a general formuia: ~he regulati.:H1s chari!,:~:::::istic of the Prote!ltant auJ Dlous armies 0f V!llb,-';} of Ora:-:ge Of of Gusta'/t::s Adolpht::::; ',ve::-e ir~~ls[:,J::-:r::,::lln~::: r:,:g!lbiiu:l:O tor .,:: the armjc~ d Euw;)'" the r'v,cle! C',::u.yg", c~· tt'e J",,'''i*-' c" ,:.~ ... ..... .. ,~ ,II.); ., ...... , A. ............. ....,n ......... p.l __ .... ~ '" ... ...... ......... 1- .... , .6. ......... _

'" h :~ :- H ,- f} : i' :l~~';"'~ h" "V~ . :Q ~~. r:" ',,, '" ,)C oc, ... ~ G~. ate~cc:J.r (j" _ CJrq3.? .. 0._ .,jY>i"".~) l oil.," i!-,n,pmp--,,, __ ~: ... -~- ~J ...... t~nu,

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-provldeJ the outhnes lor th 5e erJ :OI.n 0': lu a 0 al d' -cioline; the ordering of the naval an" IdjJ at! ~.o 2i I p 0 'd d the model tor the entire reorganization Oi hospitals in tue e gut n ~ e wry

13 1i e te sion of the disciplinary institutions was no dOUDt

on'y h r 0 'si~1 a '"lecr of various, more profound Drocesses, T' e _ 'Un ti n I i y s' n of th Jisci'Jlines A t first, they were

ex~e e' t eu ra'iz c n=e , 0 t.\x u Ie s r rlisturberl nonula-ri ns, t o'd h i c n n'en e ol' e -I rg- s '11hli s; no'\' h y Ne e Je g, as:;e~ t f.'a) a ,,0 'ti e 0' ,l'or h y -,e e ~e OF'-

m~ aule t9"'0 0, tic a e h p s 'b~ ti" y ol' i :Ii ic a' , MIlitary dIscIpline IS no.o l,e am re m a .: 1- e e i.;' o 'in.:;, desertion or railure to oue)' orders arr. n5 t:.e ro F; t 5 ~,e 01 e a baSIC tecnmque to enaule tile arluy to eXIst, n t s n 5 n.:!:!1 d crowel, hut as a umty that derives lroln thiS very uni i c ea e 'n its forces; discinline Increases tne skIll of each inuivldual, co-odi ~e e skills accelerates movements, mcreases hre power, ')r a.le ,e [ n s [attaclc without reducln~ their vIgour, in-cr as s h c)a it·' [r e 'st n , t The discinline of the work-sh p, v. :Iil r m in'n~ a v j f f rc'nr r p ct fo tt>e regulations ~nJ U.IO it 5, 0': lee i .; h ('t 0 I ss 5, te d 'nc ease aptitudes, sp ec., U ~u a d h re'or F o"ts it ti'~ e s ro I mnuence over 1.Je~,aVlO r, b 1.10 e nL LO esc '0 5 'n terms ot their resUlts, Introuuces .JoJi i to.a 1.,a hi e /,':0 e in 0 an economy. When, in tIle seventeenul century, tI.e t>r v c'al sc~ools or the Christian elementary schools 'w'ere ,oune. d, tHe iu tihcatio 5 given for them were above all negative: tnose l'oor WI ION e u b1e 0 hri g ur tPeir children left them in ignorance or tJ ei o'lli..;a '0 5: ?;i e the -:lifl1culties they have in earmng: a Ii in.;, n 1 '1e 11 Ish i g be n b rll" hought up they are u aLe 0 c n lU a so n ~ pr i gi g th t the" the'llselves neve l. d, .11 I o:v ~r e la;or 'n 0 V nc s: ig 0 ance of God, k .. enes (,/i.1 5 0 se.,u n dl m':e n 5 in-? i :', lar e y, bnganoage); anJ l1e [ n. t n ot t1. s & nus [')e~g rs al-v :'5 readv to stir up publiC uisor ... er anJ i u]l} t e h 5 tI e run Is ot the tf6tel-Dleu (Vemla, u0-61) •• J 11, at t1. Leg, n 'n,; f 'le Revolution, the end laid down for priulary educa i n ,;ra t :"e, ano g other tPinITs, to 'fortHy to 'oevelop the body', to pr p e

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e ild [0 f ur n m m ha cal 0 , g ve 1m an bse an ey as e nd' nd ro pt ab' • ( all ra s ep t

to the Constituent Assembly, 10 September 1791, quoted by Leon, 6). Th dis pli s nc n Increasing y as tec niques for makIng ef in 'vi als He ce ei m ge e m m gi I P sit n

on the confines of society, and detachment from the forms f elus on or expiation, confinement or retreat. Hence the slow os in of ei in ip ith eli ou re lar 'es nd nc su

Hence also their rooting in the most important m st nt I a d most pro uctlve sectors of socIety. They become attached to some

th gr teen I f ct ns ac ry 0 cd n, e t ns . ss n of knowledge the diffusion of ti de nd kill ,th w -m hi Hence, too, the double tendency one sees developing throughout

e gh nt ce u to cr se e m r d ip ary in -tudo sad t di ipl' e he e 'sri a ar us

2. The swarming oj diSCIplinary mechanisms. While, on the one an ,th d ip ar es bl m ts nc as, theIr mec anisms

hav c tai te en t be m 'de 'nst' uti al' ed to ne e from the closed fortresses in which they once functioned and to

rc ate a re sta ej the massive, compact dlscipltnes are broken ow in fl ib m ho s 0 Co ro w ch a be ra fer d

and adapted. Sometimes the closed apparatuses add to their' te al and speCific unction a role of external survetllance, developIng

o d em e1v a h e arg 0 la ral on 01 T 5 e Christian School must not sim Iy ai do 'Ie hild n;' m t 0

make it possible to supervIse the parents, to gain information as to ei w 0 Iif, th r so ce, th r p ty, th r ra s. e

ch I t ds 0 c sf ute' in te ci ob rv or' t t p et te even to the adults and exercise regular supervision over them: the

ad eh io 0 th hi , r his absence, is a legitimate pretext, cc di t De ia or ne 0 a d es n e eig bo s,

especially if there is any reason to believe that the family will not ell e uth, one can then go an question the parents themselves, o d ut he er he kn w ei cat hi d e ay s,

whether they are determined to roorout the vices of their ch'ld n, ow many be s t ere are In the house and what the sleepIng arrange-e 'a th vi mew h t g in of ms, he re nt a

religious picture, or the provision of additi al b ds IDe ia, 9- ).

2 I I

Di:dpHne

•• J h /' f' I C f"" ,. p:;ovldec! :r It! out .:,nr.5 .,or tile ~~enet<l X·::!7]~"~\ o. e(jJ},:;aLonal alS" cipline; dH~clrdt:rin,g of the r;:1val and military ho!;pit;J\:; fHol'ided the rnodel for dw emire reorga"i].;;riDn of ho:;pl~:!Is in the eight,:<!n::h [e~ltury.

, ~. j' • l' ~:,\.tC:iJSlOr, ot m,:: Ol!ir:,? Inar,;: 1~'stJtut:::m;:; was t-:o:}

~)dy the :hest visible as,P{;:( nf variol1$~rr.on: pr:::!rJuncl pn::ees~f:s '1". l: • .. ' .,', f·,',' ,'",. ,r " d';-~' l' ". j' j'e ". .L,~" .~ x. ~ f". J~f'C!I()!la ,n"crJil1 .• ~J tnt. ,A •• ,'p • .l1L".,\ t\h~) ',I}I_'y \,Y."re

e~pc:c,('fl ::0 neut!'altze d3::g,T:l} to fix l1~:dess: or disturbed pc.pdat1ons, !o ilVdd ,he l!1(:Ol:ve~iences c-f (lve!~larg,: a~:;emb!k'S; now rhey were hEing :1d{ed teo pb.y a pm::ri'lC role) for they were be:olT;~ in l! abie to do 50, ,(j iw:u:~!;e the OG~s:!.ble utiEty of indivicilwi:. Lt . A ..

f'llilitary dI:;ciplbe 15 no l.:mgt![ a :ilere mearw of preven::ing;.:.IOI;;:1f~1 dt:;f:,:tion c·r f;li~me £0 oi>!:)' Grd1'T> am{H:'r~~ the twopo; it bs become ;> b:::slc:t"d~niql:e Ie ei1Hbif~ ~h ... 'FTHy t::· C}{lst, nc,t as an,~s!,~:mbj(!d c'."mwL hut ?'i 3. UI1i~)' dial d~dve3 fr·:m:'l (his very .... " f,· ... -""~\.·l" • '''' ..... ' .1... ,!r:1l ~[~'r.- '-.",,' ,.j ." III 1~, •.• HU,S, ;J1"''''JlJ IllC lnt"l_,l,:;~S die ::"", .. ,," •• ,d ... ·' ,j"d,\JdU ... " ~O'·

~'-~~ [, .. ""'~;tG ,l~ ¢ 1.·1:· r: .... .... ,'" l--~ 'it--::r" -~"..~~~ ... --"'" tr .,- .... --; '-'i"C' !-1""~ :--.;w .,f,'" ~.H.n;Jl', .. _ .C~C ,L }h:', <"''oce Cr<1,e., .nc,,·;:,.!kn :0, 1,1-.,Ea:: .... :1. ',' lA};;',::,

h"!'" .... ~") ~,. -, ::~~. _'W'- , .. f· " ...... - ~l~ r; 'h -, .. ""'. ellle_," c ...... ~-}-;~,'" .. t' ~~ ...... ~. ~j"n"t.CJ~S t.l.'t b,ufL. .. ~ !. ....... ,)t.,~,c,_ W~C10th !_C ...!!...h!b LL ..... li vlgC.,,!x~ ~u ......

Ci.:n,,:::;t'I fer le:li:;::a:~·!.:-e, ftc, The &$ciolb-:: Df the "i~)rk· #- ,., A

. . .. ,". r, J' r::'f:1<!:mnf, a ,~.;....,y 01 d':!or:~:~Tlg r,sfJ(!ct j(,r U,i': ri':guatlG!;:; and aud'.orir;.,,::;) of pre';cGtbg thefts ,:It k'5!ies: 1:::,,::15 1:0 increase :lpt:tlldero) r.p~eds:" 0Ulpet and ther::f:orz prOhl!i; it: 5tHi eXf:Jts <1 mora]

iHfiLl~flC'" over Dr:hn'lG:Jr, hut rr,':m! and cHore it tr,,:ats a::tlon!; ill ;terms ~,f lb-:::tr t'f:slllt~~, ~ntro(h;c,:;:; hc,Jjt!s~rllo a rr.:H:hi;-;I::rY l kltt:et ;r, ::1"""'-' '" Tvn,~;t,·,~ -' • t, '" po; -:t,':' l-l CP'..:-,t- "l-'U j:;'(" ~ ,. --.,., I .. n l.ce,n,llll)," ,~,j~"lj In tnt ole.~nt.~~n"l_.,:Ll.!'h .,-" THol\nua !;H:hoc;,:i 1.:1'1' the Chnstian e:i':~nent<:rv SdlOo!.S'!lCfe fr.Jl!!"lt1;;!.i, t.be

J •

J. U5t:f~GdioG~; Eivf!n fo:: them ,'.'ere abfJV;; all ileg-l1tive: those Door a ~.

,'·r ... " ll";)b!(' ~n r.r'-tY lljJ r~'''':'' ,+,l":r;>;-; ldl them ;"W''''l.!1''{ r·i~"'" .. 1, ., !-, ",~,,,,,\t:~ , .1",_,1,.,,;. • &&~\..; --, ,p,"- ' • ,,,' ~Cl \; ..... ,,~ -

of thci::: obliga.l.ic,-,s: given che dHf.,::..::lties H ... ,tiER1> ~Hrl d-lf:rn~!:! \'t:s hd""tlng be~](,1 hndi y brought t.tp: they :j.F'f;;

b' , .I I" . I UGa. ;c~ re: ce:~:(:nll::;.::;;H::: a S(llJn(" :JP Jrmgl!':gmat ~r'.ey

never h",d'j thb; invoh.'t:!i lb',:!! ITUlj[)!' illccr;:veniences; .1gncE'artce ·:of Gal!l :i:11c~nl~";, (wirh its conr,equccl: drur;k'~'nnr.ss! impurIty: larLI~llY> ilrig2.i:'I:.lage); and ~he f:H'[{)~tton (If tho!,e gill';g,; of heggan: lllway!: n:ady 10 :;t'r up publk di~"::lI'Iier and 'virlFally to exham:t of the H(;,~d~Dieu; (D:':,nia, :,b,:.~).Nmv, ;t :the b~gjnn;:.lg of Hc"diclticn; the end iaiJ down kT prhnary e(h.:z:~tictl W:lS 'to be, "mOll;! other Ibitl(J's, ~o 'fort;!',,', tG 'de'fe/G!) the

.~, ,,_, ~ ,,I ~, ; ::0 F:~epaw

:1 i Co

Paooptidsm

the r.hi;·c.1 'for a fut:..lre in some l'fKe.hanic:::.1 w:Jrk', to ::1ivt~ him 'an , h j J , ~.' ' .. ···l ., r;

o:':'~lf:rVan~E;yt, ie. ,)1Jrf! aBC, i:.;ln prompt na?:::t" t: 'kE.~yr;;Jl:d s It'::p:'itt

Assembly, iO Seytemb(e;::'-175'II quoted by l./!on? JO,~;). The disdnlines func~ion ir.':l.'e3;,jm~:lv as te(,hnia:J:~:l f.'Jt ;-ni'lkinir 'a "-' J ... ,_J

mehll it~.di1iid:JoJ5.Henc~ thd, ':'1':'K,-gt::m::e 1:l:1<1 a m~rgir:.~; po~ition 0i': the ('oDfinC's of society, ~H-:d defach.,~r!ent ft·,,:.m the fount:. exc:lL!Sjc:< or r:Xpiiition, connf!erne!lt or .!ct:'e<lt. Hence the ,;(JI\' kosening of their kln;,hlp'iii:.h l.e;;gkJt:::; r::gular:tki ;;nd ende:m,es. Hence also their E'oc:ting i;:l dlt! rnDst imflOrtan.t, most cef',tral and most ;:;roductive 5edors of society. They ))-::come attached to ,,(,me of Ill; greilt e~senlbl function:.;: facF':fY fm:dur:ti0t1, the tr:;;;:ls1'11Sti!Cor. ~;-lr ~ ,l"'ck'A t"'" ;;n" "" .j'~ t:",-j .. ~~i ..]c";l" .~ .. n.- "1',, co,:, !~f!L'~ ,,,,./ t:)'h-;;- t :..,.. C:. U:il,un <) ap ... ,~UI,_ e~" .(.o,!-H..c .~ 'd.JI'~'l':i r k. 'tV ~!.""'.~··,(Ld~ 111H~~

II<,;-H':c, to:) ::he douUe ~:t::mlel\C;r one ,~e!;; dl!:v;doping dU':lUg"tDUI: tb: tighti:etll~ century to inr:n:::a:1{; the ;;nmD(t r.f d:~ciplinary i"$ri ..

nlti~);<s :l"d 10 discipline the eX1E::ing apparatuses. ·4 "?,"'A, '>" ~'.' .. ,"#".,.., { .... ... l; • _ ~'~ -, I IJ',.f, ·~·>I"t-t" "\'I"'"} '!-l, ,., ~ 1'- ~ .' 1, .. e "W_I ;""'"c (!.t 'H.rf~JlilnmJ m .. LllCl !L ... J, I H L) OJ. t~t, ",ne

h,rnd. dIe disc:iplir:IL'Y establi3;,mcms iG.:reE5e~ thei:: f't;echa;',isf't;s have a cereal:< ter:c:':T,:::y ,Co be-:o::ne (de,:ms~imw::nl1h,ed', 1.;) erDr:q:;e (rem dH:: ;:::(lsc:r. f()<rH:S!;·t,; in which. dley once fl;:'H:dGi~:ed a,d tG ,::,rcu),atc :l "flee' 5tH<:j ::n::::nie,sr.lve, COlnpact dif:dplines ae b;-olu=r. down ir: to fle,:ihl'(: iiwth0d" r.f ;::0!lt:-e: I \'lhkh may be tr;;:-l$f.~,re.i

adapted. S::;metb;;;,s the dO!ied apparamses add t;) thdr int,:;mal n' J .. ~.,'fj' t. __ .... '~ r , .. 1 t' <"-,,,,-, I '0 -.11 ,.,1,,,,1 "'''C( <>.:lU :;,jJ(':,: (' d ... : .. :l,," a rue 0 '''\ ~_'. na ,)\1, vu ill."e, 1,.,:::\ ,:IDI,J'b

ar:J1Hlc dlem!idves a l'it~o!e mar:;dn d C('!':trok '!'hU5 t~-,~ .,' C~,,· "} .. i .... 1 . d' '1' j"d' I Lr);-j~,~lan .::(;;00: m~'3;' not,;;np y IX:;:<1 . uc; e ;: ll: [!::;}; 1t 1'1':Js£ as·:) make it pO$"ible ;:0 :ruper'lise the pan:ms, 10 gain iIlforr:lal:icn il~ to

way 0:: Jjf,:~ ::hei!' res.ClH·ce3) their piety) their morah. The (.r'I" ,-)(): ~"""-:s to ····,-'~t:.,t't" ·m:~'lt,.. 51)"1',,1 r,1.,.~",,""~'n"'''~ .L.,. -'·'·l~·l"'·~ .. .. J ...... ~ -"'1...'\.,.'11,-- l...~ ... ',-,-"1."'",,,~ j •• :1." .... ,_ ..... ~ -"t..::.h ..... ~.-:. .. u .... (" . .,".J.i.{.JI!)i~,;~~,' ..... " ••

e·v."r: t·-:-. the adub a:ld f!xt:rc:is:: regular sL:pervi,ion ·::wer tb::ill' the bad hehavio'.ll Ol: t:-l'; child~ :);: hi~; abs,::rm::, if. a :egitimale pret::n, acc:miiag tc Demia) f:E' O"E te· f!co :;nd qucstio:1:'he ne!ghb0ur::, f:spix':a:1y if:hi':rt: :~ ;:;111' n~aS(l1l to helieve ihat the Iii/nil) '"HI nol

tell:he truth; 0,,1:;; i':{:!! t::en gCl and que,;tiOl; the f'",::c:nts dlemseJ ves, Ie f:H1 ou!whether they knov: t.he;r catechitlfl1 and ,he prayer;., ,./he~her they are determir:t:G to rocd:'C:iJi the vicc~" of their .:-hJkirr:~n) hr.\\' marlV beds ther:: ilfC ill tn:: ;'(lus.; and <;\,hat the sleepjr;oG' ,l:~:r"n[·re-.. :,,)

J~-;e::~.i:: 'are; the visit ::n,'y EnG ,\,i}th the :;,;i'l::-:15 of' alms, tht: p!t:sen ~ of d

I'dirduus::Jkwr;::. l!r rk ~'r(lvit;ioll ()£ ddditiot';<:1 b:::o" (Dem;.::. "'(:~4("':, .~, .II " ... ~ , .' '" ,"

.l'. I 1

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Similarly, the hospital IS Increasingly conceived of as b eAr e ed...al bs'. vL,'O of e op at n ut de ft t b ni g

(' w 0" h H" el"')i i 17 2, 'le 'v'/re "ev al de nr' tr t

the I g bu' ldi s, 0 heavu and so disordereci should be replaced by a series of smaller hospitals; their function would be to take In

tne sick of the quarter, but also to gat er n rm ti , b al t

a y d ic or pi m p en m a, 0 pe d' pe ar' 5, 0

've d 'e t e i ha 'ta s d 0 k ep' he u hor' 'es informed f the sanitary state of the region,6

One also sees the spread of disciplinary proce ures, not 10 t e orm 0 enc os st ti ns, bu as ce re 0 ob n tio d -

m at r gus ie, el' ;io 5 ,rEps an ~:.y""

ga iz 0 h dig la d this role of ',fisciplining' the popula-tion--From the Counter-Reformation to the phllantnropy of tne July monarcny, initiatives of tHis Lipe continued 0 Incr as ) tt r alms were ig u (c V SI ado lZ io ,I, 0 m ( d

d nc ur e n 0 0) P lit' al / h tr ggl a in c'-nt nt r it '0 \. (lne has onl to cite b wa of example the

regulations for the charity associations in the Paris panshes. 1 ne territory to be covered was divide into quarters an .. canto a d t e mem e o. th as oc tio s vi d he se es p 10 g e

m Ii s. T se m b s ad to vi ' ei re ec' ve ar s gr rI IT~e w'l\ st ive to eradit-Ate places of ill-repute tobacco

shops, life-classes, gaming house, public scandals, blasphemy, im-piety, and any other dtsor ers that may come 0 e k w dg:

hey wi. 0 .. av to rna e di du 1 v it 0 'Ie 00 a:l e fo na on 0 e ta' ed '5 1 'd ow i rei la 'on . tl-- s bi\' y f t I dg' g, kno ledge of rayers, attendance at the sacraments,

knowledge of a trade, morality (and whether they have not rahen lOto poverty through t eir own ault /; 1 dy,' e u Ie n y

il I q es on g W at a h b a a 0 e. wrh he th e . p ce etee th m nd he' n 'ghbou , he her the are care-fit bing up their children in the fear of God ... whether they do not have their older children of different sexes sleeping toget er and with them, whether t y 0 t 10 I en ou es a C 01 Y

L ir am ie, e ec II n el 01 r au ht s. 0 l- s y ou ts t wLetL rear m ri d, e must ask to see their ar . age certificate' 5

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he sta ntrol e mec ms of pline. ngla t

was private religIOus groups that carried out, for a long time, the functions of social discipline ~cf. Radzinovitz, 2°3-14); in France, alt hap f this rem in t nds 0 rish g or ity as tions, ther no d the impo part - was very soon taken over by the police apparatus.

Th orga' 'on of ntrali olice long rega ev y co porar s th st di expre of absolutis'm; the sovereign had wished to have 'his own magistrate to whom he might directly entrust his orders, his commissions, inten-tio nd was sted the tion rder or under King' private sea (a note y Duva, rst secretary at the police magistrature, quoted in Funck-Brentano, I). In effect, in . g ov numb f pre- ing f ons - searc cri Is, ur surve e, ec ic an Iitiea ervis the police magistratures and the magistrature-general that presided over them in Paris trans osed the into a' Ie, str' dmin' tiv achin II th latto f for d in ation t spread from the circumference culminate in the magistrate-general. ... It is he who operates all the wheels that together produce order an rmon he e of h minis on ca be co p ed t to th ovem of the ce estia 0 ies' ( es Essarts, 344 and 528).

altho he po' as an ution e cert orga in form state aratu d alt h thi s cer

. linked directly to the centre of political sovereignty, the type of power that it exercises the mechanisms it 0 e tes a d he ele to h it a s the e spec It is a parat at mu coextensive WIth the entire social body and not only by the extreme limits that it embraces, but by the minuteness of the details it is co ned w Polic er m ear' every ': it i ho er the Iity 0 state of th gdom isibl invisible body of the monarch; it is the dust of events, actions, beh our, ons' eryth' hat ns';7 polic co ned whose s of mo , thos impo things', of which Catherine II spoke in her Great Instruction (Supplement to the Instruction for the drawing up of a new code, 1769 ar 53 5), h the ce, 0 in t defin orld

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Discipli:l,z

Si;";")ihdy, th(~ hl)sp::.ta! i~ incn::il5i:~lbiy conceived of as a ba~::: ::he m::dical c·b:;en;;rrtr,:l of ~he pG}l;jiath::r1 0ut!;idc:; ;;fl.r:, ,iOW;'l of ill::: l-IMd~1)k:; in '7'/,-1, dl::-re~r.ieri: 3e-¥':'ral de!T:.ir,ds

;arge bui!dlng~, 50 he,.vy and .w dborde:rnJ: :,hGuld be tep:.:lr.ed hy i . .,~(ie~ of sW<lller bO~;pit:II:S; tiwil' L:nction wm.dd bE te· tab: in the ~i,:k of thlf.: qu,n:tI?T, h;!l .1150 to gather iniormatio:l:. W bc 11 iert w any endeIT!k Cor epidemic phenUn1ef,a, ,0 npen di"penr,:;'rtes, ~o

give advi.;:::;: tu tb:: ;nhahit;tr.t:l ~!ld ~o ktr~r tbe au::horitie-, ;nformed of >:1:0:: liJ.:,itary 1itale e,f the n:g;bn!>

On!'! also !it~e,> th.::pread of disciplir:n:y pr.'}c,:d-.ltes j ,'!-Jl in th,~ form otcndo:;ed in$t~;:m!.:!n:;, bm as ce:ltres of oh!':o::rvl!tie;-,

" ., L ' r.: ,1: • , • • ::;enunateo. tGrO'j~llc-ut !WC!Cr'''. l'-eJJP;lC'~':i ::::W:ipS and Ct:~E';f1

org;lni~.~f;fJn., haJ"lolig ;Jlayed ;his r::,le ~}(,;ris;:;~pTi;ltng' tbe POFj~~ l!0n. F'ic.::n tli~; CC:1Hler··Rek'fl'~~::Jdon 1:0 the phihr:.thropy of the 1 :.tly ';1(.~13n;hy) ini:ti"tivt:ti of ~his type continued ;:0 in:::rea::a:; a~nl£ '9l!:~rt:: ret;giolls (COt:.vt.:!:'slan and mC':raH7.'£:itO:l)~J t(:O!'l0H'!1::

Bnd en;.:·:mr::!S1:O:;J:ent to \\'or;"~'; or po:i!.ic;lt (the srrtlff,g!e 3.lfainst dis-_- "" ~ t __ ,-... ~)-

content c.r a:.!:it,,;ion!_ Om: hilS md).i t0dte 'llav of :t,X-;;!1]il!e the ........ ~' J:r ~~gul:::tiDns for the charity aswdat:onr. h ::hePar:::1 parisher., The ,erd.::ny to he cove::er!ln:.:l divid.-:d imo qm:ttt,::r~ filnd~'ar;ton!' +1' ",em:"e'" ,,1' ti: 4 '~""oc;a~~on" rEvlihd tl'·p-h'!{:+'es "J.3 -'~or.rY ;1.", ... ~ __ ' __ ,' ~! __ ;... -..-'" a ...... l.: ... oJ -",II l- ~~ .... _' ___ ,"-,,'L. ... ,", __ ",,, ... .:1.. U-.I~' .i'';oit" ..... _ ..

same JiHeS, Tl:~se n!~~h{.r;; ;,zd W'Vi5it rhdr :esp!:crivf: ~r:::!.:;

I -. "e' 'Il' . I "'II . regll any. '" ili::.y 'Y{,", f:!trlV': ,0 er:>e:!cate p aCt::!i 011 .. .rcpu::{;, Ici),_cc(} .,ho;Jf.1 lif;:-·d";s-:::,, gamin:i'; b:nlr.,::. public 5Clfld,~I:!~ b la!iphem:f:. Im•• :<.;--,;. ·lr .• .l 'In" oll-:<-,' d;",--:,~·:ul" .l-·"t "!I~V "01'1-:" '>' ;l.f>;r .r ~"""J 1 • _r ',;J. (j 1_... ... .......... ,-............ J, ..... ,,(4. .j, 'C"J) 'l_ ,10.,. .. _I O;.& ...... .L

Tl.o>',- "'11 -~.;.n i-v IF<- .,.-- ·--c~.;:a. ;", 1=-;-;'l ~l ,"'-,'~r ;!-\~I tkr "" ..... ,.<.! ,~":". h Y Wi , ,"_" ,,<1\ '., t,J '!l"".(,. B:i ,.\ ,( ;J~. Vbh." "0 ,; __ (,00,; Z,;L1 l,:{.

j'lfcl!ll'!;::tkm to be ontaincd -:s laid de'I:E in regulatio!lg: the stability f -I I I' I 1 I ~ C 1 (.I t:lt~o'= gwg, >ilO"N c( ge n; f,ray::;:f" £"ttentiac,.::e al::ne S:3Cr::t~'rl~;lt1i1

k,,;:;w;cdge (If a trade, 1Il0:'ality (:lr:d "ilht:her they have not f;;~H:':n

jn~o poverty thwu)~;h tbeir O"Nfi 6dt'); lasdy, 'one must lea:'!'! 3k!~ful qcl:'::5t::::nir:;;,; in v:hat way :_hey behave at hGll'!iC. V/he:J::,::, ~hert is pe;:ll:e b;:~wn,:!-! tr.c:m :6:0<1 tht:;r !:t:ighJ:Il.:!.!r!1, 'Nor-tb,::: the), arr~ can:·

1:0 briG::: :'IC' cheir .:h:ildren in thf: fear of Gnd " " whetht!r tilt!V de "'..... .. .., r:,j, h<l';" their oldc:: child!en n{ dill;:rtcnt r.':::It:s s:lt:epif!?; lc·::,;<;ht~r alld with ::h:,m, II'b:th.:r l.b:y do lWi: aUG\\:' :j(;:::r:::it)l!sne~s ;;md " l ,'. ;-.'1"", A~;~~:"~ L., ~d" d"" ,.'. ~.~ It ,..,~'" 1..." -. It. LilLi: ,.;=.",1,1,,5:. t:5p~~,.,,- •• ) 1,! ti;t:S Co, e, "~f:,r]k[-,- ' ... J- ::a:: 3ny , I j hI' '1 I I . 1:'(IU1W; ,,3 W Wf;;:, ,el: t :-:v an: marriCC. or:c IIm~;1 {;:5 t to !it,:- l '!(:U'

lr,;;r::lage r.ercificate',"

r_ ~:1

P a:lOpdcism

t. J:l;,~ .s:;1rf,-c~-;.-;trol:;( the flii!Ch.:::~"'!£S/il.s (jf-t{i~>~.:'i;,;ll:nE.,. 1~_ .EGgla~d,_ :t "" .... ,..,... !I-. J

wa~ private :relig:iuus g:rcups thi, earned O1;t, fDi' a Im'lg rim,,:; tiJt:cticms of :socia! disc:.iplir:e (d. :Rarhl!10vitt:, :luJ-I il)r}wug:h a o( this roie Te",aine::i i:l rhe har.ds :::f or ch3rlrl :::c;soci.a~icr."l another --. and r.:l rlo:Jht thf r~<O:;t b:yDrt;Hi1

par::--- W,H very scon t;::;k'1:Jn eve: the poHof: rtppar'V'J~" 'Th.: ':-'rS1:<'nizad':-.n c.[ a .:::er.~r:llizcd j)olke had kf!S1: been re>TJfded.

''-' • '-J ~,' ~

even by, ..:'c.nt~mpCira:de:'i;o ar; t~.;: nlos1 direct eXpfeSS!OH of absoh:.tism; t::w :lc-v-::reign h;;d whlhed to hall!: 'hi:; CW.::l lllag;3trat(~ to

• ./nom he mig;hl directly entrust order!;, his ccrnrni!;sions, in ten·· tk.n~, ar.d w:::s emrustcd ,\\,'1th -::hr; executicn of ,),rdtrs 2nd

c·rders '1:ldi:;r t:he King's prh1ate ::ear (~nO;I:1>:)' I;uv:::l, tnt seefl: H die pc:;;::;: magistr:.:tlll":, quoted it! Fnnck,-B:rcnt<'.rio1 I), Ir: ef[i~ctl b taking o\'l:r n !:!.!!nber ef :l:"e~c,::dst!;l~ ...... ,........

. ., . . 'I!' 'l ,.", I .. . r,mnr:;;::::;, :l~LlaFi ::;un:e,cmce. eCODomlc :::r.l~ pcq:n::-~, S~;pef'n::llOn'"

the polier! m.,<:~;i,:ratures and iiJeTI<;:;;istr<lrtu":"gr.nr.r,J th".t pres:r1ed u\'N them in P.Jxis tr;;mp,:lsed thf~mir,tG a single, 5H:C:, adr;-;inistri!tive m;:d:!::e: < Ail dH~ r;{di;::tkr:~ ()f (()tcr: ar:·j

spn::lc: !;'orr; tb: ,:;::clIIllference cuir:linatf! in ... Itls n;;who op{;ratesaU the wheels that tog;erher produce order ;;;:d harm':::E}', The effects nt his Edmif!j:,:~r;H;0n c;onne:1. he bet~~:; cmnpareJ th.:m £0 the Hlr;;:f'li1f:fH r;[ ill€: cde~jal hCKlif;s' ES!i.3;:lS, J44 p~$1 fl3).

H:1t~ :::lrr:ougb:-hc pd:cc as a!! in:;titl;t;rm \\'er~c f'[;r::;::nl y org:2o;d7.;:·,J ;" •• L,,> t'_ ,(, ~+-+ .. ~ .. ':.r'.·.... ...; I+~· ;, +4:,_ • ~ n~ . 1" ." du. H"), ill ,.1.1. ,\ ::-""e '''I-'j3"" ar~:r~ an, .... a t.10Ug" t!!;., 1'.- <I" c •.• l<lln '; lir.;ud Jin:ctiy to the centre of pt::.:::tical ,ovf:ldgnty) the typ:: of p::rwer that h exe::cis:s, the mechanisms it op~rates :1:-:d the elemem,;:

to \'lfhich H. app:i.r::l them 2or;: "p':r:i!~:::_ It is a"l ;;pparatl!!i t:::.>.: fE1S~ be c Oc:ttc:--l:::i v::: with die t!nti::-e !"(Iei,,,j bee)' and ,-,ot only by the t:x:tre;1l[:

)jrnits thar iit -::!nbnces, but by ~ht! rniIlL:l:eJle::~) of the d:::tails it is cone.rr!l~~d whh. Pnlice pow:;:: r,::;13;: bear $Ver -cvcrytbi'",g'; .:t is E·::·t

1l:Jwever the UJtali:.y »f the Btate"C'r d'the ;".ingd.:)m as visible and

ill',:hibk~ body of monarch.; it i~; th,; dus~ of e'ler.:.::S. ;llcti':HlS,

b eha v.i0 th"1 0pinlc'f~~ '=v~;."y}.h~Hg th~:H p,=ipfl.::ns); ~t the PG.:.~;_~,t: are ('o;:;c;c!Tlt'd -with 'dIOt:f: thir!g~ ofe':ery moment', those ':ldmpor~;::nt 1 ~, ' . l " • . . l'j . . } (' '!. . t:mW; , W!JICII f,,;]rn~.rJI'I::~: r.pc,:(:~~ til ler .,J feat . IlSlrur:tlOn 'c 1 r' {" I I' , " t,wpp ernent to "Fl-"!I'L::?lOrt,or in'! ,""!twmg Up I~J ,l1i<!W COtli!; '7()9l arcic;e 535), \Vi~h the puj!t~~\ one ;;; b ,hr i:ldt::~=;f!j~:,:: "(odd ·:)f a

:t.1 )

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supervision that seeks ideall to reach the most elementary article he t pa g ph me of t oci ody. he m stry

the magistrates and police officers is of the greatest importance; the hje that mb sar a e de te, rna rcei

them only by a sufficiently detailed examlOation (Delamare, un-umb ed Preface): the infinitely small of olitical ower

A in r to exe ed, po had be en t instrument of permanent, exhaustive, omnipresent surveillance, capa of m ng a isibl s 10 s it d it rem lOVI ble. It had to be Ii e a face ess gaze that transformed t e who e social body into a field of perception: thousands of eyes posted very ere, bile end ever the t, a , hi chiz

network which, according to Le Maire, comprised for Paris the orty . ht c miss' s, th enty' pee , th he '0 rver

who were pal regu ar y, t e asses mouch ,or 5 tag 5, w were paid by the day then the informers, paid according to the job

one nd fi Iy t ros tes. d th nce g 0 rvan had to be accumulated in a series of reports and registers; throughout he e' teen ent an j ens lice t inc ing over

society by means 0 a comp ex do ent ry org atio on t

police registers in the eighteenth century, cf. Chassaigne). And, nli he m ods judi or lnlS ve ing, at w

registered in this way were forms of behaviour, attitudes, possibili-ies, pid - a an acco of' 'vidu 'beh ·our.

N , it uld ote at, oug is pes rvlSI was entirely 'in the hands of the king', it did not function in a single dire n. It s in a d e-e sys it hoc spo by manipulating the machinery of justice, to the immediate wishes of t ing t it als apab f re ndi 0 sol' 'tatio rom low, e crate ttre cae, or ers er

king"s private seal, which were long the symbol of arbitrary royal ule d w h b ght tent' int isre on oUti

grounds, were in fact demanded by families, masters, local notables, eig urs, rish 'ests d th' fun . n w to ish h onfi men who fra- alit, at 0 sor agit n, d

obedience, bad conduct; those things that Ledoux wanted to exclude rom arc ctu per cit d w he ed ' nces

non-surveillance'. In short, the eighteenth-century police added a

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di 'plin f tio 0 i ole th aux ry ju e i he pursuit of crimmals and as an instrument for the political supervision of ots, ppo' 'on ove nts re ts. was co ex c-cion since It linked the absolute power of the monarch to the lowest Ie so we iss nat in iet inc bet n ted er-ent, enclosed institutions of discipline (workshops, armies, schools), it en an 'te dia net rk, ing he he oul ot intervene, discIplining the non-dlsciplmary spaces; but it filled in th aps 'nk the og er, ara ed 'h i rm for an interstitial discIpline and a meta-discIpline, By means of a wise p l' e, th so eig ccu ms p Ie rd and ed' ce' (Vattel, 1(2).

The ani 'on f the lice par s i e e tee ce ry sanctione a generaltzation of t~e discIplines that became co-exten-si with he e it If. A ou it lin din em t ex 'cit way wi everything m t e royal power that exceeded the exercise of gul jus , 1t un sta able hy e p e 0 red ch sltg t resIstance to t e rearrangement of the Judicial power; and why it h 5 n ce d t 'mp it rer tiv up it, 'th er-increasing welg t, nght up to the present day; thIs is no doubt b use' is th sec I r ar of ju ary ut" s a1 be se, to a far greater degree than the JudiCIal institution, it is Identified, b eas of's e nt d ha 'ms, ith SOC' ty the d pH ry type. Yet it would e wrong to belt eve that the dis-CI !ina functions re fis d d ab bed nc nd all by sta app atu.

'Disci line' may bide (fied ith with n in tuti no ith a ppa us; s a ype 0 power, a modaltty for ItS exercise, com-prising a whole set f ins! me tech iqu pr du Ie of app ica n, t gets, is a 'phYSICS' or an anatomy' 0 power, a technolo y. And it may be take ver 'the by's iali d' i tu-t s (t pe nti es 0 ho S 0 correction' 0 the nineteenth century) or b institutions that use it an e nti I 'nst men for a p icu en sch Is, spit), r by pre-existing authorities that find in it a means of reinforcir;g or reo ani' g th 'r in nal m han s pow (0 day e s Id ow ow in ra-famllial relations essentially in the arents-children cell, hav be me 'd' sci-p ed', bso ng ce e c Ica ge ern schemata, rst

21 5

Disdplit:e

s~Jpe.rvisior: tht seeks it!eally to reach mo!;t demenr.!l"v D:ll"tide. .. . ,

most p3sslfl(!. pfienom;:(lOn of the sodal b:Jdy; 'The ministrY of , t ... :. .,.,)

ma\!istra!e!> ,md :J.' (Jiice :l{:::::ers h; of the QrC2I!esr. iml·.:."Df~;;"(:':;; the t,~,. f:~ - '- ~

I . Lor .' J ~ . • (} ~lj;e:l.tsctlat 1 t CII1L<tfll.{:l llrc In a sense ct=lntte; oE!c may Fer~~el'ye

only bv :;; ;,uffider.dv det,.liled eX:ll:'dnatiC:l; {,;J,:::;3fHue, lin" ... -' ...

llF~nLe~ed P~ddU;';: lb: infl:::~t+J' s;'mdl lJolitkallJ~U1et. • J ... <l-

II '~ .:', ... d.r:.·-..- t -~~..... • -', .. -«:c:'"J t·,;.;- - r~;.:,,:r,Q""" -.r"-;, b- Q -; ..... ~ ~ ... '.' ,no, .'en ::.lr _.1 L, J..:e (.J-.f.n:l",.'.t) t. .. ~ pv'" _. ,,; . c (." e.1 t ... ;

!mmH!:ent or permanent~ e:.h;lust~ve .. c,ntniF':tesen~ surveillance. cf,paHe ':.If J::,zk.illg :tn visiblr.~ ;u: It"~p; il" Jt ;:ql;H h~;:if remain invisi-., ~. h < 1 I' t f' 1 , -(' l' fHe .. :.t an to :e 1,,{;;l J,';:f,C,f,C!,S g;zzl! Lmlt. ::ralHj~Gnne~>. ttlof' 'il lO;e

'I' \. ~'J ~ .. h I I' d 1,,!ClCl :.>on)' miO ;,! :"H":f. O~ pf:!"'cepnon: 1;: OWi2lIU S (I eyes f,m;te, everywh:t:,::e, mobile att,::r;Jior;g eve:: on :;;ie;:-t? :it kmg~ hi-e,:arcbzed

• l" d' "k& ' • .1 f' P , 1 nt:t'l.·0r",~ wmch? ;scem:· mt~ ,Co ,Le !Yl,,;::re, cOmp:rls!:6 CI~ ';l(W t it!

£~:l[I::y-eigJ~;;: ,:vmml:rsG!!',e5', the twentv irl':'PU'tt!!!l s, ther! the ·ob!>erve::s'. . I <- ~ ,Jf

~P""::<' ,-..-",.= ~ ~,.,.~ ':"..-1 r 't l .,. .1 ..... , it • 1,l.,.,~ 'r..f'* .... _<. ;'\J'P--D ,'h "J.i',At. ;-' ... .c1 h:gu.a. )} Ik PulLS mOlLfhS) 01 "',Cle, ',L.: .. t')j ,~"G

o 1 ' . ] } ., f' 'd d' }' b were P,Ut oy ,n:; , ay, t H:H tn", JI: onner:i, pz/" ,1:::':0:::' JJ:::g to t 111: )0

":, ... :: j: ~ll,L- ",t' "C An' y!.: --Q-:'" 1"'-' ,,,.',,, l!"Itlf;~ ant" ;no .:' Itl'=' p,dJ .• tltlltt"N r_,.G dhS l'lntk:!SLlg u:.J::clV ", . .il:l:

had ~o be ac:::c..:llwlatcd :n ,1 selles ft!pG:,t:; lllJd registers; tb::-cugbout rhe eighteenth cenwry, an immer:::;e pclke rex:- inCrZ;ISJl1g:y snc;~ty krv means of a {'olnpb:x. dnCl.,meHIll.:CY (n:-ganizflt;':>H

, }' L' f ~I . " A I registers t 1e e!gilte::~"t=l century, C. t~1a~;::alg:~1;::). ,'l.f:(.

l)illike the melh{)J~ judicial or "dmtl:J:;!xatIvt: WT:t!q;,9:,r}::ll was reg:t;tered in thb ',va;' ',;;ere fGnll~ elf beb:::. ... ioul', atr,tlldeti, possibili· fies, sus?idons - 3. peIE1:::'rl{:Dt accelint d bdivichl;:,l:;'be::;::Vl:1Dr.

No'v~ it shou;d noted that, "';thm;~~b thi;:; police; ~mp(::;-"",;o;iGf! , 1 ' , , ' ~; l' ".1' 1 f . . . 1 UJa-o: '~Ht!:-"'y ;!> m::' rl~!!l;1$ 01 t:l';; ,Jj:'lg I I:: qH. (:l0tL!:r!cltr·" ill a smge

dire:ctioTl. I£II',,5 k: hlrt a d01;:lle-E:1try 5Y5tem: it hac to

bv r::;:miIJUlatinQ the ma~)::ncrJ" of ::nstkt. to the i:mmeJia1'': Wl~ne; "'" ...... ,#

of the king, hu:: it,va.:i Z:5C' c<;p"hle of r~spo .. Ging tc :~dow; l:hr celeb,ated lt~tm!J de ,.,did:, or fHd::-:-::;

Hr.c;:\, :11;-;;;'t: "~a: wr::.+· ';lieF loner the 5'11'" hoI (jf " .. bit['lJ'l' fO"'II ~-"'-:::-" .t - _\ -"- :1_ -:w ;0____ - - t:) ., ;1 •. ,1-'0.- >.' .,;I,~ '- j. -J ) I

mle anJ\'ihich brollght deteniiGn ~;-,w diSf",p:1te ·:J11

grol:nds,'Nere h: fact dtr::::lnded ::,y l;llll:Ht,: m~~lel'!! loc;i: notabl':~l, f.',eighbours, pari511 prie~t~; an:::' fu:-:.ction was to pnn:sb CG"f.Hemenl <:, who;:;: inf;"a-p::::'l<::ir)'! t;'il~ cf di;:;order, <:ghadon, :::'i,,·

::h:n!~!; :thflt Ledoux 'i'ial~:t.r.d to exdudt: , t· 1 " '[ f' , • • I' d' /'Of :,{umII1S ll.J:CJi'::,r:,;.~ur3 :y pe:r f!ct CEY aDC! he ca lc· '0:::- e''lCC3

~.' ,,~. ;'''r''4;::;'.',,'u' :,.. ~:'.',,; :1· ... elr.rll""·e·l .. ;,ll","t~!;~UI"t' '.·.·.'I'·ll·C" ·,Id·~"'·~ ',1 ~) .. )'.&--:r(...~ ri"'"ll .... ':...:~. _' ...... 4.\, ~"",-,.i.."~ _ ~~ fj t--.'>., ..... 1 ... -..... } :~....., \,.. <......:;.-~

::'~ 1 (~

Paclopdd5m

J . . I' 11' , • . ", ,.,,' l!'C::IP mary L;nctlOr: -::0 i:); role H~$ tile ;::Jxt!Jary nf j:JSHCf: in Eie

~):Jrsu:t of Cf!:!li:oab :u;d a:; an, !:ostnIC'lent fot ;Jolidcd 3UDetvi,iotl <-. ...

of pkrs, [)rpo~J:ti(}n lll(}Vrmenr;:; or revolts, h w<:, :! complr:x don since it Hnked ,he "b30]::Jte perl'.::r tho: ::rlonan:h to II-:.: l01l/~st level" of :){PNer dissf!mif,ltcd i::l sacit:ty; sin<:e~ er:::, el:dnSfdlnstltc..:ilrm;O::.lf d~$dpHflt (-;volh.;hops, ZlnElt'l, :ichoc',,), itel:tended ~~l i;·!te!FI:di~ry ::etwork,:F:ting 'Ivllerl:' t::~y c8:J:d :1U~ :nrer·.,'ene, dhciplining d:e ncn.d:;dp1naty space,; bltit ll:1:-:I Hl

th: gap!:, Hr.,Ked th.r.m togt':th:-;r; gu"r;::!"ted wi!'h its ;-;:r;;-:ed f-:;r.:::e 3n inten~~tlal ,;;;:;cip;b:: ~r.c a rr;eH.dj;,c:iplin~, 'By means of 3. '\'.-'ise

pt:Jlk::-:, th,: SGv::::r.ign ];CC1;:;'lGmS th:; peop:'" 1O orrif:! ;::nri Qbf:ciencr;' ('ht::d, l

Tte organiZfttior; of the police apparams En the eigh::eenth cenmry 2: gr,ne.::alhation of d}t! disciplbe:l::hat hecar:'J;:~ C()-eXT:'I

sive 'i'f:th [he !I:z.te itsdL Altbow:rt:, it ;y'as lir..ked ir.. the C~05~ e~D!id~" c: }

way with :,:;,'nything in ~h!: foya! power that E:X(,P.I~dp.d the n,:n:1sr:' oJf regular j'.mke~ it h; Ilflder3t<!nd;bl-,:: why slip;h~ ! esis~ai':('e re· rearr:3~gerrH~nt (If Ibe judicial power; ar:d why it ha~ not cea3f!G tf) hllpOS-:= :fS p:-erngativ.::s up.:1n it, tvi::h {;ver'"' it:crc:ls:np; wC:F!,ht, riF!,~E uf-l to th,: pn~s·:rlt day; t.hls .is no ckubt Dccdt,Se it b the secu;ar ar;;} cf rh" jud:c:;'!!"y; but it is ~b .• r.:) a far grtate!.' dtgree than rhl? jwEciai in!iti,ut!:on, It is identified. ; .. y H~,!SOil of Wi e).;Lent a1!d med;amsm~" ';'/i:,h a !inc!et)! or the

dbdplinary type, Ye~ h YIOll;d be wrong to b,:::Jtve ![hal th:-: t:!:., .. dpHna!"'y (nm:th::;I1~; Y,ere ~t:;::j~:s~;1ted and <l.bt;t:;rb-::d t:;:1ce and for "H by <l s tilte appari:IW!;.

q-·~~c·("! l',p .' --"f ~- -'~J'1-''':f~~·I--,'~ l ~- ,~"·h"" i ' .... ,. .... : -,'", - .. · .... l--/·~-~ .L-'L"pd,,!e , .. ,J) 'A! 1,1,.,,·., IcC "r,tll·,, wi! ",L H.,.·ilJth.n .l.,I ",h •.

an arrn!aw~;; i:: i!: a typt: of power~ :3 modaHty for llS exercise, corr:" 1",r:";':I)' " .. "'tip:" ""t of ins"~"rf\i'h""'" tcdllll,:,l"'" np'''''e·l:l·''':; I(-"cl~ l~- ........ ~;:, ..... ~'i ,~ ...... -:J'",. .. -~ ........... "-."- ... ~, ." ~ ....... ; i: ..... - -~ w ......... , ~" ......

applic.:"don, tarr,ets; it hi 3. 'physics' or Ll 'a:CI':wrr:.y' o£ i=",:lV.'er:" a trchnc,Ja;?;\,. And i: mny b~ taL!':n over ::,;!her hy'spcdak'rd 1 l~$r:,u

tior;~; (tb: penitel~;;ti"ries or 'he:,,]3c& of CC'f!'::;,:don' of Ih,:, , 1" '. I' , l' . ceIH;;J")'), or ,y 1n:'lti!:UTIOIlS l ;;'11': l1!'e 11: a:::in eS::e!1n~ In:;trumer~;: tcr a

Pf!if::::,;lE:.t end (ochools~ h(:~ip;t!b). (:1' by pn,.existing; a:Jthofi ~ie,; that fnd in it a meant; of teinIur::::r;g or n~ofs;>niz;ng thei, i1'1iennJ

me:::hanlsmi ~f power (Gce day 'V.,'e 5~;~JUJd S;';OU;l :-:0'1'1 An~.ra,£imilial l',,;:;rkms, f:s.s:~~tial!}' if< lh~ p::>:'enm--cbi:dten r:cll, I:a'vl: J:,(:,l:omt~ 'disci-}',1;' -:" '-b"~'-r ,,; ,~+l.. ,;~--; ",I "'I:' py'" -I., -I, .• ' fi· "I P Inu, 1 ,,-,J~L, h'I:' ~,!H,'_ u,e C,,':>~ICul a::)~ ~".~ern" vC ,emd«]) 1 r.,

"1 ~-' " ~~ i . ..

23

66T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


Discipline

educational and military, then medical, psychiatric, psychological, which have made the family the privileged locus· of emergence for the disciplinary question of the normal and ~he. ab,riormal); or by apparatuses that have made discipline their priribiple of internal functioning (the disciplinarization of the administrative apparatus from the Napoleonic period), or finally by state apparatuses whose major, if not exclusive, function is to assure that discipline reigns over society as a whole (the police).

On the whole, therefore, one can speak of the formation of a disciplinary society in this movement that stretches from the enclosed disciplines, a sort of social 'quarantine', to an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of 'panopticism'. Not because the disci-plinary modality of power has replaced all the others; but because it has infiltrated the others, sometimes undermining them, but serving as an intermediary between them, linking them together, extending them and above all making it possible to bring the effects of power to the most minute and distant elements. It assures an infinitesimal distribution of the power relations.

A few years after Bentham, Julius gave this society its birth certificate (Julius, 384-6). Speaking of the panoptic principle, he said that there was much more there than architectural ingenuity: it was an event in the 'history of the human mind'. In appearance, it is merely the solution of a technical problem; but, through it, a whole type of society emerges. Antiquity had been a civilization of spectacle. 'To render accessible to a multitude of men the inspection of a small number of objects': this was the problem to which the architecture of temples, theatres and circuses responded. With spectacle, there was a predominance of public life, the intensity of festivals, sensual proximity. In these rituals in which blood flowed, society found new vigour and formed for a moment a single great body. The modem age poses the opposite problerp: 'To procure for a small number, or even for a single individual, the instantaneous view of a great multitude.' In a society in which the principal elements are no longer the community and public life, but, on the one hand, private individuals and, on the other, the state, relations can be regulated only in a form that is the exact reverse of the spectacle: 'It was to the modern age, to the ever-growing influence of the state, to its ever more profound intervention in all the details

216

66T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

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E 13 W


Pan pti sm

and all the relations of socIal It fe, that was reserved the task of in ea ng nd er Ctl g g ra ee, b us g d ir dng towards that g at imhe byild'ng n dis ib io of uil 'ng intended to observe a great in~ltitude of men at the same time.'

uli s a fu lie hi ori I p ce th w ch en am ha drib d a ech ic p gr m 0 r ciy 0 n 0

spectacle, but of surveillance; under the surface of images one in st bo es d pth, be nd he gre abstractIOn of exchange, th e nt" ue th me' ul s, on et ra' in of se f ce the circuits of communication are the supports of an accumulation a a en ali tion 0 nowle ge; the play of signs defines the a ho ge of 0 r; IS 0 ha th be ti I t al 0 th individual is amputated repressed, altered b our so 'I de it' rat er that the indiVIdual is carefully fabricated in It, according to a w ole c iq of rc a b ie W re u Ie G ek ha we believe We are neither' n he a ph' he re, or n e ag but in the panoptic machme, mvested by its effects of power, which w b g rs es in w ar pa 0 its me an m, The im ort nc in his ric I m th og 0 he Na Ie ic ha cte probably derives from the fact that it is at the point of junction of

m ar ic , ri al er se s veretgnty an the hierarchical, p rna en xe ise f i efi' te isc' lin H 's e i iv ua wh looms over everything with a single gaze which no detail however m ut, ca es pe. You may consi er t at no part of the Empire is it ut urv ill ce, 0 'm no ff ce 0 nt ve io th remains unpunished and that the e e of the ge ius wh ca en lig ten all embraces the whole of thIs vast machine, without, how-e r, e gh st ta es pin hi art ti • ( re ar, I /' A the moment of its full bl so 'n th di ip' a so' et sti assumes with the Emperor the old aspect of the power of spectacle, A a on ch h is 0 a t s e m a usurper 0 the a ie th ne nd th or ni 0 th ne s e, em' ne into a smgle symbolic, ultimate figure the whole of the long process b w ch he po p s er gn y, t e necessari y spectacular m if tat" ns f p we wee in is d e 0 in he ail exercise of surveillance, in a panopticism in which the vi ilance of in rs ing gazes was soon to ren er useless both the eagle and th su

17

Discipline

eCl1c"tiofwl 3r:d vihkh have rnadr: the frunily the pd'of.:l':'g~'d locus the disdplfnuy qL'e'stion the normal ap::Jar.;HuSe$ tll;,!: have made d:;;dF~jHe

dhdylinanz.3bon the ;tdminlf<trathre ;3p:)3~"lrH:;; £rorr:. the Napoleonic period\ nr sr.3~~~ s.ppar::::t:x,f:S r,'ul-je,") if nm 1$ to nssnn, th;;.t di3dpllnc reigns

On disciplinary :icdety !il

l' . " tn:;;c.ipft::~:~S$ ;:l sort . -; ! ~)r

SOf~1?: ql:3.:rantme, to a11

'panopti~;3m·.

plimlry H1Odn!i t)/ of pnWf:r hils rfI:<h:::erJ all the others; bec:wse i, 1<,,5 lnfilcrated the ()I ht:r::. ::omethEt::s

;"lS ~1r~ h·}.H~.rr:,"J:::di~:r-)" b~;t'\'ter:.

extending them al1dabove ;::li of pDWt"X ro tbe n10:;, mimHe ''''Sllf.;'S "n h"d~r!!te~!!-!H!i t!i:;t!"ibut1cn uf the DU\\'er r-e!ati0n~Q

'\ .!p, r ", ... -t' ... f'-· ~- D ... "'h~ , .::. r ry .... ~,~ ,..~ ~- ~ .... ~ ... -..... ~ ........ -~..,.. .... h, ""_~~ ;'(;~:~~,~ (..-. f .. ,<}' n .. :.r.., o.m- Jb .• ,d,:- C!f ..... ,, ~_~1.;1' ;~0. __ .L._y i"" ~".~"..~~

certifi·:a.te (1 !.~HU5,. J. f;4~)~ Spe~king Cof th!! panoptic prit!~iple, h:: sE~d th:?t !ht::fc ~i~~5 il1l.!ch fr~·=~re tber~ th::tf! an:hi~e~tL.H--;;t~ h!gt!-!:..!ity~

it \'"l;;:$ ~n t:vr:Hl in the "l!l:::-~arv Df ll!t IH.!r.f!~r: rn::nd" In aDDe3.rance., .. !'- ~ ~

~ _ • ~ ~ I' -- .",-.,.. Ii j ~ * ~.

~!: t$ lr!ere~y !~le $!_~ t:~lun 0; a ;:ecb~:!:2! p!'"n~;er:;; "::'nr~ugn 1t::~ ~_

;;."~c:e ,;yrc (1f nGcicty ~:n~:g~n .. /\ ~~hp.;:~y· h3C. hr~n n civiHT_~t~0n ::.[ specta.:::ie. 'Te. renG-:r a.:::.:-:ssii.::,je to a m;.;Jtiti1de of men the inspec!.io!i uf ;t. sH::.aH H:..:::nber 0f 0bjf:c~:;; ¥ u115 ~';~ia£ tht p~'-eLl=f:::' to -)·/hlt:~l tht: 3.r::::-;;tt:~!:"",Jre 8f tetl'~p!e$; -::heatres :::.~d cj::c"Use;:;

, h .." . l' j.r ,. . r ;;pCC;:QC:C::~ t ere was Q. p;-eanffi;nan~~ or p;;u U~ ;;~. r_~.:; 1nt':::~_~iry (".!

fe3ti-Y-ai3 r Sen5~~~1 pro:r,dmityfO In ~heSe ~itojE1~ i!1 ";}!h~-:h bi00d H0y\1f:d~ ~c-ciety' foi.!!!.j EE"Yl 1rig·:~l!r ?E1d fOf!"il.ed t":jf ~ mC-!"!1e.nt a. ~i!!g!e g!'e.i!~ h~d ~,/. Tht HH.:J::;:'OH a:;:::e f~!.J~:::; da:: oLn)csilc ur;:;hlel1'!; ~1~ 0 ':JtCCc.::: ., ....... r j, .. .. ' '" , ... ," ,. '" .• ! . , !'Dr 4 $!";lZJi nureoe:::-; cr e" ... en rc!:';::, s::ip:te :adr"J"~::Hl« -1 t~_~ ;:1Sr3~tz,ncaH~

y:,\Xf :::f a g:-,:;r mvhit::.::h;, 'h a gr:,:,ry in\Xf;'::c;,: th, an: no k,ng"';- ::he cO?TimuEi~'

l::'!:: E-i'::'1!J, p:: kV'.i:!::: Hltl:. ,tiJt!df:) and, on i.!lt: u:.hci': t.he ::1..1£:::: !tLH.faB~ (.2H be reguiated only in ~ fOtfH that is Lht! t:x~ct revtrtie of the ~pe::tncl~: " ~ ... ..,-. ...rt'! ..t-~..... ~~..,. ..... -:o.W'oP>. t, '''''w ..... I •. rr.,)::h,t., "';",", t. ever G-::-c~,[;_n.s l~_nuenr:~

Gf s~;tC:. tG it~ {;1lf;~ ~0r~ pr:::[.,--;i;:-"d ~;-:ter.t~:r.tiG;--; in 'II ~ i -"- .......... ~ .io,',~; _,pi" ~ __ ~

1.16

,~~ w ,

l'aoopttcl!;m

and all the re:lt:Dl1S Df !iDciai life, that wa3 rcsc:-vcd the task of ir.:rc3sing f::nd pnft!c'ting:its f,uar;;,':Jeei) .by using HIrl directir.g

ttlal: gre"t aim ::he b~likEng and distribudon Gf buiJ :lhg~; intended to on:.e!ve a great multitude ·:·f me,'! at rhe 5ame ti,J1L'

.ItJimi ~aw as;.a fuHiHed hiswri;:al proCe~;S diM whkh Bentham bd desc:ib.:d a::; a ted;nk:al ptogtarnr~lf. 0,;: soddy i, Dlle· 1:0t :.;f '·"f"C,·w1 w b··' o( >:qh··f'lP·''';'e· -lilt.tr·r '}F' til'rf,re 'Jf j·r1?1!e'· Oll{' -.1;"",_ Ii.- ........... A~' ...... - ... .... ~ ... ,w ~ ........... ,. ;. _ ..... 0.-._': -.... """ 'i. .... \.:..' "";}. •

invests Lodie!; L:l cep~h; behind the g.::e;:,t z.bstrz.cti:ln of exchange, rherr! (t)ntinu~s the metkult)us. cor.(L'Nerrairxing of usdiJ iurr:fs; the c:n:IIits (of cC'TJmnr;k;:;::ion ;:;re the :;:;pp0rts c·f ar; aC·:Ul!E1:;>.tiofl and. de cenl::aliz':.t;0!l of l:J1Gwl::r1ge; th:: ph.yof :;ignr; dd::!l~':; du!

anchorages of Fower; it j!' not chat trw Le2::Jti':1I1 totality of tho:'

ir.dividlia! is <="1)fm,;;;,ed: rtprcti$ed, "he-cd by :)Uf !Socia: ':Hdet, i~ h, r::tthrr:h;;t ~hr inrliv10:;a! :" carduiiy fahrk;:;~::d in it, aCfordim;· to a

. 0

whole tedHlEque of f:m:es and: bodi~!i. \Ve are rr:ilch JeS!i Grf:tks lIfe neli~ve. Vie are neitner in the arnphithe,rrfe, r.01· on Ihe sta~\:> L~t if:. the pancpdc n'~achi!c!i:: i~1·/~s!.~d by ;,t:: ~frt;~~s 0[' p(.·~vf:r;; v/l-.dLh

W::: (It::-lg to 0UI"3e1'JeS $ir:::e we arc p:,<'t of its mechani$lT. The ir:;r':'J~ar(:e, in r:!stodcal rnytho!c:gy, of j\Llpoleonk char.octl:1"

L b' " 0 • ~ • •• • • ~ • , (

pWGa .fl' denve:" i[0.!ll tht: ;'K( m;i( It is H r~e pe·3nt ot junuwn 0, the In.:)nllf"ch::cal, ti,md exercbe ofsc.vereignty 2lnti :J~e hieran::hic<,l,

!IT;H:I:~n~ e):::::,'ci,,'~ of bJefilllJ::,:' Ji,dpline. He i:; th~ iirl{li',iJllal whu 1 ; , . t . j \ . t • 'I' .Gorns over {:v::::y:]l1t~g \.\ittr.:, a ~lr:g!f: g{l:."'.t: '\;t;lnicrl nu (;~t~;.~ , :::.·~'}·~:ve-:~~er

mim::te; can eS~lp':: ''1 (JU mz.y cCf1si::.le:r rh"t :>J p:::n at' th~ Emp:rr. .is without surveillance, no ::,:dn~:r:j no cHene:::, ne ('OHtraventlon dl'l~

re?Tiabs unpunished, <!nd th;;;.t ;:he eye c.E the l?"eEiu~. "7lho c~lE en-..;. ... ~j

lighte!! ;1I1 i::mba~~es th:: "ihoIr: of d115 vast n:ad;i!li::, widl0l::., ever, the s!ig;rltes:: del::lH elcaping hh; ;lltention' (Tndharo:L4). A~

. • • > f:" bi . 1 1" r . . .. t~~ mGm:':~t G.~ Jt:; .. t!:: . ~1$:.;or::llnp:':~.!f! f!j;,c'IP 1r:Jry socIety sw:

., • p ". f ' , 1 as'm!'"H<:S y/:m me 1<,mpr:r0f me 0i;::: ~;pecr 0 .. ~ne p0we, e~ spe:::::ac c.

As a monarch who i!; at (l"e and the !;Efj·e: time .3 US;;Xpt:' c·f the thton .. ::; and,:he .~Hg.l;:ab.~::· of rhe new SL~~c, he combnf:J

in::.; a t:ngie symb:JHc j ddmatr: ii~ure d,e whd.: d the :0Hg; pruce~$ :ly ",/ nw"! pomp nf sovereignty, th~ nr:ces;,;;rily Spi:ct;;~I1I;,r

::m;nlecstatic::!; of IXlH'efl ·,',.-:ore t!Ktingui!;.h~d or..':: hy one ill ::he cl;.lHy

(0".-;-;:;,,:: of survdH'lnce, i!'J <l pan0ptkism in which Yigi:an.~c of " d "L I I • mter1,e·:ung ga.re:; ""fa:; soon !O fer; er W:e:es" nOli; :: 1f! tas,e ant:! :,he St.::!!.

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Discipline

The formation of the disciplinary society is connected with a number of broad historical processes - economic, juridico-political and, lastly, scientific - of which it forms part.

I. Generally speaking, it might be said that the disciplines are techniques for assuring the ordering of human multiplicities. It is true that there is nothing exceptional or even characteristic in this: every system of power is presented with the same problem. But the peculiarity of the disciplines is that they try to define in relation to the multiplicities a tactics of power that fulfils three criteria: firstly, to obtain the exercise of power at the lowest possible cost (economic-ally, by the low expenditure it involves; politically, by its discretion, its low exteriorization, its relative invisibility, the little resistance it arouses); secondly, to bring the effects of this social power to their maximum intensity and to extend them as far as possible, without either failure or interval; thirdly, to link this 'economic' growth of power with the output of the apparatuses (educational, military, industrial or medical) within which It is exercised; in short, to increase both the docility and the utility of all the elements of the system. This triple objective of the disciplines corresponds to a well-known historical conjuncture. One aspect of this conjuncture was the large demographic thrust of the eighteenth century; an increase in the floating population (one of the primary objects of discipline is to fix; it is an' anti-nomadic technique); a change of quantitative scale in the groups to be supervised or manipulated (from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the eve of the French Revolution, the school population had been increasing rapidly, as had no doubt the hospital population; by the end of the eighteenth century, the peace-time army exceeded 200,000 men). The other aspect of the conjuncture was the growth in the apparatus of production, which was becoming more and more extended and complex; it was also becoming more costly and its profitability had to be increased. The development of the disciplinary methods corresponded to these two processes, or rather, no doubt, to the new need to adjust their correlation. Neither the residual forms of feudal power nor the structures of the administrative monarchy, nor the local mechanisms of supervision, nor the unstable, tangled mass they all formed together could carry out this role: they were hindered from doing so by the irregular and inadequate extension of

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t1. ir ne work, by dleir often conflicting functioning but ahove all b J t~.e costly nature of tile power Wat was exercised in them. It v, s os.y In several senses: vecause Olrectly it cost a great deal to tlo r~ re su.y; 0ecause t.le system or' corrupt otnces and farmed-out ta es v, ig.le ... indirect.y, but vel j lIeavilY, on the population; base h r is an e encountered ,orceu it Into a cycle ot per-p u. in.or el .. e ; ~ec use it proceeued essentiallY Dy levying (l v~ nb 0 LO Y r fir d t by. ro ya., seig,niorial, ecclesiastical ta a on, I :'r ng, 0 n. n or til .. e .Jy coryees 0,' press-ganging, oy 10 k' g p' or ja is:. nb v 6a..;0 d J' .~ he developIJ1ent of tne aisci-p"n n ar's :Ie Prea an e f .elue arj teclinillues belongIng to

a ;u' e 'iF r t c 0 .. 1),. n. c~.an n. 0: yO\ver which, instead of P oc ec" nb b J i d ct n, a t 6r eeo in 0 the prouuctlveerri-c' n j f h ar ,1a at se for .. \.iti. n, in 0 the growth or tnis e,~ c' n -' d' n t:,e se fA" t P oc. ces. ~ or the Old fJfinciple 0" '1 V) 'nb v Ie c ,,:h h 60 e eu tl.e econOlllY of power, We d' ci, Ii es u~st u Le rri cirle of ffil;dness-proouCtlon-proht', T'le e he te :1fl q s h r..ak i p sSlule to adjust tile multi-p"ci j r I e a J :le.n :tirli ti n f .le apparatuses of produc-ti n :a 1 'li IT a t n.! ~r.:l ti n' 'n he strict sense, Lut a' 0 h F Ot'UC '0 .' LnoJI Jg d slUs in t;le SelIOOI, toe p 0(' c' 0 o· hit:, i d. I. Sr t .s, h productIOn of destructive f c in th a n J ),

I tt's 5, 0 - a 'ju rL n , c: sc fli e .la~ t solve a nUlnuer of p ol'er s r r ,t 'c!: th 0'1 0 O:.IY f r!0 .. 'e was not sUlllclently, e ,ui. p l. It 0 Id r Ju e h i fl. ie Cj 0, IIjaSS pnenolliena: r Iu e rh t, 'n n, I pi it J , 1 •• a1. S t lull .1 .ess mana~eaDle than a un'ty, r lu e :h t i 0rP se_ t t~.e se of each of ItS elelllents a d f 'Ie' s n, re'u e erJ tL nb th t I •• a] counter the auvantag,es or n Je , ~h t' h~ c· sc ,-IIi e .1x S; t rres s or reg,ulates r OV IT n; c au,' c n_ s n, it Ji if- te c ffipac groupings 0" i 1i 'd al Vv n( r' g b u h c u 1) in u pf Ji au,e ""a jS;

i e allisl es ca' u· te 1 t"S ib ti ns I n. s a. ° .n ,I .1e f fC 5 '13 a f rr ee' Fr m h V ry, co s tu 0 o. a organized r' ul 'pI' ci .; 't IU eu ra "ze tl ,Ie ts of co n f po rief t"at s::-ri g I"fO 1 'le I nc' w'!c' f rL a re s n .le pOwer tHat ,,'51- s (' r 'n e ; Ji ti ns, re of s, ?O t e u ofca ZIOns, c al' io s n} ':Ii g h ] a: e al :is~_ L r 0 aa c nj n ions.

21"

",",,, ~ • ii •

·;'.,,~:SCtp:Jne

"'r!...~ :- "!""m ..... c~'>. ...... j-,t.+' .: .• ~ r;~--·~~; ~~~ ""-''''';;:''r"Y at" ,... .. d " I, . .t ,,'- ,{}nLntl" .. ". t .• ~ a.:od::,!!naI y :::'UL._. f I., ccnnc,.,c, \\ H: a

numbs! of trod hi<:fDri(';)i [H OCeS:leS - ecc:r,{}E:dc~ juridico"poIHc31 .I i l ' ,~ ~ .. l ' .'

2~;a: laSt Y1 :it:lent!hc - ot '~ih:cn ;~ t~~rr:;s p3!:'L

~, (;ener.1Hy :i;Je;,Jdnli. 'l ~lf!h hI' "aid tll£li ihe db::I::Jlines are -'... -'. ..~ ~

:.;:+niq:11'-:; fGr ;:::;SUt!!:g ~he ':<'f"";.:?ing c.r h;man mu:tiF~i:::!tie5. Ii i3

::?:;.~ tb::;: ::here ;:; :18th:ng excepti.:<n"l or even characterisdc in this: ev·e.ry 5ys~E:rn cf pcwer iz pr~st:nteJ ·,,,jl~h ~ht s&m~ proh]~m~ nu'~ the pecul!adty of the ci-:;ci;::incs !:l dUH ~hey ~ry to (1.:11,-. .: in n:hdon to

ibe muldd!d::ies " !"ctin .:if ::;::;wet that fu[I~;3 th,ee criteria: nrstlv. A /L .,I I

to obtair: (~:e exer-:::lse ·:Jf PC'W'EX at the !owe!;t possihle WE {ewnc:-nic-~::H !..". tJ...~ :"\'" --y ...... ,l~:.·l:e it :-vr.:·'~-' p~::-;cat:)' 0" i"s d;~Cri"t'lon «:"'~r! ···~"r J.", ~~ .. ~ ' ......... !""_ .... '-4 ..... _ .~+ ,!,''''''''''j. _.~ •. "~"''' 11.)./ u. ... :) ~ ,.

it5 low e:{!:eric.;:-i:.-.atiGn, it:; tel"t!"e inv13ibiliry, the Ettie resistance it , "' ... , .. ~\" ... , ,'. ' .1,., ,.. 'J... :~ff dIU ''IT''i';~ ,o.!.' d.:~· -' I I' . a.~~:,~_!, ~ __ ~nn,'y, to.' ""Hr .... " e ,~~._ ~ .... " SCd'l power tu t lelr

maxltllu::: ir:~e;15'ty ",,-::1 to f;')'.tenc the::: as ["r ~,sp05sibie~ wit.hnur . thirdly, tel

pO~/f:r -rvi th of 0" medi:::;l~) wirhin

!:l,:;:'r:aS(: bmh::he d061ity and the !3!ilhy "f t~ :,,'~~.,.!: 'c:' U, t::c t:J:,Ul,·.1lL"

':If this was the h.rge da(:ographk incJ'f:ase if': th~ Boadng po::miatio!1 (one disdpbe is w it t!:dmi'llle}; it

qmmtir;niv€: scale (.t m;uli,pulaled

(hom

to

need to adjmt their

_,..v ~, ~ u

e.} ,J... I

tW\) proce:;se"j or rather) n,:} doubt, to forms of

mCl~:;~n:hY$ nor

the

1 I ' j Ui1S'tFl) e, tang;,:,!: ;:l1".:,t;

c.:any mlt this tole: they ,vere extewiion

Panoptici!lm

theirm>nvork, hy Lhdr .Dft,:n,CClIlflie:tlng functio:'1ing, bl; t above all 'costly' natuH! af the povlt~r dmt w'as en:rds"d in tlwm. It , . , , J' I'

w::;tl ce:,t1y ;n tif:Vtral !;C!l~i"'!;:::<::(,<lUilC lrect;y It CO!ir ;:; great ::0 '[ • • ° f "{' J ~ , , rtasury;, DeC:jIJs/! tnt: 5y:>tl::w (] ':~)fT:.:pi or lee!': ::;"u !3rmec!·0'-!t

r3xe:;· weighed indirectiv, bill: vl:~r)' heavih', CD the po~·ub!ic·fl; " "'" . ~ , - ... . ;:h:c re::istanc-z 1;, I':f':.counte:red fc;,;:-ced i~ ;:ltr. a cvde nr ,lef-. ,

Leca:J~e it p!ot.:n~D('d t~SseH::jrl!ly by LVYlng fjuv''';f)c- nr. ,r,nr."" ;".! nr··dw.::t., ;)'1' r:-l'rd e;p:'"r.ic-;-!al e~.-,J4<:i''''~i~:;1 \ ..... ) ... ,b - .- , .. "-'." " t -' ..,."' ~}'o. .• ' ""'5' ,. ,.~ ';: .... '"- ... ,.- .... 4.,.._ .... -.

. l ' 'I I" " taxatIon; {Cvym~; C" men ('3:' tun.: .oJ' ,'D.,-VIJ' 0, press-gaq::Jng,0)' J k' l' t ' . ' 'T' I 1 r' I' . ~e(':~,ng t.:p nr DanlS(!H1g ·vo.g;!;)Onri:;)~ .... ne r>c\/(::\.uprnen~ fH tne (~:S(:!·· .. I" r • ,'l!' p;;,"!",. !YO"" >~ t'le ':'j)t!C',rUF'c r.r "ll'meDt''l'"'' ."' .. 'n'(IU-- S'''' oro'" . ..,. ;:1 ~ ........ _ .. ~ . ., ~ ~~""~,t"",.J 4 ~,I, "~i.! '-' . ~ ~"- .. !t~ J>. t. j ........ ~ ..... .u.li c:::.J _ _ .It)'''4_(-~~ ... \.~

..... ~, .. ", ."'£-'::<t:'>·· ... n '~,.._~ 7, "'f' ~~. ,1~ . :-._=,.. -fO ..... "\."'r,n II .. ~ ,,'ll <>. qu!~" Ot<..,,: •. nt ',,"-'1 .. 01:1;:; 11,=:C,nD':"\\l" ., p'i\~.,r 'C,Jl:f.l.,

" , . l' . ,1" I '., ". pror:eec.ung Dy :tieL~.~(.:t.:.{)n, are 1!'~tt:g:r:;~eC1. F1t.f) ~ 1£:: ,priJQuct.:-ve ·c:!:";l--

den,:}' of the appara(U$es fi.'on .. within, 10/0 r.he: gr~)wrh GE ,\-::" '}' . , , " ~ h" r I ld f:' KH:n:::y ,md l::~O W:': :.HC (:i w, at E pn.:dllces, l'::;r ~ ',t c· . { " , " • "1 ! I ' r' r~t 1~"I.~n'1~:r .. ··:,nDU:nre '\J.(hlCln (~nVern';:;'(j t -if' ernn:;nj,v n~ "'''o'~'~r

oJ .. ~. ~,} • ~o ' ~ .,"", ,"," ;0 ........ ,0"""" ...... -, """ .. ,,_, ~ ... 1-' '"""; ';, ' I;. -- ~'I; -,'toot ,L" ,,;'~' ,~ "t' .~ :\,.1 "'-'" .-.;'. ~.~ ,~, ;~ • r.,~,Clp".1-:::: ",,0,,_1 " e d:~ p .. n~lf:l\",~. lB. _'L::;,-PI·Y_lckt:,.ll-j,l;)qt '

'T",~,>., , :i· .. ""l"',, .,~ t·t." _,.,:,,, ; ...... ·1\ .. ', " J' ,~. +t, ,,1' • :k:;C arc t.!~ ~c~,!!!I"llk;" \;,,: d:".~.; •• , pl):,:;I,.1::: !U ",uP,>i, \.·.:t Dl· .•• U-

plidty .")t ~ntn and the r;;uh:J)lic?~ior. of t::t app?::-at:.:sc~ ·:,t ~ion (and thh me .. ns not only 'p::c.dl.u:ticn' ):n !ne $;T~cr u:n~r:) hl!~ .• l' .' . '" .1' '11' ! ;lis;) tnt P3:'O{ HCt!"fl o! kn::;1;'lnig:e I'ml.l ~KjS ![l tIe

, • ,'" L' ',) c 1" l' f p1'0durt;on 0.: ilf:i11lt; In ~ne nO$pi~,: s, t:'!~' prGLHU1G:: D.,

in ·dIC :may). In tilh task r:f' :1dj~;srmentJ discipline oz.d ~o ;;0/-;(: a !:Hmbt~ ~}! "l (. 'hh I' r fl'" jJr:Jb ems i~}rwtac r ,f: :J d e;.~onomy (J p0wcr W~lS n::;t su dc:er:tiy

f;olliDped. It r.o1Jid £'edl1ce t.he i,nemder:c\{ of rnas;:; ph.;fl0n:CH::'; ,', .1 ~ .,/_

I, ; , " , l ' I b' I "mar~ In ;;; mu:,!p,lClt)', m"l.::es It mlle,l maEage3"ir.: t!l,~!l

:l t.uutY:~1 reth;Cf; '\'vha~ ;;; 0Pfo~ed to ih~: usc 0f ~:::ach of its {Je~nent$ :1nc of their 5um; reduce ev'e:-y::hing ~hat Wl"y ':OU"tei ;:he a~lvam:J.ge:; nf HLH1"!h::A·,. 'I'h3! is ~~}hy d.~3cjpUne 6x;:~s; jt: afr~:;';~s (,If !(;gu!;:-;!:~~

:'n0·.-er.:':~:t$; it ,;;kan; :":[-l cor.Ju<:im;, it diBs!p,:te,: (;omp<I.-t grn:p:ng:; 0f indivjJUa~f; 'N3t:(::c::ing (jt-Ol::: th(; ,,;Jucltry ir: unptedicl:a.i:.l!e w~,ys: h {CstablisfleS calcdated di3ai1:)Utlc;;5, 1:: rrlU!it als() n,a~;t(:r all ths

{;)n::c:l the Arc fn;-mCfl f:-nm the ven:cc·.cI3dtndon of an cn:ar.:'uo:d. ~ I:A

e'·i,_I',·" ,;. "r ,~",-~"'7 +!--- ffi' -I' - "'. ,~.' +' ~ f" •• ,1;,,1L1i/, ,t mt.!.,t l!, .•.. ~"'.,! •. f: ,.:"; e eets u. l:OlJ:JtLr'·pOY,.( d!;)'

spring from ther;; ar:G "'Ihkh form" :::-e,i.:Hance to the p.::nver t.hat \','i~b<,:s to domir:ate It: agb:.::i0 f'.S, rev0lts} spon~;;neolls or?::£!nizatiorls,

:::o~UtJct":q ~ anything rh:;, !T:~y :':'H",bliilh hcd~:ont<il ::;onju'-lc~ion~,

2.~~

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'sci e

enc he t t th isc nes e p ced S 0 art oin and verticality, that they introduce, between the different elements

th am vel, s. so se ati as ssi .. th the din compact hierarchical networks, in short, that they oppose to the

trin ,a rse rce mu Iici the hn e 0 e c tin ous, individualizing pyramid. They must also increase the particular

ilit f ea ele nt he !tip ity, t b ea tha e t most rapid and the least costly, that is to say, by using the multi-

tClt tse s a nst men f t gr tho enc n er extract from bodies the maximum time and force, the use of those

ver me ds w ti tab co tiv ain , e cise total and detailed surveillance. Furthermore, the disciplines must

cre th ffec flit Y P er the hi ltIe 0 t ea is made more useful than the simple sum of its elements: it is in

de in ase e u ab ffe of mu pie t t disc plines define tactics of distribution, reciprocal adjustment of bodies,

stu an rhy ms, ffer taU of pac 5, ipr I c ordination in relation to apparatuses or tasks. Lastly, the disciplines

ve br in pia he wer lati 5, n ab bu nsi the very texture of the multiplicity, as discreetly as possible, as well

tic ed th the nc ns hes ul icit an Iso the least expensive way possible: to this correspond anonymous

str ent f per, ext ive ith e m ipli t th regiment, such as hierarchical surveillance, continuous registration,

erp al a ssm t a cia cat . I hor 0 s tit for power that is manifested through the brilliance of those who exercise

, a wer at i dio y 0 cti th on ho is plie to form a body of knowledge about these individuals, rather than to

ept the ten iou gn f so reig y. I w ,t dis plines are the ensemble of minute technical inventions that made it

oss to crea the efu ze 0 ul ICIt by crea g t inconveniences of the power which, in order to make them ·useful,

ust om th A ult city wh er i a w ksh or nation, an army or a school, reaches the threshold of a discipline

he e r tio f th ne the her co fa ra If the economic take-off of the West began with the techniques at de sib the cum ario f c tal, mi pe ps

said that the methods for administering the accumulation of men

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Panopttcism

mad ssible litica -off j don e trad aI, ri costly, violent forms of power, which soon fell into disuse and were superseded by a subtle, calculated technology of subjection. In fact the proce - the mula of me d the mula of capital - cannot be separated; It would not have been possible to solve the problem of the accumulation of men without the growth of a parat prod n cap of b ustain· them usin e!l1; rsely tech es th de t mula multiplicity of men useful accelerated the accumulation of capital. At a less general level, the technolo ical mutati ns of th appar of uctio e div of I rand e1ab n of disciplinary techniques sustained an ensemble of very close relations (cf. Marx, Capital, vol. I, chapter XIII and the very interesting ana in G and ule). make othe sible nec y; ea ovid mode the . Th cipli ry pyramid constituted the small cell of power within which the sep n, co . natio supe' on 0 s wa osed rna fficien d an at p ning time, tures bodily forces constituted an operational schema that could easily be transferred from the groups to be subjected to the mechanisms of pro oni t assive ectio milita etho to in trial organization was an example of this modelling of the divisIOn of labour following the model laid down by the schemata of power. But the han e tec I ana of t roces pro on, i echa brea -dow, ere P J ted the labour force whose task it was to implement it: the constitution of disc" ry m es in 'ch th . ivid rces the ng t er a mpo nto ole there increased is the effect of this projection. Let us say that discipline is the unitary technique by which the body is reduced as a 'political' for the Ie ost a aximi s a u force e gro of a capitalist economy gave rise to the speCific modality of disCI-plinary power, whose general formulas, techniques of submitting for nd bo In 5 'poli ana to coul oper in t ost d e pol regl , ppar s or i ution .

2. The panoptic modality of power - at the elementary, tech-nical erely ical I at w it is ted -' ot u the ediat pend or ect sion he g

221

<):""',n);:'.-L. }oJ ......... f' 1,,~ .....

H~r,ct: ~he f~Ll that the dis,:i:Jlines l1:;e proe:ede::-r.: of ::u:l!t1oni::'l;:t ,'. ,," , CJ

'1nd verde:,lity, that they i:1tr.::dllce, betwee" the .iitlerent def!:"n~i al the !;~~,me level, as. solid. s{';?-':,atic::-Ji Pl pm:,ibk, rllt)' d~:;:1ne

comn3cl hierar.:h~:::31 netwGrb, in short; ~hat fhe·v cppos<: ~n th" t J "_

in~ftH;;i,,: i:idvICl':ie f:::ice cf l;:::clltip:!icity:he tedlllir:;:J:: of the eom:irlU-

·:-;W;, i"divi'~,HRilizing Pl'ramkL T~Jf;y ITH.l5t "isG inCf",a~e

utility d ea-:ioo, e:e",e:1t d the muhiplicky, bwt hy me3,',5 JHO!it l',,-pid a"d l:he leaE ':::osriy, tba[ is to ::3.Y1 by ming ,he plkit}' !tsdf as 3,', ~l.1S~!l'.ll1ent of this growth. Efnce! in e::der w fJctract from b:ldies th~ r:"cd:Tmm l.i'Ee :::nd £nr:.::,,;, the ':.!s(! of those ov~:r"H methods knc-w!! ;:,s thnc-tahles, collective tminir:g, cxe::c:isi:!i)

and cletai':,:d tillrvei;i;,n:.::e. Fnr!hr:rr;1.or":. the r3,;sdplines mE:;t

:~c:n:sase the efff~Ci: af utility prc:p:r to the r:1ultlpHci lieS) so lhat I:ach '..1 L', h ' ., .. . 1 . . , IS r(!aUernnre :diel!;.!:: a:-: th~ :i!mp::" sum of 1:" f:; em"ntj; 1t lS E!

0TdeT 1:0 incrcase tnf: utilizable en~ects o:f tn.;: mubple tn"t tilf:: dh:::~

plin,es define tactics of diHrihudon; reciprocz.!' zdjuSUYlent n1' b.:niif$; rtestures "nd rhytl~m5:. dif[f.::enll:niun capacities, tedpwcz.! co· nrdi(,z::iol~· in r:ldDn W ;;'!'JfJar:Hu:;e;; or i,,.,k::;. L,,:::dy, r~~ blve to hri'lg imp phy the powel' rd:ldon~l, ::wt "bove but ir;,;ide the ',Ier)~i tc!xLu'n! of (he f!-mhiplkitv; as dinc.'.eetlv ar; fJoss;hle. <!s well

..., .., 4 .-

;'.ll:tic~h~ed 0:1 the other ft.::rl:dons (;f thrse r::'l!tirli.:~ties,::!d also in th: leasl I~xpensive way poss~ble: tG this c0'rr:c:;pOf!G .>!:wnY:Yl0HC:

:n:':Ef'ilffien:s cf power~ co,,:C:enSkV,= with zher!mlnplicity that they . I h' .,.... .

rcg'~moefi"~, sue 1 ~lS J\~~~r-,~rC~_H~:11 5~_~t~/CH.i~~n_("c.:t C(~~~tln.~~(lH's

p::q}Nuai 1!1SeSSE!!en~ ar;d ,.:.ta!isihcat:.nn. In Sh':JH j 1.L. B'~:[l)!aitl;,:te fL'! :1

jlG'Net dial is manili~sled throug~~ the brilliance of t:;()$e 'whe e:<ercise ;; power Ihflt :W,,;rli0USi.y ab:t:('diel thc~ie on ",hOI::. it is .2Qpplicd;

10 foc:Tl '" body ofk.nowlcdge 3D·::nH theSE individuals, depby th:: ,)Sit:::tatlO:lS ~;igmi of 50vf:reig:'lty.

:;llines ilre the en:;embi,;\}t mimHe 1::Tl:~:!"'~ill invel1dons t::;l~ m3ce :t p(:!;sib;c ~;) jncr~ase ~hr usdi;j size of l'~lUlt;pHdties hy dec:reasing i:n'::.;}!"Vt:::1iem:'E3 of::hc power which; in order to muse :::·.J.ntrol them. A HlUlt:iplicity, whether in B worhhop or,: nado:~:l, ar! army or a,ch001, 1':::3.cbl:$ lt~ d::reshnld of l!. disdDilne 'N::er, the :eiail(;D of the one 'to tht: other 1:·et:on~!Y:s [avClnrabii~,

{FdIC I!c:onomk ~«ke,·off ;)f In", \Ve:;, b~gan with ~:;chnirrt;es t • .. I . I' ~ . I' . I . , tnat m3(:!e po:;s,;::. e the aC':lJmuaw:m C;: G:,plta ) It Fnl.!i It pcrtl3?5

said Ih;l~ the methods j;)f drb,iHistt:rit:g the accU!Y!ubtio!! of ,rwn

~~.;'.'J

:Panc-:::, tici !itll

82de ::I()SSible :1 '"elidc;:l take-.Jft rebd';}l1 w the tnci{tionaL rltl.l<:l, '. J'. ;.

c!J:dy~ v:u!e::t {om-::; of pGT,':::r,which suor: Idl bto dis'.lsl! and1l'elt: s;;persedt:d by ;3 ~!Ibtb, ca:·:uI3ted ["och:J.olcf,), c·f suhjt:ct'on. In filet) h " •. ~ ..l • • •

t e t'll,] proce,:;es ~ t"e aCCUffi,::;;W.H': pt mICn ;1:')(. ttl.::: aceumu;;:;t1C:1

of c::iph31 - cannot be :it!para£~d; it would not: have been pC'5~:lb)e to :lG;vl::~he pfohl!:t';l 0f the accul!·:tdat::oll o{~nen whh01;t tht': g~'()'fvth

of ar..apparanls of ;::rcti:xt!o:: L;lpRhle of Loth 'S:.!::>tairdng the!:l and usi:1g them; ':OJlVe::Sc:y, the techniques thlH made the cumllbriv~ m:;:!.ip1Icity nr lr:en '.Jselil! accelerated the acciJrndzdol'l ot cap:tal.

-'! le:'is gene".:!J le· .. e:; the f:chnolegic;d rnl;Jalio~:i cf ::h:;: ;::=-,p"r;1~ur:) Df pwd;.1<.tiGn, the rli.vislon of JarxH:r anri ::hi:' e:;;;"ok'l!dcn of .rlisdpEn;;ry tedmiqllcs sll!i!ained ;l[: t:::'!:;emble of vTry n:l;;;.tie;-:.i /_I: }\,~.~-,". ;. ! ,1 -' - t.· 'IrTII _., I t':-". "',c''o' <" ,oo,:!" 1 ~.'~!, 1.1.1,,,",, L'"p.tCl j '\. 0, J, .,n",p U ./1.. ,..,.,.l( d., Y"'j .,Jltel':'~Ld[,

a!utysi.:; b Guerry a1,d Ddeui:::). Each makes the oil:e]' r}(;;;5;jbl,,; ,mci . , '. 'j' f·' , .'iq d' . I' ~l". "."'''·,'''ll·Y· "'<'i"':" '."1'·· .. '·1·"00> " d,U·"'" nr t' .... n;'clf'f • llo '5"''''. '''''''I'V A '\,... ...... · •• _~f: : 1,.... ....... ,1 :~ __ V" _~,")' 1- • ................. _ ......... ~'i, .. ~ ...... \--"' 41.. o.-ty .. :'J~_,)

pyramkl CGr.st;~u:ted dw small Df pow:~: with.!nwhich the - .••••• , ,.), ,-+'-,-.', .J -'~-, ,;,' - -{t ... ~ _-._~ 'Y . --,.1 --,' ~CpdI,:,d(Jr:. C:OLl!.ln",J·.,.1 aHu ~1·l;·:f1.:ilG., ;, •• 'l.):K.~ YV.<j,}\L1PG,~.~ • .l ~\nc

made d1J.dem; aDd E!lJ<J.lyr:cat p<milior:ing ~lf :.in!e! ges~ules ::flr}

bodily fore::s cr;.,.,:;titl:ted an operatkHlal !Jchcrna th;::t could e<lsi1y • • ,. L L" • I hi' ~r;mslencr! trom tne groups to l)em~J:e:::~ec to t e mec lanlsms

J "",; t I .l -1,--- .... ·V .. rl'''' ..... t:''""' '1{ - g~ .... F'I i n+:"-~-"'l' ''\ +,- ;~J r:" prO(ULLOn, t II. nd',~::.l . c prL l·~c.,·_.n ' .. , m""a.) LkC!!'j\ :; \,n:v !!lull.:'·

ulal nr;;anizadrm was an :::::nmple cf rhis modelling of t·~lf: divj":ln ., j • \. • 1 j 11 . j I L 'l \ ' 0': laoGur !!J!!c<;;lng t le m:){ e alU::lovrn 1Jy 1:lle ~cne:-m\ta of P<},;;,:::',

l.}~ -~"~~- tl ,,-,,l,...',., '-d -t-~-. - - -.~ ...... ~;~ ..... t ._ ?'"""" ... :("' - ,'- -h """ r- t::'-' ~: n "ttl c., Ie Gttle. lh,n ; ... e tec.1 ••• ~" •• {:J."i_ . .,.~ ur , e !.roue.:.. 0, .1 • • • '.. .. t ' . .! . • j

PI'(J;:I1JCt:'OH, W; me(;!E!~l~": l)r,,:al(l~g"(..I0't!r.) weit: .:):'0lecteu :::;'1tc·

labot:r for':E ",he:;e task it: W<l5 to impleme"t ic: the C0n!Hi;lIli011

( .. )j:. '\-10"'" ('II'(')("I'1l1;~1')r'{' ~~·l·>·~:':'l··~~ ;<! ."j.:;,l; t,'l~ ;.,.II·,,; .. j .. ··1 {""'ce;' ~~ .. ,~. !..... o..J_ .••.• t" J,. ... '"" -' L~ ..... _ ........... Io,.~ J... • ........ ~j,J ............ '-'" "lI_::.:I ............. ""~ ",' ~~ ~ .....

th,t:y hring tcge~~er are ~;)m}lOsed into n wholt: nnrl " h' .. I· '!' l' e;; :: IS p:cyct:.oll. _,':-r. w"ay t=l;:;t (1~;C:p Ine

,5 it",e ;;n!tary ,.-:ehrllq~_:l': by wh::~:h the b:Jd:1 io; reduced as ii'yc:itical' I('~(" cr:~t .,;~ .. ,: ;·.·.-?V;:";7 .... ·j ''''S " '1"""1" .. 1 '("t'{'" Tl.;> ;),,.,,,"tl. ~w ... t.. '''-'; Q~ __ .. a4.Qr'},,<;.t~.;.,. ..... _ ........ « ~ ................ {. .I •. , ...... , ........... ~ -:':)A ,j -.~ .....

;.:. c::DitaEst ec:cnc-nl" :;:::e:ve riEl; to lh.: s::)ecific IEc,da!irv of disc;~ " ) ~ .. J

plinnry pO'.'Jer; whes!! g~:J.~ral fi:'::m~~h:ls) ted;niCJut:ti of suhn~;tt:ng I' . ·1 ··t.l' ., ,. 1" , • l..l • . C'l: .. e, =>.flC . J(JIJ>(:'S. m :,rmfr, pO.I~I':"; anatomy. CC:U·j t.e opet'lt·cc!

in:he mosl: div~!5e po:itic;:;l regiffie5~ ;:;ppa,';:;wses or ir,sti~ut:<,ns. 1. The: pan0t:iJc fl1c,J",llty puwer ... l!t~he ,::I:Crltfltary) tech~

. I ' ." , . , ., ~ . '. · mf~Ie:y p l)'~lC;i.i H:~Vei at )vr~;c:~ ft lE s:G.lated -.. ~ 1~ root unGer

,the ;.mmed~ate dr,pend~ncG (H" ~ direc~~ ~x~~n:~'~on nf fh!~ grrar

221

26

69T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


Discipline

juri polit struc of ciety is no less absolutely independent. Historically, the process by which the bourgeoisie became in the course of the eighteenth century the politi-call min an ss wa ked e esta ment expl code and forma y ega Hanan juri Ical framework, rna e POSSI e by the organization of a parliamentary, representative regime. But the lopm and raliza ' of d' . inary chani con ed t her, side hese sses. gen juridical form that guaranteed a system of rights that were egali-tarian in princi Ie was su orted b these tiny everyday physical mec ms, thos ems cr(')-p that senti non-egalitarian and asymmetrical that we call the disclpltnes. And although, in a formal way, the representative regime makes it pos-sibl ectly ndire with ithou ys, f e wi! all t m th dame utho f sov my, t scipli provide, at the base, a guarantee of the submission of forces and bod' he r orpo 'scipli . onsti the ation the ai, ju Ilibe The ract ave b regar as the ideal foundation of law and political power; panoptlcism constituted the technique universally widespread, of coercion. It cued t rk in h on uridic ructur socie in order to make the effective mechanisms of power function In

opposition to the formal framework that it had acquired. The 'Enl nme hich over libe . also nted disc pes.

In appearance, the disciplines constitute nothing more than an infra . Th m to nd th eral defi d by law the tesim el of vidua s; or appe meth of training that enable individuals to become integrated into these gen I demands They seem to constitute the same type of law on a di nt sc here akin more iculo d m indulgent. The disciplines should be regarded as a sort of counter-law. They have the precise role of introducing insuperable asym-met nd ex ng re citie st, be e disc e crea betw ndiv sa 'p • link, ch is tion nstrai entirely different from contractual obligation; the acceptance of a disci may nder' en b tract, way' hich i . imp the ants brin to pI he n versi

69T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


Pa pti m

subordination of one group of people by another the 'surplus' po r t tis wa fi a the m id, the eq lity f p si-don of the different 'partner' in r lati to he c mm r ula' n, all t ese Istinguis the disciplinary link from the contractual lInk, and ma it ssi e t dis t t c tra al nk ste ati ly from the moment it has as its content a mechanism of discipline. W no fo ex pIe 0 ma re pr ed es de ___ jn he legal fiction of the work contract· worksho discipline i not he ea imp rt oreover, whereas t e Juridical systems define 'ur' d' cal 'ub' ~s co in to niv salon, d' cip es charactenze, classify, specialize; they distribute along a scale, aro d no ,h rar ize di ua in lat n t on an er and, if necessary, disqualify and invalidate. In any case in the s ace an ur g t ti in hi th y ex is heir control and bnng int pia the sy et . s of the' po er, ey ffec s pen' on of the law that is never total, but IS never annulled either. Regular an ns ti al a 't y th dis lin in s m ha sm s a 'counter-law'. And, althol!gh the universal juridicism of modern so ty em 0 Ii s 0 th xe se power, Its universally widespr d op CIS en bles' to per e, th un rsi of the law, a machinery that is both Immense and minute, which sup-po , r nfo es, ul lie he ym et of ow a u er-mines the limits that are traced around the law. The minute disci-pli S, P op ism of ery ay ay el e e ow the eve! of emer en of the rea ap rat es d e ea pol" cal struggles. But, in the genealogy of modern society, they have been, wi th las do nat n t t tr ers it, e liti c nte art of the juridical norms according to which power was redistributed. H ce, 0 d bt, he po an th ha een given for so ong to he s II hn' ues f di 'pli , t hos app en in ni an tricks that it has invented, and even to those 'sciences' that give it a re ect e e; nc he ar ab do ng em f 0 c no find any substitute; hence the affirmation that they are at the very fo da n so ty, nd n e fIle in s equili num, whereas the are a s ies f m ha 'sm for nb nc' g p we ela' ns de nitively and everywhere; hence the persistence in regarding them as e mb b co ret or of er mo ity wh eas ey are a set of physico-political techniques,

23

DhcipE!le

jmi: .. b.;:J .. politk::::.1 s;tructures of a wd::')'; it i5 !lo~etheles:l r:ot .. l "."Itt"l,,· !'Ild~ -.-!.- ~'l'C> ,'~n::" ,) a ~. ,.,~, ... :...., .1 '-·1-, ;...-d J • .I"H " J .opeL, ... f.fI ......... OlhJn··r' '-'.1,., l'r ...•. ctiS "J 'W,1tc. t,,-::: bOL:rgeoi!de :tJr,::-ar,;,:: k.1 CGu:,:;e of ;:he eigh::eenth cenmry duo

d?ss was masked by ~he l~sr;lDli:;hment of all explicit, coded alld fi:.:mally eg;;!:ta:h:,1 i'J:itb:.;;:;\ ;n;:neworlt; :a::de po"sibl~ b" the ol"c!tlnization of:: -ca:liament::::-v, renn':$entathr, ;-t::::,ime. B::~ "t... • J • 1. - '<J

the c,vdGpn!f:'f'.r and gene[alizatjc~ dhc:ipll:'''1.3::Y me·::h.'lfIlsms t;v :')ther, G3;:,l\ side 0; tiles: pn::ces.:it~' .. The {~eller;;d

~ t..r

dr4 ('In;--nt,,.''d 4 -v';;[,!" nf ri;:rhts tln~ 'C;i~ro e(Ya1'-~!'.'\. :~) t,_ct~~ -___ , :).1 '- ~'-' H -, ,"'"-,:) - -",J).: - , L...., o,- ... t

:tari:an in pdnciple Vla!; supp:)r~ed by the~e t~"y, everyday, physic::::l mcOch;:ll15;m, by ali those system~; ofmlc:n::'·'F0W~!." Iblt: are css,:r,tiaUv . . ,·1··" .. ··- , ·1 .. ,,, . ., ........ ,',, 1 ,h·-,·, "~"li il;r> .1' -,·.:.·,1:,·, ,. ~,: flon .. ega 1·_,· .. I.11l iHI{ ""J .• I..,_ •. H(.~ •••• 4. WI. c~ 1 .1 •• , ~,!S_'z- •• l.e:;, fL.~ ,-,':t1... }- . -'<, .,.. f"- ... -~.,:t'~ 1- -~)o". -t.n ~j'>"".w,,;, ..... ~-.... ,~ i y":".-~ a ...-",-. .. :.~"",.;;;,. ; ~.'- ](,UP:, " IE.. ,', Urb .. h .. ry~J' tl.'·O r(y.~~~nt,'..l\e .~glrrk ....... ~" ,t

riin::ctly or ir:dlr.;;:dy; with cr 'withe-elt relays, for the will of ~ I ~ • I . j' . L ,. , ", to ,,'}rm tn·: mnc:arm:nt3.: 31.;:t le::-Jt't' o. :)o'ir:re1·gl11:Y, II'.;' dl5.t:!plmc3

, • 'I... . ~ l '" ~ - .• prl)"Jti::, al ute ua:if:.J: guaramee 0; t.ile 5Ui::!!1i:;:;,nr: 0; !or:::er, 3:(:d

b()d:e~. real: cc-rporat thsdplincti constitutcd tl1l! {;)Undl::ion ;)f rhO' rUil.':'J:3:, jllridit:al Hbr.ni!!£, The c:mtract n:ay .hz.ve heen r~r:;3rded as the idcill fO~lfIdai:()r: ~>f ;;rw :3l1d p0Hd::-at~J0W';;': ~)?n(lTi.:d$r:-:

'" -" "A. !

L0:lHirutcd the tf~chniqm:) cmi-,;~rs3Hy ",!1de:lpr~cci) cf co-::!'c!on,

h :::cJf:,im::':G W work in depdl on th: j'.lrtdk;:. f·:r~(;~ur,:s or sodel:)', jn .')[der to make th::- e:'Tec .. ~ive mechanit.mt. of 1'8-';;:"f fm,:('rion m opposi:::ion to the: for;r;al fr;;r:;.~wofk rh:3t it h:;:c <1f;qulr::-d, The 'E.·,1' ~\> 0· ..... '''' •• ' .. 1-;-:""I·'f-.' 1 I)"" I·L.~ '1'" I ..... 0. ~ ~ ·1 ' L .. llt",L.f:L ... _.1, ) W.,.·_,l " 1..,,,L vrru... II.' .1. 11...,) a so IIht,.Ehe·:! t It.

di~;~EpEn~$. '! . n_ , ,. h d· .. ·, :; .. ,. - 'c";; , .. ,. .. 1·: ".' .... 'f'" tL ..... ~ Il .1ppe,,,aIlU., ! ,e bClf-,,,n~- COf,.", .. U.t: .iL·, .lI'b !,.i·J •• , .. ~ •• cd1

.~ I'''''' dh If' .. ' .1" i!:tr;;''';<lw. 1 bey seem t·:)::x::en r e gencr3 . orrns Gcr.neo Dy :aw to -::he iflll"ite:>!:n;,llcvet d.ndiv~dual Ji:v;'s; or rltey appear,:> metho(i!; f ,. h hI'" ,,; 1 o tr,!lr:mg t at ella e lH(,lYlr.:;2:$ to necumc

g::':~':~'~';ll d::':rn;:.rJ(\!'. They stem c''} constitute rhi: sa,.-:[' type a 2!lrfn~nt !';c?le, l.her tby r::dklng.t more :TI;:-ricuiot:) ;lfH-i mc::e in(h:Jg;I~"lt. ThE! di:;dpli~le:; s:;uuld be n;gaid"d ~s a SOft of (;o~nU:-r~ 1 'J'l hI- i " -j ,. It. , ~;_1l""~ _ 1t::"'y' ;)"it: t ole pr~c~Se r~~!e C! ~ntraut!cH~EZ :n~'~:JeraLiJe i:.:5p ... r:n~·

• J... ...

metries 3f:!i c:..::cIUcHf:!g "-C! ci I:: 1: 0 c:iti es, Fil'St, hecC!lI5e discipLine creates ', .. " <".; .;: -''';', .,:- '- :·<,·t·' l' k .... l', h'l ,··:!··t· 'f", t ~;.r.!" L_lW-:.<.n !1~L:!'!!!JU~,:: at-HI \ ,. t. In, I> .ILC S I.tt"," 10". u Lon!> r.,· ... 1 ••

er~tirdy d:ffell::l::t h'0Ul cont'''·:''J?1 oblig;:;;:icll1; thr ;:;CCi:ptance 0[:S dbdphne ~m:v he underwrittcn Lv ,cl!ltriK~;;:he wa'! inwhicl-, it is i!!1p(Jsed, ::h[''' mech;;ni;'!E5 it: br!!;gs1n to play l lh:,:' :J(IIHI~'Jer;iib !~,

1.22

P~iilupticbm

:lIlbotdiillitic:l (;f une gtCH.';J of ;Jeop!e by ;murher, the ":mrpi;..l5 Dc-v:er t!:2t is a1w<'.)'s fixed O~ $3n~,.e side, int:ou<J.lilv of ~10"i. .. ). ; .~,..

don of c;"{: diifC!rem <p3r~nen:' ill reb,tio~ In +e cOIn.fJlon !eguli:ltiG", t l.,,,··, ':"'1' ;y ;:-h 'l",~ ':',.,:-j". - v 1:-1- (-~ "')-; . ,.,- .,_ .. ,' ::-k "C.,t. '.'1., lDot .. ~ L ;', '2L(';'t-.1,1"1) ",I--.• r·.·J!! "Je CI.,,,tr_'.,,wl "".C~

m"ke it pos:;ible fCo di.:Hon: rhe cC'!Jtr,:ctual linJ, sYf:tr:mat::caliy tbe mOEY;ent i~ 3S its cc,,~tenl rl m::dBnlsm of J!::ciP!i::f:.

exalllF::':~ IllY .. ·" many n:2~ prucedure, und"~n:;Tle kg:.:! j~cdun of the "\'lorr~ c:JIMaU: 'wurkshup disdpli::e' is not least jfnp(1.r-~z!1r.. l\1'cren''v'"er:f ~,/he;"'e~s ;:he Jnrld!~:,d r:yste!i1$ de.nt!t: ji.,ddi.:.al '$,jJj;;:::!::; 3ecordinr:; to etll'ler:;;t1 norm;., the disc::pli,,"s

., . I' ~ ... c.:I"r,H:ter;u;: C ;1SS;ty: spec~;~lZ.e; a fi"=,;:e;

ar~)lmG a no,m, :bierarchil:e ind;ividu:,';:; in reLadon to one :3;'<olh:::

,md! ~f neee:;!;?,}', di:;qIJ"Uy al!d 1!!v3li-:hte. It! Clny C3Se! in d:1: fipan, 2nd Jl;xi,-,;:: t]:e rime in whi:ch thev e):e.\(~ise their cnn~iOl iH:d

~. -intu DIa', ~s;vmtne1::jes or their IJO'V/":J', -::hev effi:ct 3. ,::JS!:":r1Si(lll" ., ~ J .. ~

th: I«w th3.~ h nrve;- ton:, hut is f:C;":::" ;;;:(lillicd f::~her,

30,j mst'tut~,'}m.:. ,13 11 may b-:, , . I·" I ".. CQI:;nter·, aw. Ailc ~ alrn':'H;g;1 u:;:; t!!:ryt:!:',n JWt(J!'-.::,m u( H!Udcrr:

$[:i:klV see::~':i to fix 1imi:~$ un till: ,:xer,;sc of Du',>;e:. its ~;li' .. enajJv .,;" i ~ ..t

wi<::(s1'n:ad pal;oplki~m eml,tes it to c-perale, 011 tb: lI".:i.eTside of the law) a machinery ellat i:; hGth immen5e ani r:-:inme. ,d"::·:h

H~h'!for~~e,,: n:,:Jltiplle5 r]'J::: ;J!iymr~\etry 0f power ane' ~nderl"!linf~~ lhe Iirn;b ~h;l.t ;!n; i:acCo'd ar;:w.!!(; ijl~: lav.'. The mim.;te di~ci ..

pE;l::2:>, the p<, .. nn)tici!;HlS uf every day maj'IVet\ be below the level of f:mergencf: of ~:'C! gr,f;l! appar<;tuse-; ;,:fld ILr: gre;, p())llir:::;; 3t:ruggle:". BI.;:~, in tb.: gen;c;:;logy of !!1ol:..icrr, s.'};clery, ,hey hav;c

~he cia:'.:, clornb;:don that l1'3.Vc[S':; h, Iht: pcjitkal cC: .. Ulterpart t'} . ." I ... . i n t It~ June:.::!. D(:onn:; ac~:or('lnp:: to 'V;!lJC~1 p'Y;v<:r w;;:;

Hem."::, no doubt. the )m~·G::tance that ha~; bc;cn ;;::iven fo:' 5·:· Ion;;:: . - ---' "-

tv the srnatl tf:dwiqueti:JF di:icipli~I', to 1+:;):';1: apparently msigm'l::a:yt . 1 I .!. •.• I ,.. ,. . .

trlc ,=~ t 1~at It ;-,,3$ ':fl1.-'ente:c;" 2na even ::-0 tnose ZCf-2r!ces r:lat f!)ve It z_

rC5pec~aiJle face; benee i:he {::3r of ab,: ... .don:ng ther,; iF (XI::: canno t

fir.::! any $uh~;tjtJjte; ;v:m:[' fhf~ "i11rm;Jtion l'har the,- arc <oJ. thr: vr:;-y

fou:l·:htk:n of society, and an e!e",ent in its f;(p;iIi)riun-!, whereas the:}' are a ::erles of mechanisms for unbahll:dng pow-c;: rdarlo11S dcfll·:~t1vdy ;1I:d everywhere; he::ce l!~~: per's::;;re::z:!: i::,(:g;;:rding ::hen::

a:; ::h~ h:.uable, h:,lt COTlcrete :form of::ve::-y mo.:ality, whereas they ar,: ~. set of nhv$icc .. ·r,c·1Jrical:~cilnir.ues.

;(.f,t .,

i;~ 3

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10 return to the problem ot legal punishments, the orison v/ith au rue corrective technology at its disposal IS to be resituated at the point where me codihed power to pUnish turns into a disciplinary pOVver to observe; at tne pomt where the uhiVefSill nunishments of L.e ,aVv are applied selecttvelY to certain mdivlduals awl ahvavs the same ones, at the pomt wnere the redecimrion ot the jurirlical subiect L; L,e penalty becomes a userul tramlng of the criminal, at the ooint \ .. le e ole la w· is inverteu and passes outSide Itself, and where the cute I w uecon,es the el1ecUve and mstItutionalized content of t:_e ,U Ji 1 .Or .. 1S. V. .1at generalizes the power to pumsh then is

t.h u v s, consciousness 01 the law In each juridical sUbject· i is th r gL.ar extension, the inlimte\y minute web of oanoptic t cL is e .

3. T k n n Lj one, ,uost of tI1ese tecnniques nave a long: L st I) b .Ii J .le .. l • .Jut Vv"at was new, in the eighteenth century ' .. as th t, .... y.Je g cOu1bmeu and generalized, they attamed a level

,. hi h h f IT. ti n of r:.now.ede,e anu Ule.mcrease of power g_Ja:y ei fo ce on ano ,ler in a circular process. At mis pomt,

~_e di ci.l-~in s cr ss d he tecunologlC<U' threshola. l"irst the J oS,it :, :Ie t .. e ct 0., t .. en, later, tbe worAsbop were not sim-lOy r rLer j' .:l) tl. lo s pimes, hley LeD1Ifle, tllanKS to them, ,)P ra us s UC.. .13 a y • .1echanis.n of objectification could be

e I Ler a a S1. .Huen 0; subjection, and any growth ot , m er 0 Ie: gi e is in d. IT, to possiule DranClies ot knOWledge;

,. as th . nL, .I- oyer to tLe tecl.nolog,lcal systems, tnat made ,os ib:o:it . .in tt <.. sc plmalj e1e'lient tlier'ormation or clinical

Ie,· c e, p Jc • .ia "y, d.l<.. pyc,w,ogy, educatIOnal psychology, Ie a 0 Ii at n f .ab u . I is a uouule process, then: an eplste-wOog,::a~ •. la 0/ th 0 5[. a re,inement 01 {lower relations; a lU" iI "ic .. i f th .Fe ts 0, power throu~h the 10rmatJon n(o a u~_JU: ti n f e\. f IT.. : knowleJge. ~h e e io :' t .. e ... is p~ nary ,,}et.lOuS IS inscnbed In a broaa

IS r' a1?r c s: h d e. p .. le t auout tue san.e tlme 01 many d r Ln -06 e - gr n mal, inJu rial, econoulic. Dut It fllust e e og iz d th t, CO_HI- r J .Ii.J .le n. ning inuustries, the 11 rg"ng cI nOca: i Ju tr s r •. le .1OJS f na IOnal accountancy, OJ p e(' v. °th h b: s fu na es or h 5 at" engtne, panopticlsnJ as e i d ~it ~e tt t n. It s g rd d s not much more than a

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b' ar Ii Ie op a er rse re m rat r th ug B th had been the Fourier of a police society, and the Phalanste had

e on e rm f e anopticon. nd yet this represented the str t rm la f a ve r I t hn oL, at f j iv ua .

There were many reasons why it received little praise' th m t vious IS that the discourses to which It gave rise rarely acquired, ce in e ad mi la fic io t st us f s en s; t e

real reason is no doubt that the power that 't 0 rat a d which 't augments is a direct, physical power that men exercise upon one

ot r. n gl io c mi ti h a 0 in ha co d e only grud in Iyacknowledged B it ould bun' st c p e the dlscipltnary techniques with such inventions as the steam engine

A ici m os p T yam ch 55, nd yet, n way, they are much m e. If a his ric I e iv nt r I st p 'nt f comparison had to be found for them, it would be rather in the

q it aI' ec iq . Th e' hte nth en ry' ve ted he ch 'q 0 dis 'pi e a d

the examination, rather as the Middle Ages invented the 'udicial ve ga on. u t d so y quite di erent means. The tnvestiga-n ro du , cal n ad in ra e ch qu h d

developed above all with the reorganization of the Chu h d he tncrease of t e prince y states in the twelfth and thirteenth cen-

rie A th ti i er ea d aery ar d re th ju prudence first of the ecc1esia t'cal 0 ts, he of he y ou The tnvestigation as an authoritarian search for a truth observed

a est w s us pp ed 0 e d p oc U 0 th oat , the de I, th jud'ci I d I, t j ge en of 0 or e of e transaction between private individuals. The investigation was the

v ig po er rogati g t ts the rig t to establis t e truth by a u er f r ul ed ch 'qu. w It u th in sti don has since then been an integral part of western justice (even up

oro nay), one must not forget either. its political origin, Its 'nk it th Ir 0 he at an of 0 rc cal ov ei ty r

its later extension and its role in th-e formation of kn ledge. In act, the investigatIOn as been the no doubt crude, but fundamental em nt' th co tit io of e p cal de es, t s b n e

. juridico- olitical matrix of this ex ri nt I k wi dg w' ch s we know, was very rapidly released at the end of the Middle Ages.

2 5

,'" . I' U1SCIP;"';::

!ctL!m iO ihe i,ltohlem (Ilk:!;;l n:.misiln:er ~s. the pr..S(iQ with _ ~ r '. ,II! 1::hr: :::onccth'e te:::hnoloiZv at di::oosai is ro be resirJ"td al ihe "J..., .J

. h r -t. " -l ' h' • ,1" I' POUH Wllere 1t;e ;::Oulneu pOWI"t' t(~ PU:;l:); tl~nl,!;, !,ntCI a cmc;p.m'lry po'i'}cr t·::-· nbscn'e; at the pc)lm where ?:hl~: ulih,.;!:ri':ll pur;:3hment!i Oi:

the \zw .:!!e ar;pHd sd~'(:d. vely ;:n r:er;:;:;;!l :lndf'.+:luaitie<!ld always ,:he • • I • • " '. f'" 'I' 5 ,', smii(~ ones; ;!t ti'lC ff)s:1t wne,e We reCo;;;:mtlOo (' t::e jUtl.'::;lCh suoJ':-CI':

by me penalty be:::omeE a 113eft:! ~rai:-:ing of the .:dn:::m:J; «t II-:.: poinr where :the iE inverted an(i pa~se" outskle i~seif, and ~Id~(!re :;:OHl1t(!I',\aw become:::: the di'r;elj''':e <-,In ir.r.{::t1l1lo!l«iized ('ontt!ni of

thi? jmidk,,; (G,n;,;;. \Vh;:;t g(:r:.:r;;!lz(s ,he ;Hlwc:r 10 fl1ll;::.,h, th;:u, is net the UniVC!lsa! cnn:a:i':msne5:' Gf £h~ laW in t!adl juriJi:cal SUbjfct; il iii lb: r:go1ar extensiUfl; the im~chdy mltllJt:· web cf panoptic tedmiqf::e:;L

'1 'l-"II"n 'In" 1,\,' - -I'. \" ro," ,. r t·!,~~(" .• <-_1. n'!I'!I)'<' IIIlV" 'I Ic'''-''' ,)" • j, ,,_t., '. .. \ ... ~Jl l: .• ~#;. L{V0\. t .. H .''' __ ",) ~ ;~ .... , .... i.~, _ Ld' , .. , -i/,,"<;

history bd~i,i!ld ,:ilCllL But what W~~2 new, in tIll! clgr:.t{:{'::,th r.CIl::J.Il}\

was that, by heing mmbincd a;1d g,;:n;::;'aH:leci; they :"wined a. ievel al 'Nhich Ihe [orwntiGH of k:w~·.,Jcdgf: <':ld d~e, i!1cl'tarie pGW';:I:·

regubrly rekJorze ~me anether ;:; a drcular proc-ess .• i:u:: this pojr;~, d ·.··!· ,,~ -- ,':,L~ ';'4-;.--1",-/ l' ,,' ·,'~".ll ",'-t', '~:l "J.,C.IP Jr.,.", "d,HISc{\ tnt., I..".,H"U Vb!'-:!'; ,.nlt .. ,I1C (" I ".,. ulL

b:'l3pital, 1.h;:I:'.1 tb;: !ichooi j then; later, tht! v/orksh0p wen: not :>Im· ply;rt!ordered' hy th,:· disciplines; they bl!C, mel thanks to rhem, ilpp'lr:lW!;,:t; ,~:::h that any medmn:~ni o[ Gbj{:ciiicc:.tic.n ,:oulJ he cl5.ed ill th(!r;',! 3S 3::', ;mrll;mem '::I{ $jJb)eCL;.~n) ana emy gwwth ~f

ld ' . . , .\. 1 l (' • 'i pawr:: eGa .. give :rise m tn:::;;-i tv PO"o:::.Jie ,)rdnr.1J~S (;~ K(10WICt gCj

iit '}ILli this liuk) prc·ptf to th~~ technological sy~::r:rns::.:that [Clade

pO!isibb: wirhin thf: c1i$ciplir;ary dtrm:nt the [e:rna!io!l of dink:.!.1 med.idw~) p:jydliat;~) child psycho!c.?,y> 1: C 'lIcat:Juna I psychology:, tb:: 1',:~i(]n'lli:.!ali0!l (A 1abG~Ir, h is ;j double pl'OC~~S, th(!r,,; ,Hl epi;,te~

1 · 1 'h , .. I . r ,. mo ogH.:<;_ '1. aw ttlfOUg 1 a retmemcnt or p0Wc:r l',:::;a~:tons; <l

n':.lhiplkatkHl uf tb:: eH~!CHi of p,,::n::;.:er ~hrollgh::he formaticn - "

and accumdatior·. of !lew fOHns of k::owledg;:: .. 'I" . " L -l' • .. • d' ., ·t· - ,; ,(:I<;::x~e:'<Sh:1O c; .,;1: uHClp;marYU!ctno, ,5 :s f:13Crlllt:f\ lr:. .f: nr:),;Q

h::.sw:dc':ll procr:ss: tli-:l' dr:velopml:·r.t at ab)u! the sam,: tim(! Clf many (.the;: tcchJ~":Jl()gii;:s .. ag~or:omicaL indmtrial: .. ;CCDomir., HUI it mU!t h:; ff!{;ognhed thar~ cOl:-Jpared 'with tht: mining ind ll!'!lip.s, the emerR~n[! "hej":rJic,j ir:.::liltitd:::; or melhoJ!'l :::f !la~io:1Lli ac:(:·=mm.:lf;~Y,

:.oJ t.. . •

compar,;d with the htast fllrnnCt;S or the stem:1 cHgir:,i:: pnlloptid~Tn .. ,. -. <., 'J ]',:, J. I"" . f ~;t"'" ,':~. ,1 .j' ,,. -, ..", 1"1, ... ,,,, .I·~r .., h.I., ,LCd.yrc It..Lt a ,,',.D tlC·.,,1 , 1 I. .. rr6 ",Ll!'1, fl,J nUl ,,,..J,,,,,,l ,r..'",lt. L!« I <t

22{

~!T!

hblfrr: lir.t:e tito)',:ia, f\ perVer!iE: dream - !,ather l!:;: t~lGup.:h Bendlam , ,.l

had heen the F':'c;ri;::!: of a n0~;:::e s:lcJety, and Lhe Phalanste;-" t • . ./

tal~en on ;'he Ii)!!"(: of the P;;::opdcon. A nd yet tilts n:pre;etw:d ,:.lJ~aact for::nuia c[ a very real technc-iG;T.Y; that of individt;als. rr-; ... .,."-r.) _ ~.r"""f"! _~ ..... - .• ......,.. ·h ... ·· ..... ::a,'" i ':; :!t .,.,,' 'hJ"'" ~<,

_ .]., . .(0 ';l;..,d, H,<lD! .. ,\1S0"S iN f It 1<r.U ,'=L J •• tLt.. r"dt~i') t .. ;";If.Jot

obvicH,:'; :'$ ~hal ~he discolm;c;'; to wl:!ich i~ gave ::t:iC t':1rdy flcquired. ::xcep::: in ;the ac;;.demic clCI.~sifications) s,atU5 or s::::-:C',:-:C'3; but

rea; rea5·:.fj ~s n·:. dc",bt that the power that ;1 Co;Jf;!'ale:; and \':hkh i[ :mgmeDts i:; a direct, phy~i.::al p,yuer dlat men exercise upon c.ne

"nath,:r. /!t':lnglod0':J, clll:fJination !:3d ~;. urigin ::hat (:udJ nn:', ~n .... dc·;r'rr!)' ad·lnwkj·)'yd Bu~ i" ",,,t.:Id~Jt! ·' .... j\rt ~o "c·~sy'a"~ ~ ... )_":) ......... ~f:l .. ~t:; .... -- ••• '-~r::-) .... ) _ ... \:;,<--" ......... ~,- ... -~- ~;- ~)~ ... ~

disdphr.~ry ,edlr:iques with :;uch im'{:ntic-:i5 as th: fiteam I:ngille 0)' An,;:;;":! micrGscope. T"!:::y alt! fiueh h:ss; ;,mri yn:, ir: tJ w'"')" ~h:y

are much more. H CI historical {"{jt:iv,Jlent or ;J,t least :I Foint DE :::ompnri50" hz.d to be foun'll tr;E' t::l-:crn, it wF,Jld be rathe, in tne 'i;~lquifiilorial' te::;tJrlique,

The eighte.cnth cenll)ty ir:.venld the t.:::::hniquf:s of d::;cip:int and cxamiuari·::m; rd~her as ~he h1iddk Ap,;:s inver, ted d',e jtdicial

:;~lvesdg<lIi(;:'j. BUi:t rlie: :>0 by quit,: rliffer':'r,t rr;eans. T'~;:: lovestig;j:

don pro:ed,ue, ::In oldf;.~cal :,md admintst:::atiYe techni-:;ue, had • , .' ~'" L 'f I "'1 1 J! df:velcpeG above 3s! Wit!, I,;e n:org;HE2;lU0I1 0 :: Ie L ·!~;·c·! an r le

in:::::ease of ~he princely ;;£]~es in the twelfth imd thirteenth cen·

turie" At t:-ll5 t:,m·:: iii: perrnealed m a '/ery large degrN: rhr: j:His~ }W' ·t~"r:;".' fir< (, ;-;f • h", j~ •• :··si:>";'J' ,;;) ,,;-;. "'r:: th"'I'/ d-:", ]"'\: ".i;;rt", .~"'L~_~""_,c ..... ~, •. ul _~ t ___ = ..",,, •• ,,, ___ ,}.,,._. ",, __ ._~L_-,;. ,_M. <...1 .... -'~\... .t:-4.j "-_,,,- a

Tl-!,:; ilPie:aig.arl·:m .:!~ 3£'! 3u;:i1nrlti!rian sear:::1 for a r~'Ul:h ob~;t::'/f:d or at::tsted was thut; o~)'fJ()s::2 '::(; the Z)!Jpruced:.:n:3 ef lb~ oath, the ordt!zt, the jlld:i;;a: ':1ueL, the judgement God or even the ,rar:~<1ctior. bet'\veen nr; \,i,~t' individual;.. 'rht' inv.:stic.",doJ~; was the

~ ,_I

~ov(!rei!!;n F')Wt:: 'lrrog"dng to i!$df the right 10 t:5t:;bli~h Lhr: trw"1

by a Dllmber of rrgulated c-:cd-nir(Uc3" ]·Jow, ;,hhc.ugh (he iW-i'::Stig2' tic:, hilS 3inCe :hen been ;u::ntcgral p,!l ;~lf' W(,~ilern jWilh::e (even up t(J Car:nvn day), ene ml!$t nc~ forg.et d;:htt '115 poJitr.:al.)cigin, its ;:nk -';v.;!h the bl:t~, of the ~ltater. ,me of mc.n;::rch:cal ;;overeiv,;;;-Yl Of

its ~3~r:! <'x3e;j~;(jn 1!fld iw role rhE ;ol'uw.lic·;"j (,If kn()'.;::led1";f;. In ["ct:, ril:;ir:.vec:rlg"rit)fl ha~ hee;r: dll: n·) rlG',:bt cl'utie, b;Jt ftwdamen:.d elemellt 3n rftee::mstinHion of the em;:>irical sciences

,; ":1',, , I:"'",! ",-!~" ",."',,:,,'" ,1 ]." ,,-~ .. I ... J· ... JU' '.'-l!~U-pn.lu,--.J, (~! r 11:: L(p_t ,!!!_nra. ,.h.: ,,' _ g~,

we knC-'N, ~/;;,s very rapidy r~;eased :11: tb: er,,:1 d the Mddle Ages,

22.5

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Dis pH

It is perhaps true to say that, in Greece, mathematics were born ro ec iqu of ea em t; sc nce of ur n c) er bor to m extent, at the end of the Middle Ages, from the

practices of mvestlgation. The great emplrica knowledge t at ov de' ng of e rid nd ran rib' t m 0, e

ordering of an indefinite discourse that observes, describes and sta sh th ac (a ti w n t we rn or wa eg -

nin the economic and political conquest of this same world) had ItS operating mode no ou in he q'u tio - time e nv io ha ur ce m' nes has lac d in he d rk ces s

of our memory. But what this poltttco-Juridical, administrative and rim aI, eli us nd y, ve gat n 5 th sci ces f

nature, disciplinary analysis has been to the sciences of man. These sciences, whic have so Jig dr' rna y' 0 r a ntu ,

av he' tec ic rna 'x i the ett m r io m tiae of the disciplines and their IfIvestigauons. These investigations are perhaps o ch og ps hia , da gy, rim 01 y, d s m y

other strange sciences, what the terrible power of investigation was to t e ca m now edg of e a rna , t pi s th ea

n er w an he no led 0 the hre hold of the classi-cal age, Bacon, lawyer and statesman, tried to develop a methodology

f i es ati fo the mp ca cie es, h Gr t 0 ser r will roduce the methodology of examination for the human sciences? Un ess, 0 c rse, uc a ng 5 p sib F,

Ith gh' is ue at,' b m' g a ch 'qu for he empirical sciences, the investigation has detached Itself from the mqUlsitorlal

ro du in hic it s h or lIy ot , th ex ina n s remained extremely close to the disciplinary power that shaped it. t has always een and lin i in eI en f t dis pH

Of ur it ms 0 h e u der ne spe lat' e purification by integrating itself with such sCiences as psychology and psychiatry. An in Ife it app ra i the or of st int ie , interrogations and consultations is apparently in order to rectify the mechanis of 5cip ne. duc, ion ps hoI y i up se 0

or t t ri urs f th 5ch oi, ' 5t 5 the medical or ps chiatric interview is supposed to rectify the effects of the dlScip me 0 wor .

ut e 5t t b is ; t e t hni e5 ere ref in 'id s from one disciplinary authority to another, and they reproduce, in

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ano icis

a concentrate or formahzed form, the schema of power-knowledge per t e h di ' plin (on his bje cf. ort Th rea

investigation t at gave nse to the sCiences of nature has become d tach d fro its litic 'urid' al del; e e min on, th

er and, IS still caught up in isclpltnary technology. In th M'ddle A es, he p ed of ' ve 'ati gr all pers d t old accusatory Justice, by a process inttlated from

above; the disci plinary t hni e, 0 the her hand . nsid' usl as fro be , h inv ed a pena Justtce that is stt I, in

princi Ie in uisitorial. All the reat ov ent f e nsi tha rac ze der pen y - e pro lematizatton 0 t e crtmina

behind his crime, the concern with a ish nt h t is or Ion her ,a orm zat , t div n the act 0 Judgement

between various authorities that are supposed to me re, ses gno , cu ,tra or ndi ual all s bays e p netra-.

tion of the disciplinary examination into the judicial in qui 'don Wh s n im sed pe I ju e asp t 0 ppl ion,

its 'useful' object, will no longer be the bod of the guilty n se ag t t bod of t kil g, no ill e t jur cal subject

of an ideal contract' it will be the disci Iinar individual Th rem poi of at tice nde he cie Reg e the

infinite segmentation of the body of the re icide' a manifestatio the ro st wer ver e b y the grea cr ina,

whose total destruction made the crime ex lode into its truth Th al nr pen y t ay uld an de te cip ne: an

interrogation without end an investi arion that would be ext nded tho im 0 a tic us ev mo ana y ical serv tion,

a judgement that would at the same time be the constitution of a fil t w nev clo , th alcu ed ien y of a p nal y tha oul

be interlaced with the ruthless curiosity of an examination, a roce-re t w ld at sa tim the p rm nt asu of

gap in relation to an Inaccessible norm and the asym totic move-nt t st es me n i ity he bli xec on s th

logical culmination of a procedure governed by the Inquisition The cd of ping div als der se tio s a ura ten

sion of a justice imbued with disciplinary methods and examination oce es. it s risl th he lula ris ,wi its ula

chronologies, forced labour, its authorities of surveillance and

2

T)' . {' ,l ~snp !;;::':

1:: ;5 p:e:,hap:; tEU:: to say tl1at,in GJ'le:ece, marhemadcswt!e burn t ~~"Yl ,;,v,~;, ... -.·>,--",",(." r'o-'--'''V''-';'':~-Jr'.:.'-~ ... -.'- __ ~ ;~uC. ';,' ~- __ r-r'\-~ "'~t.,. - : .• , ;'0 ..... 0-),4 ...... .re· ...... \ ..•.. lqll~~ :J .... ·.a .. u.d,J_.l(> ... _ "c.cnvt:~ n" ure1,n an: '~ .. ,.~!

were hom, to ;;(;me F.xtt;n~, at die t!nd of Middle Agr.:, fmlll ,he practices vI', inVI:!itigativn. The great .::r::lpirk:ll kn0wle:dge t::ht

things of l.h(; ,,;cdd ar.d tr<<1lscrlbed them m~q tJ!(! or'c'::)),ng 0: an ic.ddinhe: cJ;~CCr.::tHf. thai oh~c:rve~: descdbe:: ;mel e::~~bU:ihf!$ the ~fai.:ts' (dr_ Q. iiH~:':~ '\vhr:;] the \\"-::;;rerl! -~l',/D:::]d -~;\i~~) bcg=.n""

fling dte economit: and polilical conquest of thit! same world) ;t!; operating ':nudel no doubt in oJ:e InquislriGn ~ that immense

,mv~:ntwH o~;~ [er:~!·H~ mild~_~:-;s h~~ in ~hc dii.k l.'t,,:::r-;ses of ou::: rr;,::r::IOI)'. But what ::hhi politico .. jl1ridicz:\ admblstrativ-:: c1!!nin;:j, rdigious nl!d lay, iD\;",:;tigl~ifJn ''i'i3S to the t;(;!"::;KCS

nat1lre, Jisdr:timuy nnalysl:; 'tla:; b~el~ to the !,,::i::n,:e.!l of man, Thf:lt: £cience!i, Wllich hz.ve S:J delighted ou: 'hu::l:::nity' for eve:::: cenrt::.ry: bve their technical ;nalrlx :nrhe Fe~~y) ;r.alci(;us ;r.mutbe of the:

dis.:iplin:s and their inve5tigatkm. 'rn~:3e in'lestigati0m; are perhap to osychnbi::v, :Jsvd:b.txv.Gcdl'~O:::::·i. crimirk::l:)fJ,v. nnd so !... --' J ..... ... , r t:>; __ ~. t ,_ •

otber st::'ilnge Sde~ln:i; W:'IZ.~ terrible Fowrr of inve:;tig:J:tionw'lt: ,to the calm knowlt:dge r;f the anima;5 j -:-he plant; D~ tn-!:

Ar;ot}l-::r POW!::f: :;r;::Hh.-:r k,Dowkc:lge. On th" thr,?::;::,o!d c,f the classiell ag'::: B"Kon, bwy(~r and stale!.man l tried to develop a tlwtb:dolol?;Y c-( :nve::;dg:::don for the cnt?irical "denCt;i;, \Vklt G::TiH ()b~::tVf:r

will produc:e lh~ J:~:edloc:lok)gy of c>:aminat:all for ;:he humar. sciences? Ud::;s, of COUTS;;') ~a:h a thing 1:; not

I·; 1. • • •• 1 " ,I' f' :3~~;10Ug!:. II !:i true t~~.:t'~: lr~ .uf:r,~)Hung .;!:. tec(ln1q:Jf: 'J!

:;ciellces; the: LII'cstigatic,n has detached ctseE f::orn the I:,::lquisjtoria~ prc.cedme, in\\ihkh i~ ')jJS hisIG.ic,~I;y ,(oG~::d. th:: f:'x.lf:linal.ic,n

r",r:l:2jEed extrerm:ly dose cO the discip:~;:nary PO't',I::r that shaped it '{, ;" ,L, ... "I"" '''d' ,,,,,:;; '" '" ' .";"c'~ ,,,I """r 1",1 .. , d' '''~''~'l' " ... :11')6, :.1.1k''I ay~ }l.en at.", ,-)1...(:. 1~ --: .. h !n~J!!!,:d~ .. c r.n.leb" (} :.ur;· l::Llp .. lne=J~

Of CGurS{: it 3eems to have unde:-gone :'l !lpe:''''Jhdve plJI:ificatio:'1 by im~~;>,,1tin2; iudi' WilD such sdenc::.u as p;.II:hck1gy and psychiat:'y ..

in dTef:'~, h::: ,lppc;;"'ance in the form. of intervie\vs,

int::D'Cll''l;:)ons :;;:rd consultations 13 al'pal'::ntlv ir. (lrrle:r !O r':I:t:Jv _1 . '"

I l ' ,.. " ," • • • '!" , l/11: meC:i~annl!!S c; d!~~::::pime: eoucatlOfEl PSYC[l(J;Ogy 13 supposea ta cm:rect the rlgems (;f th::: schc·oL~",st 2.S rhe medical ·:;r

~ ". im:;rview h;,".:pposd 10 rectify tbe I~H;:cts of the ditlc1pli,-.,: of wcd~, n !'" 'h " ." , -1' ", 11m we Eusr !I'Jt );: ffilSi;:a;'~ esc tecnmqlle~ m(:re'r rete;" lno:vwmHS

h'om (··ne Ji!;dplkary ::n.!l:horily to ;;:n()th~t) ar;c: tb:y rep:2()d'.1~":~ it:

22{)

<I .(:onc:~'nu'';!~NJ 01' (crmajizeJ (orr;"l, the: :lch(~ma o[ PGwe,:~.,kn:JwleJ6~'

prC-!)erto Nch J:sciei:l1c (~m thh sl..;blect, d, T crt). The I!!"t!<:~ ,~ !' ... ~ • t;

inve::.tigat:iao Ihil~ geeV" ri~;::t:.) thr. ,dl:r.ces ()f llaL~lrc has bt'cGm(:

dct<iched [,.Jm its ~;olit1cc-.jH;:id;Cili world; th.: cx,::ni,.atio:m, eel the mh-::( tnr:d; I:; :itiH c3ugi'!t llP in di~ciplinar)' lech:cl:,je-gy,

In lbe: MjdCl~ Ages, th:;l,mceduI'e: of inVf.:stig,h(On ;:·;r;:dually ::upc:r~;eJed the old ",(Cllsatory Justice, b;J a;ltO(;eSS il!!ll<llt:J l'lLuve;. t~':,: Ii J$ci p!~m.lry tech niqw:, '.1H thr :::thr:r ht:n6: ir:~ir.:10'J'ly

;!r:d as if 1'rm1: neb·;:, Z1;;:S in-y';;:ded a penal justice that i:> still , in prillci pIe: l illq'-li~:!tori,ll.All die gre;ltmo'je;r.(:r:l:~ ()f exr'(J:,fOl~ III 2r

, , .l .., • • ., r • .' I ·:;-;;:;ractGi:.::e "'·:·::H::rr; P:~~!;:;Hty - ;:;-;r: 1),OD1:::::niltl:~atlCon C't m:: cr;mn-:a

behi:nd hi!;:::rin'!,e,:he::oTlcen;. with a punishf'!!cnt th"t J:, " correction, ,,~herapy, ;, nonr:,,[,z:lt!0H, th", riivisi0r; L'[ d~(! a(:t of )'Jdgemf:n:.

ben,'i:er: various aL:tlicril;::s that are supposed to TfH:'J5ur;:', a$S{!s~,

diagnc-::;e, cure~ tr2::~;!orm :E,di'::Clli1h ~'. all this he:rays dIe pr:::etra ria1l cf the disciplinary ex.2,:'rlinati:1O ill!::;) th!: judicial irqu;si:-ioJl.·

L nC·Yij impc-sed .JTI per:al jU3rj.:::r: as i!s pc-i"t c f aJ:.rpliciltion. i~i 'me{u]' object, ,;./:]1 no long::! the boll:, of 1L: guilty man :wi

u:; 'IbG':::::lst the bod\' of rhe ];jgUj nc·~ will it :.::<: the J't:r:dical ::;ub~"c~ l _ ~ b ,

of all ie::;!l CO:'IIJ'3cr; it will bethr. cLicip;if!,I!Y individual. Tbe ~ , \. ~ I I .. "., I cxtrer;;c pam t of: j:""f,a: F'5t:ce !BWt-:- ue ;· .. ,.Cler- :~eg:'l1e WClS: v

idinirc ~:l!;rnellfat;ofl "f tb,: body of ftg,iciJe: ,I !"lJi:ni!(:~l,,:iClfl

e( the 5::r.:1nttest pow'.::r l!V··:·'~ th{: bedy o( the grf!l~t~~~ c~:.·in"'!:;nal~

who~.,:: toLL des::!l::nioll mctde th:: cd",:: expiod,: int'~' ir> !:"',lrh. The: p.}ir:~ c·f per:'l;\V today wc·uld he ar: 1,-,de:lnite d;scipline; a;-,

lHterre:g,,-ionwithuut enG: an hwnrlgaticn ,}Ju,lld ~fr:xletldeJ

v/i,hou~ Hn'!it rn a rr:eti':l!bU5 and ever mme ana:yrical Cb3UVJtio::,

:; judgeffi/:Lt th.~t waui'd:;t the :mrne timt: be tb: CGas tt:ticn ()r a flIt: ::hat W:;.3 nt'/er t::j3ed) the e::t!cl::;:::d k"ienc}, "',(;{ p."!':a:::y that w":Juli be in::erlace:d ~rir':1 the ;:llthles!; curiosity or an::iarr-,ination, £: pr~)c;c

dtH'~ lhac "~//(H.dd he 3!: the :12{ne :irne the pf.!"rna.ftent rneZlSU(e. elf r.;,

gap in :relation u an inacct:it;ibl(~ [IOrr!l and die ;:JsYIl:ptC:~ic !Tlc-'/<'

me;t char :arlvC!; to meet in ;n6.ni~y. The pU!Jlic e>:.ecwi::m wa:; the Icg):::all.:uimination of a p:'ocedUJ'''f:;o'lerned by the lnqu'siric'(j, 'I'nt~

0f pbd;,:;s iml:·,·Jduals und::r 'OhS{,f',ati0n' :-; a 0,,,,''-;:; e(~,:,:-)·

sion of, justice imb'JtJ wit;' dhciplir:a!'}' C'I,'dlOds ar!d eK"n~:na::ic':J n,..v· .. {jl'Jr"~ Ie;' ~l '''''''', ~l"';:'g' ; i.~,,· .: ... j"i',J:ul,~,. 1"1""0'1 " .• d··" 'l" Tf'l'U:':' 1" \V~~ 1 .......... ~~" ail. U .1,,!/.i. ..... \ __ ...... PI.>;. 1 . .&&"- ... ~,.~ .. u. ,i ........ _ ~ ) .v ........ ...J, .-, ') -~,.

chro:lologies, forced b.buur, to Ll1Jchorlties of sur',,: ,i:!ancc :':~ld

.1 ', ", " I

29

72T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


Discipline

registration, its experts in normality, who continue ~nd multiply the functions of the judge, should have becomethem9~ern instrument of penality? Is it surprising that prisons resemble faCtories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons?

228

72T


arzilai's POL

ITIC

AL

SCIE

NC

E 13 W


DiscbliEc

r::Il'~:';l!",dm:. i~ ::x:'::::~l:dn r:D:r~ni:Bt'i.f{ho cu':H!tElcar:d muhiply ~he ...... -'''' . ",,, '.1

tbncdons of the. judz~e, t;bou~d·have be(;on:::e.-tr;.e . .1H~~ertl instruluent f ,.,.. . .• . . hI' f" h I o r~~aH~f j:; ;:: s~.lrpn~lng rna~ pr;sc~s ~ese:n e 3cto::teS;I SC joon ~:J

b?'~-:k5i h-:J3p;rnJs., "?fh~,.7h ~n rr3cmb:·:: pr~~on~?

223

30

THE REPUBLIC by Plato translated by Benjamin Jowett (as posted on the Internet Classics Archive at MIT)

BOOK Vll: 514a - 517s

Socrates - GLAUCON

And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: -Behold! human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being p~vented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, ~ike the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets .

. ,

I see.

And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent.

You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners.

Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave?

True, he said; how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads?

And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would only see the shadows?

Yes, he said.

And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?

Very true.

And Sl,lppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the wice which they heard came from the passing shadow?

No question, he replied.

To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images.

That is certain.

And now look again, and see what will naturally follow it' the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his fonner state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, -what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, -will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him?

Far truer.

And ifhe is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take and take in the objects of vision which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things

31

which are now being shown to him?

True, he n()w

And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly dragged up a steep and rugged ascent, and held fast until he is forced into the presence of the sun himself, is he not likely to be pained and irritated? When he approaches the light his eyes will be dazzled, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. .

Not all in a moment, he said.

He will require to grow accustomed to the sight of the upper world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves; then he will gaze upon the light of the moon and the stars and the spangled heaven; and he will see the sky and the stars by night better than the sun or the light of the sun by day?

Certainly.

Last of he wilLbe able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and notin another, and he will contemplate him as he is.

Certainly.

He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to behold?

Clearly, he said; he would fIrst see the sun and then reason about him.

And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the den and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them?

Certainly,.he would.

And if they were in the habit of conferring honours among themselves on those who were quickest to observe the passing shadows and to remark which of them went before, and which followed after, and which were together; and who were therefore best able to draw conclusions as to the future, do you think that he would care for such honours and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he not say with Homer,

Better to be the poor servant of a poor master, and to endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner?

Yes, he said;Lthink that he :would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserab Ie manner.

Imagine once more, I said; such an one coming suddenly out of the sun to be replaced in his old situation; would he not be certain to have his eyes full of darkness? .

To be sure, he said.

And if there were a contest, and he had to compete in measuring the shadows with the prisoners who had never moved out of the den, while his sight was still weak, and before his eyes had become steady (and the time which WOUld. be needed to acquire this new habit of sight might be very considerable) would he not be ridiculous? Men would say ofhirn that up he went and down he came without his eyes; and that it was better not even to think of ascending; and if anyone tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death.

No question, he said.

32

95

R m r1.. Acp at

o t .• e JIL ·s~ cl. k. Ji at f T af ta ia is 1

Fo me' ns,' is h d to nde and how opl ho h ve known freedom could succumb to the spell 0 totalitariamsm. In fac , such reg' es ad in e u of wer ps 010' al tiv that can mduce even former opponents of a totalItarian regime to vo un-tar' ace it er i as om ecu es lis , a the hen make its values their own.

o c pre d na e a ps 01 . al pea f m ern totalitarianism, it is useful to. consider how it differs from other types of po r rde n h ory. 'ke e m em tal' rian' 0

Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Franco, despotIc systems of the past pe tte 0 0 osi ; t e w fo ht t reg ewe cr hed But in past times, either the despot did not demand voluntary agree-m fro his bje th s, a nn ace anc f h ere and methods, or else he could not enforce this demand. Everybody was su sed 0 th tyra bu f th di he all are ittl what they thought about him as long as they kept these thoughts to th selv if no er son an thad wa 0 fi ou what they thought. Whatever system of spying the medieval despot em aye was ve lim d e ctiv ess, m ed ele ani listening devices for example. In modern .!Q.talitarian state,s, the!!!ass m a p vid ea un ite opp un s t inB nee very b'od 's thoughts. In addition, modern technology faeilitaTe~-l~ (J e;;- ~m pri e a itie Th! nd ueh ore rm a totalitarian dictatorship to i.!l,sist Jhat its sub.j.e.c.tLID:~ __ JQ.-JbinlLQn their ow -p bly eca th omp exi of def tee 10

and rna oci re uires this in man areas of human endeavor-

REMARKS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPEAL OF TOTALITARIANISM: Reprinted with COn-sid Ie c ges add ns fr the eric Tou of E om nd 'olog 11 (October 195~). pp. 89-96. Included are segments of an afterword to Charlotte Be's T Thir eich Dr. (C' go: adra Bo 19 ,pp 9-7

317

~~f.~n]r1rks nn the P~rr~!Rt)log1ca j r\~ppe.~] of l~ot~Hta~-ian.{snt

Fe.! . ~ r:le(.::m,:, it is h3::-:t !t. :!i':Jt~1 st:J:.] :10Y/ pt-:II!):C ,,/}o!'.av e ~:qcvn ire~C:'Jt:'1 ..::udd 2L(Cl'fI:U ~0 n,·;; e,i'-;!} 'A \0taEtar;.n:::[,1. r.', tact n:cl re;:::i'l.t-~ .ar~ ;'.lkp~ if'. Lle 1\sr: ,)~ pO)Wf"Ih1 p,~ycho:(,[.ical 1;);\.jY~3 rhil: .::l!l ;H>b~.~ <:Vel: EOlner O;.!)()[ier:.ts )f 'J tl)!Oh;:aI:Ut ICfioJf: )0 \"C.lor.

: 1~ a[ler it has b~..::,?Tn~_ ~ecur,,;jy t::~b~,!isl1e.c~, ~r,,~ [he., Ihl; rr.";'l.:e if:'; v'alu~~ t~'~;r ,),VlI.

TG c{'loFreh-roJ t:,I-'. it;',tun: 'If·.j pSydIO!.);:::icJi a;)2~3j c·~ )~.pdcrI·l_

tvi<lh;:ari.::oi"rr., K ): :J~eh.;' to c(.!(:-.ider h,)wlt ,~Wec., (wr:J ~)t}.e( tn:cs ':Ji d!'!,'pct' .. a1 IfCGr.k2 ill !l~ft~rf. I.;:r.~ tbe. ;n~',knJ t'J~a:i~~:i.ln;oTf' ('! S~:J;'l. MODH'!ln:, H;!lc" :'lO(~ F;':H':C. (bI,o:i:- "y~lc-r;1S of f:-H- PJ<;~

rfrm,Jtd :(0 ')1(p:d;:ior::. ~bl~t: ,°1:(0 k:1gf:t ;:;I~ n:t:iJic- '.ver.! criJ:;k~:t ~t~t ~H Il;~~t Hnl~s, ::!:th~~'I' tt .. \.! (le~po';' (~id ~ot d~:lJ311d VU)~j,]t~l:~/ r..;:IE,e·

M'!nt~H';ll }'}S E'J~I~2~-S, t:':,t 15, .1'1 ;r.l1f.rJr.ce f t'J ret d Us u~~.JJ.ld ;'1cbl1 [;S, ;'T r;i:::;", l'.t~ COl!tc; r.ot f"iIJcme t;~l-; GCH'a.d, E,.:;ryb,d~' ,v'::' Sl:!;pes~j (!; c;~<!)' ;:hc ''tr<l):;:; hJ( if :J:,~). c;:d, t.t \)~t::111y c())(ce1, liJ.k ·,d1'::~ they thC.lt,h; at-oL"~ ~.;H-, :1~ ld~g do-i they kqJt t~e.~~ t~1CJl'5~lls fe. ~~'crf\celv~3_ ;f [\0 ') t'1.!; r-:::aSDH ~hj'1 t}.,,[ !l': ~,.,.~ '.10 ,\;y to 6;10 ')'Jt

Wlli'.t .lJ,.::, lh(lHg-~.t. vVhJ:cvn S'{3ttHl d ~r-yi1Jg t!·,!,,: IT.t..GicvJ.\ d~cp!l

.cm:;,1r:yr:ci ',,~,~ :C) '.,,:.~ h:nited c;~(-:'i-b':!l::\~. !:: H:\p~ cd. to) d :;c:rc,I,ir Lsi ~cb:::, Qev)ces, b, o'~I;lr_·k:J~ !l~')'ZEl:l~ ;:!liiliill_~.i!l~glei.,Jjl_t;,,'l!8·:s lledia pmdi:t. __ ~.:~1~1 ,m'j'p,;tcl2 U~f'C'ftur.~~ie~, to;.'.R'J ~,1CC ,',OJb(:(f",' ~ :rl.)~-p:l:. t, }.-;. ~d-r:; ~b;1~~';oC~ c;o -;:;:Ch-P01t~~-'1 fi;:~:;fi f;~ .~-) ;~~il-'11 "" •. - .: .. ----.. ~-----~---;"-.~--=- . ~ .' !"<""1" .~ )~I,(:e d ~v:-:r. tr ( o::>:.t ?f .. vntc J,,:0Yoltfc::. ~ '11~ DNl J:wn, o::::re -~)~:o,:t

a t )t:\:i';'o',;a\/ {;i,:~ar0fs!1iv ':O;IJ~'Jr ~1'z_b:~.oJt.~.r.;JL_5t,J:f.~l,::L1:}L'J's .D,n - ,.--........... ,..-

;-hC'(; 0''>';1 --P(''s<s:t1}' ;)~'>l·.l"(;· .:'-.e ('i'Jnp!Exi,y of H'(llk-iII !t:dmoli:p

~~~:f;';'~;;SOC;d)' .eql,i:c~ !bi~ ir. I()()':Y ':IeJ5)fl'Jr.':~H er"lel:1'(H---

r~l:l'J :~)I:r.s Y-l r~.}f.l', 7,IIri:';:,:::On),( !('I::::~L .h.:--rz.\:.,. (Jr" 1 nT.\('''C:Jr.nr3~1~:M: R::prildcd ':'V:t;l t;uf.s;Jci:.bic ::}livi,g,,;[ Jn~ ad,ht:a.l;\ rl'u~ ~he l\·r"~~r~Lln TLU.rr"uf u,f ;~~C'a"l)lrj~s t1j1(~ ~""l)I';j(~,1~)g/

11. ;:'(i..:-tribr:.r l~;..l~, ~,~). R.:J -9~. "r:cJl~~;.:-d J(Y. Jf"g~l<er..t:: of }If: 3!t:(Witrc. to ~~;t.::dlh~t

:i)'~ra't':,. ~I~nt~ T;li,.J Peirl, 1,.\; ,[l,"-;{,!:"b (':::bic'\gl."~ 0i.·2d[c.h~lf': &.(.,'i~.J~ ~~<'X:). pp L~.)-·70'

.<

n 'k " '{' P" 1 I .. 'Jl i~'U"- '\'It'r _ 'll¥' r ".I' t _ ~ -,.J. "'.- ;" -'~ I '" ~i ~ ~"", Ilk." i ji.~.,,-c"A_Ia,.l. ,~.Ug ",!~, 'Jiylt }f'_I ugJ.'1 .... -..: * , " ';f s.." I ,', ;", , Q ..

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~:~r, ~ r}cr!~~r.\ It is 11,\,d tc urJels :~O r~,e. ,1_1'?

).~-jO \ ",1

Suct J~'r-; ·:::d(~'F;: '\r> t,le IJ~,"" ():: ;qo~iye~- ~h-~ '.

':di} ::nclrJ~! fell'I"Tee u!;:;?n,~_tldS )f H ~(I;::~;.:_~Cr:( n r- r -',OJ _I' ,,.." ~"" 1t l~fls '~_\~-:(JnA{'

f0;:o!rC i '~;" vah'~,',: t!1:;l .j '~'11

r!-a: i ::c:r::plcber:;,j )!'.C 1 :U("

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t')bli~:ui:.m"H." i~ b til. (en~gltr l::w' it .,_: tren! .)l}:,::~ I}VS

Jf (h~::-~:I(u·.i~"'11 ] E-ccr'J~\d :!n ~rJ.~:~;t~,ry i"A:~~_:~:' the l}J"j,]{"r;:", t,-)~-r\~i'::a':i1~';5tr; cf ~ H:i:!_t-:)/ ~:nu! Fft-_OC"O. dt:'-:l)o;i(~ :~·{s:e:o'S :Jf i:~lf P;:";:"I'

fumJh:l on :)PP(.~i·:;:fr"; d, )'iC hi;]" [, .. Jght :h<! )t-[;:nl r; \l;Cf: I:l'

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33

3 8 mar on t e Psyc ologlca Appeaof TotalitananilnTI

ut ert ess ive ex Iy se vic IOns w ich e sate wishes fhem to holrl.

--.y .. Sw e in past Ictators ips an opponent could sUrvive withm the stem d st'll m . tain ons' rab 'nd rid' e i hOl

and 0 ten, to some degree, In achon, and with it retain his self-spe in mo rn alit' n s e it' not ssib to r in t

self-respect and live in mner opposItIon to the system.1 Every such od no onf mis . co ont wit dil rna e c ex e

hImself as an enemy of the government and thus invite persecution d, Ie en an ,d ruc n. he n 0 tly fes 0

believe m somethmg that covertly he deeply rejects and despises. co qu e 0 his tha e will su ct to i-

tarian society comes to trick himself, to look for excuses and subter-ges n d g s e I s e tly t s resp t w h h 5 try g

to maintain, a self-respect he needs desperately in order to retain his eli oJ...; Q!!.Q '. A exa Ie the y t wo m be n

in the\ Hitler salute\ This salute was deliberately introduced so that her rp Te"i 'Ou red ch er t pu capri e m t-

ing places such as in restaurants, railroad cars, offices, or factories, nd the eet t w Id b asy rec mz nyo wh un n

to the old "democratic" forms of greeting his friends, To Hitler's 110 5, ng sa e m y ti s e da as ex ssio f

self-assertion, of power. Each time a loyal subject performed it his go bo ed.

For an opponent of the regime it worked exactl the opposite ay. very me h to g et s eb y in publi e an ex-

perience that shook his e 0 and weakened his integraf . H d it b n nly ssp reg tha bie d to he sa ute, It would ave een

easier' but the sal te d and lit th 0 ne eg 'gh wn e id

A ord' to ych nal . th ry, ta of t eg to 0-

ect 'ndi

e inner an outer well- emg and, most of all, the survIVal of the 'dual b med' tin etw n text al a int al rids d

ringmg them into concordance.

1 This difference has been discussed. for one example. by Robert Waelder, Aut 'tan sm T itar sm. n W u( M ster g ( ).

Psychoanalysis. and Culture (New York: International Universities Press, 1951), p, 1 --<)5'

96

Remarks on the Psychological Appeal of Totalltt1Tiamsm 319

The ego of the German anti-NazI supported his desire to enJoy the

its fre om -th it as in eve thi H er od r, d it ided with the superego in the conviction that totalitarianism was a vIle system one ought to resist. But this 'Yas only par of e eg 's f ctJ ny may i ad 0 pos bo th e s nd . n

order to fulfill its main task-protection of the individual from de-s ruet n ( y th ges po -fo exa pIe, y In he it! sal e.

1"':' s t 0 on t f th to J"ta' n im who needed a strong ego to be able to survive In an Inimical society, and to hold on

his on tio w n en ssl 0 ar b th rna m ia with messaes which tried to invalidate an he believed, found himself In situations w Ich Isintegrate his ego ec u e i wa orc t 0

ttle n 0 0 os fr ts: as rt w f fre om an to protect him against being destroyed by the state because he resisted Its

rna s, 'fh H'ler lute: .. 3. .. ,o"1a1l a .... Ie t illustrate how difficult it is

to retan;-7m;';ld;;} of pers~al &ee<iQffi andj[~IteLi~tegJity.,.jDG, ud-"

"_t_£9_E.L .. ~~,. n i ppiti. Vi .. . n? "",Ii sin to" ita' n so~~1v If the situati;;;Torcea-aIi"opponenFofthe"sys"tem"to iive the

Iller salu e- at IS, to raise is ght m d yolo " il 'tIe" th as rti hi oya t nd dm' ti of he Foohr a

person he hated-he immediately felt a traitor to hIS most cherished eas ne nly ay t s t re d hi elf at e ute id t count that iven the reality in which one found oneself it was all

nght to render the salute, because It was t e on y way no to be res b the est 0, 11, e's 'nte ati de nd on tin in

accordance with one's beliefs. So one could retain one's integration while saIl! g y by cha ging ne bel th sal ing as d,

D 'ng is 5 f he orc 0 he' di 'dual bec e th's s lute

was to be given so many times each day, not just to all officials such as ad s, lic en ai en tc., ut en m tin on cI est

friends. Notwithstanding that one thought a friend felt the same way one dId oneself--{)f whlC one could rarely be quit sur -0 ers

ho w t to di no ve e 'tle alu mi t r ort his nd often enough did, It is possible once in a while to act openly agalOst

e' on tio ,w n ce to so y ces d s I n-in me rnb! nc" fit gr t'on throu h mental reservations about"

doing It. But thiS deception becomes extremely di cult when It ha to at al he me n dif st u wo h ita to

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W;'1':~ $;;'," that0I,(. die:')'):: gi"F. he l-'lirk: s'll,ntt 'Jli~lt rLpOrT f'li<, :;r1

cf(en fh(JUE.;lt C'i:L a :~ ~n5,ibje GhCe ;u .' witHe Ll ri<':~ CFt:,I'Y a51;n~t 1)11::;'5 J:O:1 vic-tC:lc,. '''']".1';0 faced to do :;0 11:; I:tees.,i'ty, ar:c! :!!Il )flab

te.l'1 S('f'l~ sef'll::.l;;pc.,.~ c r iL~'~3r:, ti0P thrnugh, '-,ien!,,!: ;~(T:.f'ltiu,l~ g tCl't . cciag it. '3ut lh, d,",~epliorl bU'l'hl':;S f.xtr\ome(;' Jihii'u!t d.(,p.it hE ~c,

1)<-: re!)e:l~!c(~ 21; t~~ tin:e. ::r:. ',(:Clt.('I:I, ')h)~t cf '.]; ·V'JOUbC5i'2t.~ 'n

34

r .. a1.e 11g ,:uss-whlch rerusmg to Five the Hitler salute c a~e(l- 'n

orten-repeaten everyrfa~' situatio ; w .:10 n t \I'sl I r b rr ss fh rouf'-1 U d v' n'- rer v'o 5 .TI } r 0 V. ..le t"J} d. nce, Refus-i g to s lu~e \\ S IT. G .n re trouulesome uecause one not only f.a ec. one s own lIfe in GaITI~er, out also that of ~he th r ?e s n, since he was reouirecl to rcpor~ a y (a'1u e ·0 gi e ~r Itt Cle autro 'ti<>s, 'fh.u na y tile c' j tIe n.i-: 1a i il:le Lat. to ue-c IT [ a '_y a d il_m:ta e u Iy test Lhe courage ana convictions of

Lc t:.er person, or lose !lis self-resDect. l). young German psyeholoaist ree \l -:l. ~0'1,I ~}-'s ~a-l -'/0 k d 'n

Der life, ~he}> db n a h'ld:l ri g 'h e r'l } as f :fde 's e6 ilue. Pe f tl r ,h IT s~.e 10 e':: n':: ,II. se values slle sllared, was a S.ro g, 0rP n nl m hie I-Jazi movement. !jut she had to ":0 to scl-tool and Hlere sne had to swear alleriance to th Fiihr, 0-' (v "le Hitler salute many ti"le e ch C y - n m e' 'n; ler cl sS.n ~e, ~ L~le

r g'n 'n3 f a h cl ss in g eej 6.h t a .1ers, For so,ne hme soe LJC ta:J} IT eL t e oss I.er fingers, Slie maintamed to herself that ~l-te oatu ana salUre GiG not count because she dirJ n:ot f"e n 'h IT Put a she din. what I]er ~af ty r lu'r 1, r 1 a'h ::1'1 s 'f, a d 't ".J-;;-;'-.1 eer~clno n.al tn h r et-r\..~ Clanc. SllIT feep up-me I- e~en e, F nIl,. ral.Jer blan-act a fie any Tonger she gaverr"'~'her IJlenhlJ reservation and swore al1efianc a (I s 1 'e.l 1'k 11;')( I) else

C:o 1 o'd ~,... __ L..t~~"§~_t tl.at b.ne were ,,(eenl)' aware tnat tne 5Jst n. crC'aLe~mllanageab;;C;miflcts ~Itlll~ ihcir Fic~ ~cl tha~ in tne battle hetWeen lnor:i1 co v'do a (' s '£-::-'f ev 'j n 'h s' ~ of tl]e'1l ~h t·v nt d to Ii e v u11 ve t a::y.vi UL 0 e pnnciples

ne' , .r r sa'e~/ s k, d hit •• ule systeIT .. l'or example, before he 1 fl. G r .. lan) in 1'}3'1, tne theolOplan bu! ','illleh tliougljt 'n bi c n scious mmd that he woulrl never '11 k J--'s ~ e e v··tJ ITit'er' n 1 11, as he reno ~erl f"1a y ye rILe "tv' J nos '0 s ::n VI b tt~T, nL. L~aL i v h; h I ft C r .. 1a } in g 0 .... time \.0 prevent nis unconsciolls {0 •• 1 V nt auy overpowermg IllS conscIOus convictions,2

~"hen our conscIOus mmn is in~t'~~·1.I, u.-c n i us nothing reRects tP"s l-,e~te th,a tt e nt n' o( u d ea_n_?,p ea~ xa-n:-Ie i 0 e IT a 's :If 3..1 Ju i 6' :h~ -~:n.'f'" J&jS' 6ii~Sln, in

.!h'cJ. I '::e d d to prolesl openly a~amst tne actions ot the .Nazi

97

Remarks on the Psychological Appeal of TotalitdTianism" 321

regime. Obeying what his conscious mind viewed as his moral obliga-tion, in the dream the man carefully went about writing a letter with his protests. But when it came to mailing'the letter, he dreamed that' he put a perfectly blank piece of paper in the envelope, which he then sealed carefully. Not only did this man dream that he made a typical "Fre~dian" slip, as his justified anxiety made him act contrary to his conscious intentions, but his dream also revealed that in the end his anxiety-or se1f-preservation-would win out over his convictions, exactly as Tillich had known it would in his case. This dreamer re-alized even in his sleep how destructive such inner conflicts and the way reality foices one to resolve them are to one's self-respect. He had first felt very proud in his dream that he dared to lodge the complaint, and later deeply ashamed that he did not. In the end, the dream left'him feeling defeated and discouraged with himself.

Inner conflict about giving the Hitler salute was experienced by many Germans, and this conflict found unconscious expression in' many of their dreams, one of which may serve to illustrate. Shortly, after Hitler came to power, a man who owned a factory dreamed that Goebbe1s was paying a visit there. "Standing in front of all the work-ers, I had to raise my arm in the Nazi salute. It took me half an hour to get my arm up, inch by inch .... There I stood in my own factory, arm raised, pilloried right in the midst of my own workers. And so I stood until I woke Up."3

In his dream this man, deeply opposed to Naziism, was dealing with a problem that also occupied his conscious mind: should he, or

, would he, compromise his convictions in order to retain his factory? (At that very early time in the Hitler regime refusing to give the salute did not yet endanger a person's life, only his livelihood.) The dream foreshadowed what his decision would be, although it" was made only with the greatest reluctance. The man's inner mental struggle about what to do was given visual and temporal expression by the long and difficult physical struggle to raise his arm. He could do this in his dream only very slowly, and it took him half an hour to complete the gesture. But once the fateful decision was made, he could no longer undo it; this was why he stood in his dream with his arm raised until he awoke.

3 These two dreams and many similar ones, including those discussed at the end of this essay, are reported in Berndt, op. cit.

j.(J Il:!;t):1~i~S )ii! If:e f'~IChcl!)~J':Ji ~1i,)Pf:t1! Gf 'tc~.:1Id:;~t1~;s;Tl

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~i'l::r. i.e V/:-<!- u:{1Ioi.e3 ~Ii rep(.:1 1.1'; f~:i1tJlf [0 giv~ iJu:: ,,;',(ik h. tii~

C'I.;tl-,(r;:i\.;~ ·T'~.us m~'Hy r;me3 c. (!c.r t;v~ ;}1}S-1\;ni ci~h('r h:{c 0 be .1'1.1'f' '1 l.na~+yr <It'C: ~i~lrhPl'~'),1~j:v teet ~bf' C0IH'lgf' ",.(1 C(,Lyj,:l:iGPS

!;.C Oi,;IO pr:) son o. b~c b~ 3.-:11 I::::'lle.t. A "(1);'P1f: ':..:,e:n:;::Tj p3ychc!(1;;H rcr:alJd l)(lvJ f"i:i'; bad ymrlcU1 ir.

1'1":1 ,~ir:r:_ SIll'! tmllJ'::'.!h .a rhild dt11ri'1g the ,~:ull year::; of glt~tr'~ ~t6:'l1e lIe. 1'''!!'r".:J whorl !:hc b,,:~.1 '\:1\~ WJIIIS'::; v:J!pc~ she: sllare·j 1-\,]"

s~r(1r.s 0pp~PCJ]~ nf ~h,~ N.1zi ;n~VCP1C'1t !Jl't .'h,o !1;;~~ ~o gil I:~ :"dwoi, :rnd th[':!",I]I~ he! ;'C' C'r>'f'nl alkgi:d'lt:1': tc 'he F;r~.r~ '1.d g:'vf" tht l-ir':ler S:l;ute: .l.a"y tJiIH:5 ,~"c;, c1aY---(II; m~di:lg !tcr::ilf.:SiTHi:es. '11 !.i,e Gcginr.;ng Gj: c~,d:, da';:· iJl grtet:r,g: the rC~Jchc~:", J'Gr SOIT'C r;me :;lv~

m~n::dl:; I::lej ;0 '..'LSS he! f;oSerc" Sh ... l:Ja:llt:;'L1~d tr. hcrs-,lf tLat tb~ O,]il~ ,m': '''.:Iok :,;d 110; l:OU[.l: !)(;j',:u::t: ;;lJc 'Iid Dot Inea,\ '1,1,:"111. flo.! ;..i:

~hc did w~3t her SJ;'~~Y r::'1illrfG, :'h" I()Jll.c'i! r.tTy:lf, ~mJ it b-::~;:;'.{' "v:::;;-f,J"::i'(;': -itITfl:1Tl~-h5- r.13:ii ~~i:-i-h :'~~s:,::1 :(f,spe5r J:~) :-:;-~f; I !-lCee;i;' r p:'~ -;:' ~:~-;Tl~:;;l::-~l---'----- r~~-~-'r:~=-; ~...,.., ~(1-:;--;f- .. ----'-P'-·~l~" ",,'; P"~ ~,L, .. ,S.", .,f'al,y, ......... fl'lr.fL ... L ,I.} w n " "H' e1V. Iil ,~_ ..

'"~-'1 . 'I ". '1 1 '1 1 l ' iT:tr:.ia rtS'~I'Vd:C11 <l:!![ SWI.re "I{egl;..rJ<re :lIlU sa utter: .l~.::: :."1 )Cl,y

r!~s~.

SCr.l~ ::J:cccr O~);e,~) sa~ tL;::t tiUl": '<Il:::i~ k:::c-rr:Jv aW,l:t H:at '1 ,./"'~""" .. ~= "_""O"""'="----""--... -.c;;-=--"",.-""':-= -:~-~'---:"--:"<:>!!;''''"----' ... -~ ....... ,' ,.

sJ'~te"'1l r:[~areG\ U'1~n'lJ1'l!t,f'a~!G C"t.!",::rs 'nro;p t!1~lr 1'3~::hEI ~:;W;, ~h.'1t " 1 1 _. -1 . '~::-- ~,--:-_-:- '-" - -:-__ - -:c- .. ----~'"' ,,-,,- ",. - ~, ,_ _. '\I

.1: be Dad. t! t,e~w:;;Gc ,(!lj:JI .:nr:.\rl.:LWH ,1:1.1 ~(':I'-pr:~:·:th(;~tIO., ti'~ ~:(le

,)£ ~il~m th;\t Vn:lkD ~o bTI'.(J.uld J.!-/C) 1~I\;:;jJy Ir,rir- ,);Jr .JV'::~ pdnclpks

im S:l~ety'; ~ak .. :) i;:C( \,,,it;l a~e ~'V~te:n, Fer eA:lm?:e, ~r!£CI~

l::ft ';ur,,;.r;f ;J' '9;1,' tl'~ :hcn/r'lJF':] P;'lll 'fiil:!"b t:v)ughi if' l,;~ <)Ii·

'iciaus If'IJ1<1 dlc:d h(. 'AGPlc' rJ~'lf;f l.ja.~e h;s :?~"l~f~ v-6i:h I~A:H'::'ilC;lIl' bl~t,

a·i I,e (ejJorte.c: li):::IIY ye;,lfs ~at':!r·. d~\li IrnCOI1~(i9r]5 l:nc',"" bet!·c':," f.'l'~

I-I:;:i is why h.-: 'tt~r Gr-:rrll;]'lY if: g,l)'~ i;m.-: ~p l\r::v:: .. ~ ;I:S 'jI)~'):]"::J:(Il'S

fft);n ~v'::'1t~r4!1y [,vcrpn;,"v~~7ip~ h~s cnD~cif)~", CI);lV\~ti')T13,~:

\-V-heH (JU~ ~l}~.:'t-:'~4Y_.l'., IIUJ.h-t ~~ i:p,-",~o~~1i'C.{"""';'~'N_~...;o,iJ~.:h1~-r:i0tIS; , ' {t - ]... - , " .. y !,- ~ ~,. -,t

rlctm)lt~ )~ .. ~C(S Lil); ,,(,t.;!) til].l 11'1~: :~.):]k:]o: er IIU.· C:r'.'U::H. A''iyp.C;J,

..:r?ITlj.'lr: i3 r;'I(" 1'1~H'S ;hc;Jl1l dtrli:l;J.-:~iC"'u;'f':i'~~;'r<;~J.e::f~r":i''ri(sm. i:-x b:: d(-:::ide(~ te !Jrl)~est il~."~:1~\' agJ~mt t~l<! ,,:::Lior,s ,)~ Hl(

.2 NI'\,I Yo';,: T:IfIC8, fJece!J:i..e( 23 1'/1),

P_C1!'cr't:- (':1 U:e P::)':-'I')~q;kd .t_tf:£d ct TJ~d:bricr:is;r;. p 1

regiTr. {)r~~~'n'lg '''''P2 t ~_lf ~f)~'iC'i':PJ~ :'"T'i"'l~ "-'~C"v'erj 1,~ l~i~ Pl')rl~ 9l:11g2-

:b.fl, i.,] i~l:;; \~u:af'l 1J:r". ,,,;,IJ Ulf:;;;,J;.y V/C:\I~ ;j~)nll: v-'lijr:~: 1 ltLel 'Nidi

h,s ]F(r,tr,:'t, ;.ll't ",bet:' ;J ';.'I!PC- ~n PYlili'13 t}.c- ;er::rer h ":lr-~;I:N"(: t:1Ir:

;h! f'l,1 ;! p.:if.-.,.:Jy u;af'~, !?;t.;(..t.; 0{ fJapt,r in alL ef!I!IJope, w::l;cLhe. ,JILII

~;(akd ca~dllJ:y, N~)t co1y d:c t~!i~ lO:W dre:;:nrl tlu;: b: al:lde ~. t?p:cal "ji"'f:lllh,1 r\" p1'J', r',,' lJi .. i".oti.::i.-;rl <'n.'-:l-ct:: PTa.Je ;)inl Nt (:n'Flayrc' H; 1:('H;.cio(,:, ;J()trdi,))l-l, :)1]( his )ht::Jf.l rtJs.) )t..';c31ed HI.I; irl;lll; tlrC:. }.i;

:m:::ttl' -·or S:~!t-;::O:S:::;"/f!ti:);! - - ViO:)':(~ w:n :);)! ever :lir f',YfC-tl.~,l' 3': 11i(ijr.:~1 ~!1d \n'J'Nl~ i~ \"V/J'J1d 1P ~'Ii) C"}.i';e:. 'Il\jl) fll'f'~;rler :tf

l;i,~,',1 (:,''':.l ir. hi~ S;ttp hc.w (It-;~,t(lldiv~ "loCt. if:)11:1 ,))ofi.:,s a ,;~ay ;~c:;:it-i fcr;:.::~ one I.e. r~~o!v,~ :·hcrr. a[~ ~o ,):le's S.~f-:fs~e::~ I k

rld5r~;t ~el~ ':erv lw;:d in ~l:~ (~rt..J:n tb::t !I': :b::·t:cl 'C bdee h'~ -< I'.: ",1

:~r)rl'J.l1:~;r.t, 3roe; (;..lec {;:<-ply ;";'},:H<1cd d,:.! ;,." :lillIlIP, :;1\ foe ':nr! flr~

:~:~t 1>;'11 fee:ing dcka t~,i::; rod .11~cG!~ra?.::.:'I \/,j t:.1 bi [,lidf

Lrler S~l:lflict :.1:1:1:1 ;::\'b;:; ~he tld~;: ;:abt~"as::'(p':ri;:l:':l )'( & J .,'

]1(111:' (-:;':11 OJ os, ~.II(( \bh ,:It));i;d f'l.]m) llJl;:l)n5':;('I'~· fxpr'::-·i~.ir}q i,l' ry)~n~' "f t],fjr 0re1rp"~j f)Y1~ of '?'YVCP f'l,1~,1 ~frve t') ~Fn~~:-:\f"f'. :)rt0,:rly

ai;u H;l~LI L;'ll'c ;,. !Ji,wLl,,, .. ,,, .. "':11) ,.wll<:d a ;:.ct0cf (:)eam~d n'dt

SocS~.:b Vi;:::; ;::;::-,;q:: a -,';s;t ~hcrc. "::;t;;r;cir;;s: ;n font of a!l ~hc YIO:1:

'e~~, I ~"d t9 ral~e 'Tl~' 'Jr'Tl iT) tl:-e ''''2zi ~2b!e. ~t bDk 'TIe hI- af' ~C'l'r

t«) tt:t ]!l1 ~rl'!I, rip, i~H:'~"~ ~)1 iq(;lL , , , 0'ler~ J ~'Ot},j irl Il(~ o\Vn (acb)'I)',

Jlir. rd;~L(-:, !);l:(,liLJ i;~;j; i.l n,L J!I;J~l .,; iIl,v OWl! Wd.l:US, j.llJ ~(, I s!:ood 1.:::1!::11 -.vcke u;::.',a

In ~~s d~e2.~ ~hlS T~r.t j~~?~r cFpo:ec. t~ N1~~i5~, 'INas 1~1~i~g \Vjt~l H !')r'p~1~eD! :.t_~S(t n':(-Hp~ed ~-~;,o.; C(1)~(:;f)U~ Ioi'il,f~ ~hcllild ~1e .. (II

_ wuu~i:. ~h.':~ ~0d..ilJi('lj-j:,3{. iJi~ cvn'vi~li01.-15 ill viJ~r ~(j rc~aifJ. hi., £cl~~Ul)? ( 11. th"~ ,."'.,... c~~l" .;.",~ :r: t ... ~ '-""er -~r-l'",,<, r~'ucl'no- t" "'\'" .L e £,L.. .....~ ........ , ....... _, ....... .I. .. l".; .1.. ...I;':" ............... ,. ........ h ..... _H.... ~... .... 6 oJ,.," \,... Ul:

sq;l're ';irj '10~ Yf't f'f'rj'l'13f''' ~ ~~"~(lP'~ ];.~, 0'11~' his liw,:li-;1')01, ;, The • r " 1·' I' 1'. ' .. ' '.. .'. "1' t . t 1" (!leJl,lt ft}lt"!f·dJfg.(I(.WCl ~1t8, !H:"It ~~r;l·hl(I)1 W('tL(1 1(-:, rldl,(ll,t ~ ,It w}t~

DJj~ J:1!y \-::th t!1.: g;.:;~tc5~ ::cLj:~c.ucc. 'l'ne. r:l..l.n i !: ir:.r:.cr J:12:-1~cl

strl]ggl~ 2POl1t wh"t ro do Vi"!; I.'+!~!l U!5~19! ."TId r.emp(,[g1 eypressiop 1') h'~ JOCl;; ,'nd C'iilicult p~IJ~i-:::1~ s~rq;t;I:; tc J~i'e h; nUl H~ «I',le do hi!· io h;s ,/.«','1 w:;y ,fr;.y~;(owly} DN~ i; t'lCrl;liHrhaL -In ';1O'llf \0

CC'l'].j,,(,

!int ');:l;~~ ~be f;;t,~~uI d~ci;s;on '.\aST1:.dc, r.e V'r'.: 'II})' he .. teed i [' '1 ir .Jr·:t:T' V'; t;l 'V~

,rIOl fJL-ieJ ontil lie: ;1 <,\I"k:1o,

------.------------------------------------------~--~--------

3 ~;11LH! ~h·fJ dita{h~ ;:SII~ J.!lan), ~I:.nH(h· 0.l1~::', !l.l~~lnd;h~ t:j'),;iC ,_LS,~'lt;S\~d at t:1\! {,oJ

(-f tl1 l 5 ('-~$"i!'t ~Hf'. -r:~r(\r-red ~n )i~r--:p--lr, Qt'. u[

35

rks on the Psycho Totalitirrianism

The dream was even more explicit about what went on as far as this man's moral existence was concerned. The man said that in his dream the struggle to lift his arm "broke my ,backbone" (brach mir das Ruck rat). In German as in En !ish to have a stron backbone is

expression for s the dream re uld break his hat to him. It

ions, and actin dreamer knew

kbone, and th Is who forced

u e w a forced himsel to sa ute III order 'not to give open expres-sion to his conflict with the regime. The fact that the regime was able to force people to do this to themselves shows how devastatingly effective the system was.

Since our dreams give form to what goes on in our minds, one culate what h' t have been .

eep down not k unconscious de force him to a convictions. Ha

ould live up to convictions, h hat he, with th evoted workers,

bels out of the factory. Or he might have dreamed that he refused to give the salute, and proudly walked out, to the admiration of his

workers. The dreams of those who actively fought the system and who were

not beset by inner cOIiflicts about doing so were very different. They ree of anxiety, s med about bein y the gestapo, ar which had other dreams, were successfu None dreame rced themselves

suppressing the) ns. What was true for the Hitler salute was of course true for an other

features of the Nazi regime. The inescapable power of the~n

totalitarian_':~<:'f!.1_!~~~_~~<:!!iJi"!i}~ abili~~each into ,ev!:fl the ~~nute and private life activities of the indiv_~~~~~L~L~~~!I~.,.,~f th .. -meaia and otn 'T()(1ern 'fechno] . 1 .

~ample-com'es ence'"orthe~y~ before: one d er class were a

the population. self would agai ewell-being 0 her family, an

seemed mnocuolls enough. But whIle taking the census, the gul sud-denly found herself confronted with the task of asking for the details

98

Re ks he sycho gical ppeal To a Itarianlsm 323

the eo Jew fa y, re ed t t e J ha h s a representative of the regime and she resented this, and them, Then

e r zed at s r ntm t 0 he ws s w t t e regIme wanted her to feel and thus she also reali ed th p r th reg' e doh 0 e fe wha she I no want to eel. IS

realization made her des ise h rself Th irl I 0 h d h self ding th progr m agamst e Jews through t e census, CertaInly,

she h t d th reg' e th for d h 'nto is dic ent but e cnde up a' ng erse even more, And whIle her hatred of the

gim as' pot ,th ad' g to er f ng t s was po t -a fee ing destructIve to one s mtegration-her hatred of herself for

hat e w do' w pot ,a ad on duct' to self-respect.

Th s th tota' aria egi fin al t d Y t s w h h

subjEct ~t-p~~luLQl'llL.destr.u.clioIL~PPnnirI ts. of t! m, .!.I1 Ifill' -1h ~ UW ~ rt 0 ~ Wi d

themselves, They soon find themselves insevere inner conflicts about

h;t to t i ine th eir nvic ns d r th~ isE nj

vo1Ved, ~ playrt saTe" andled like a~wa;r andbetr~[gL~-Qs .• eri d v es, hil he im an sily oun de te i .•

h:i'hed of it, they suffer'seriously from this conflict between their overt eha r an the ecr alu thu he 1m de ucti to If

inner integration and-since they act against their convictions-their If-r ect If-r ect db g 1 in rat I it st b tre d,

are the only psyChological buttresses which can prop us up and give th ren h to ep ng a w d w h t ate us 11 h es

with destruction, I mas nst es, e oppone of e sy em oul not nd

respite even within the womb of his o~~ Q.nl ery rei d'd

n e re ily nsi of n-Na~ ildreg"ln parti~1!~~~ere susce tible to the indoct 'Ila.t' .in hon' "'"'he. H'tle ui; r~2.

ODS, k. d th X we.r~£QaXe m.s.p.y-up(jn-l:.heu:-.p:u:ellts.,.;u]IL[~l:1QJJ the~ t th uth itie No an hild n d' Bu ho chil n w~e paren s-;ereanh-Nazi were projected into a dIfficult conflict bou he r to tr to t 'f P nts to eir iga' n t e

state, which had mdoctnnated them with the Idea that it was their uty de unc dis] 1 pIe. ch nfl· of yal' te a

child apart, and he hates those who project him into such a psycho-gic mp e.

)ll lLzfllaT.~S ct: :hz P.,)'cnni'og:c.1.' At.P,z,d of TD~d:t.rint<i&7fl

J·~.·'/;le di'c.a:-r: ·iI"/2,S r"yt:,1 r:-,:):c ot':::d \VIeI,I' or:: :1'i hI( :'5

thi: r.l,U'~, T')f'l;p;..:i3~U'Ci' \Vi'S r:n;).ecrr;c6 .. The fiJI> ;;~j6 f:l!,: b (:relTl Ile ~hlwFlr. tc !i~~ f,i" ;')[.10: "lxcke iHV 1/;:.d:bo:1~";':).;,,·.,J n:r (;'C5 }~iiCkerJn.'ij C p rm'ln;2':;;n Lngli.<h, ~G~J-"'::? ~tr(lng b.ckcCHS :l sym;),):k ex;:>::e~:;i0n i." blvb;~ cCJ,vj,:::icf's, af'C J"tiil[i in 'ine them. ·l"r.u~ nil' d.czo :nea:l.d that Ih dr<!~)r,e:r ~:r.ev.' th3t t.inlcf+ \~f'L;ld brca"1( ~1'~ G.wn :;r;cra( hu:l~bonc, and Tj.;:t l:C

cc,:ld Ib~ to hin •. It 'vas not 'C:ud.llJds '.V~~ ~(;lCL':: l+n t')

'1 lll'!ui

t"JI !IC V'!Hl fj'Hed~l:n:c!f t.) ~"';'l!e 1:-, q,.lt".,.,; te gh'e '~{:JJ:~:'

,;iC,L l~n ~-i;} c~n!1~c~ 'J1'-~~·1 ths ;Cf.:iiliC. 1 r tie f6Ct th;.;t t-()F. r~,;~~:r;),:! lva,:j ~bll-~ to' f,-li"CL llt"C?~e to ..],} i~l!S t'J !:h~~\rISe~ves S!l0'o"l'S 1h),¥\> QeV~5 ~~~ tL .~;} cf.cct;VIe ;:;l:! ~ptcr~1 '",'''''.

t:iLce r)J[ Qf":;}!;)" f:.i-I''= ;Nfn rG v.'~a~ goes 0'1 ;n .)J( If.i'l·:h, Cr.C ill;~~t S;J~\.~\.ltl;~L \(\lh:'l/' h~s ~re~hl1 T.1gbt have "bef,t) ;ilc l.a~ rr;~

::!:::::.j.r! dec? dr,·l::J III) kncv!:1 tbt n,te ur:cr:r:.S~.:(;H'; (~.~~::-e ~n J:I"y il ~afp ;;,'.:lJ:G fprce H.TI 1.0 .l'~r ~gq;mt !l;s '~"Pl'f'(+nw;. that'!'! 'YuU;(: I;'V;~ 'n'~o li;s ';0.1~r:i'Jus .. :.,),1

nf" l1t"1;c:~·cG l"'L 14'i:~1Ji~ ~f1vf'

drcno)",j d;a~:: h:, ·~ri;~h ihc ~e~p cf ;l;~ de'r)~:ed \'/,),ke,':" ~be·.~· (....;,),,:) .. b'e;~ ,)011: Gf '~l-= far;rGry. 0" he might 1-.<1.'.1'" dr-:iUT'I'"G ti.a t h~ r~;"~(G to tiv<! the ~<Jlli;·t: ;]"d Fi:), .. ;l;> 'V;..li:e::! o'.!.t, to t:l=: :![Ll;Hlt:(,h lit hi5

W')'."':l":fS

(;,e tllfa:1:s of tr.c.se ''':~~ ::::ti':dy tl~e ~y~tt.r,J r.nd v'tI') W':i.{.

nor tE.3(!'~ by i1"l~)'[~r ~\!~i,Hict"~ ~"i,'l11r GGi~g ~{l ~l,v~"',re ~JC~} c:"jfff"r~11t "ll~cy

yotrie r.e~ f,t:~ d ;.In!i'::Y, 5j,1';~ S,)Ole cre3;LU: ahc,d b:ln~ <-aught ~GI~'lr~(i "'1-1 fhe i~,·:~'ta?(), a ;;-c~Est;(· fel;~"h~':1 1.,\11 2:1~Crc::! Hie!, J'lfti~IS, b (it:1'::. J':r.<'ms, L(,\/,!'.lt:r, tl-'ey ,.,{.r.:: ~L('ce~~':'I~ in

~bc !,h.,;s. l'!on~ ctr<!ol'N'C: that :JII) forced tr.cr.He:vr;'. \0 O~)~;" a,t; F;W;;r.y ~) .. S\lrr:r('s~i;).; lheir·)wp ·:n;l/,ct;om

'V:I:I; w,Jd .... '; tcr tte;~~lde[ nlnte 'vas d L0<lfSA ~n~t::ul

:'cc;t!Jf'::' d t!1c :'.):::,; !<:";m,e:. '!'~!:: ;!'(~SC'l~::::J!C f\'lA1er .,:' the ..:; ___ • ___ ..=c-,~' ",_. ___ - ........ - ...

tn!'-~ !:~~<::~~,~;: ~ ~y~ rFm fe.i ~5 --IT5 J tJ~ ~ ~i~ ~,~' rlHI~,t rri:Jott d ... 1 pr:':~te ;ii.t. .:t.::;:i\'iti".~

ot}er

~~~5 :r:~Gl,"r;. J?P l)til ::!,;<' __ -,t:s~p~e~:';?;~ c:;_"-:;i;!ojcr~ j'>:l~;~i;<!~" ';~2i;;;je-'s0~iJ'~s -':~~·~';iE{···e(:;';r:Tenc~~ort:;.'. y~;;'~g'~rh~;;~ii~1 'T'.,~nti~);1,~J ~)ef,)re: cnc i:2'yrlW: gi:;l; i::l :'1<:" d,,~s w:!rc c!,l!.ed ;:n t",i:'! ::: ,-~\':HEl.'£ 'J~ GlL Popul?tion T·ce.{,:\;('C' hel~d: v/ou;u 'lg?b hJ~.'c r.ltc;;m r

~o rl,J: .be ·.n:l~"bC'i'lg ofher:eE ;,iii'.} ~-e:: ~r.miIy, ai," tl'e r'.':'lue,,;~·

S'~"!'LU' j.Plfll·l'rHlS CIlOU;;;1 l;"l wbJc l·a;':;,.!;: ';1<: eC:1:;u~, ,},( gil 1 ~t:!.~." (:u,ly ICI'nu ~l.:;,s..;~f {'')ntr.)[.t,~,l w:r} t .... jF; ta3~~ Gf J,k;l1~ b' t!1e dd~,i;s

J{e';lJ:ks Pro ~h,. E<yti.dngi,:d ."1p,:)ot';; J: T()toiitlrri,;roilTl P3

;j. ~hE ;i~t o~ a Ttw:S!1 ):~'r'l;Jy. Sl'f":T~I;:;:u: t!:td H;csertcW~ iUdr:,J hr., c,; a J.'ep~"cserJt,]~v~~, oi' r~_c r~~~fTl~J d.l"lD ':;!j.2 r~.J~nt,:!d t}1i:;~ d~1J T}lcm r!-'!1~,l

cb icd;Zf[' t:11': !},i:; lese,j,)[,er:i of ;be Je'.v5 was \';'l:~t r.'1e L~';~D::

\,I?ntpn h~;r t,) ie.:::, 'lr;;l ~h:J~ s11E a!so (f';f.lliz::d !:he pOlA1rr I'hr: ~q~i",~

l;"dJV~:- },er ~t) make :l'::i ted 'N'l~'~ sL.~ {t;c ,)'Jt ".,aM 'TI feel. This rt::al:z:::~i'i;l .i!;..de j'r:f J:::sFise !1er5i:l~. 'Ile ::i:~ "he h2t~(:. h~:-;,~::: ~~r

"id:ne in ,:hc ;:lop-am ;>!;:?i;13t tk~ JeVJ~ (h;cu:gh ~b: (CpSl) ~tcrt.l;I']y.

;,1.(': ha;<![: t~e fl!l;reh~ thdt fcr..::.::C h.:. ia::u t~is ?:ref~kdiljtcn"-"""l': $~·e, ~:16~::l P.p h-lktg ltfr::r!t r:V!":D )i. (.r:::. l\lH~ '.d:i;r-: her bd r~:l .] f ~he re,~;m~ \\,'S ira:?·)tcH~, l+,l'S :HJrl;P~::u i>n Jee~;ne; t~l<1.t s~e w;>:; jTT'PO .. ('r;!

-:;. ftt):r'5 d~"':HH:t:'!e ~'-' cec', j~1~e,5Iat:(.n - l·e r .:1IJI:O Qr 1.e Ise;(:01

\'\i~:::~ 1.f,f" "',:5 doinl:~ "V;H potu·!, [:wl ~(ld:.h'war:y des;Jt:etjv~ tc he.

~,E li-r.~:i'~1~~~.

7:.1~~"~C b~nli,:C'f~;,n re~;rre .lnc's 1~L;10~t ':!,];Ij' ':'fKs wl+::I~;"wh

~. L' C J.ec~t 'f!i;~§~GitiEl;m3:-iE£Ji'i.\~~~r:I~\:i;t:sJ:uco(.i.==;yr;~:j --mc~r~£l: t, c f t r.(:_2I~:~~:~~c .. Il .. J~1(t~1: J.~U2:~Lt; r~(Hir e.Lv~;!l.;;.5~?..rt put ;, 'l t;I.~ an~ t'h':,ilsdves. T1.ey ~U0'1 l~nJ !.1~eI""Jjdv·2'" b ~e'.r~rt;lI~e;· C0r,r.j~':~ ,l))ut

• '-1.- ",~,-." ... ; ......... j ..... - - -.'"L -L--' - - _ ........ -.~ ..... ~.~ ... ~ - -... I' J

V/ ~ '~~ ... ~~~.:~.! ... ~.~ ... ~~~ :~~!~~l! .. ~~:I'" I';::~ D ii'. ~: ~-:~ .. .!"I_'. ~ .. _!.:~ r:~_(.: .. t. V;~lHe,l .. f>~,t"lY it ~aI.:; :m.n;cd ;;-I(,~ .. ceNig ~L!:'!4J;~L~!,~. ;q.s~ hr.' ,.l '·~.--:--':~--;-I ::-;:J.' .--~.:; .. :: ... ---: 0;;" 11"'01,' .. :' "':j -'; ,

C .• ISde:.r .. }, JeJ ... ~I L ._ 1'-: rej..,I[OL .c.3n '".·'~"1 1l~:J( L.I. \It.SPHt t leJ~ ~_ ..... '>it> "" "'«"""""'~_''''''-'~

::·l']~lCri i~ .. ~L~)' .JutT~r s~ri0~'j~y ~n::-,p".1 '-Pl(j cnn,l;ct. ~l';!TV/!~C;} t+lei~- tlV'~~r

heb'i::U &wl t;ler :H.re:: V3jUt:!,; Hn:s n.t ':eg;'iJe :5 l1.:~tr'1-::~ve tc ::I:e;,

;rn~" .i;:1~cf.:r:Jk;r. ';m~~si~lr:P they 'let JgJiv:t ~hl:ir ccnl:i-:+cn;--Ir.ei; s~;f .. r::pect Sejt"~tSpe0( arc~ bein~ vrdi i:1h:g~~~u; it nn~s( Le 5~lcscer:', ar2 ~~1"; {l'l~y ~~!,('J~o1ogj(~~1 !J~'JT~3~f·S whi~~!1 ~qlJ -;)I"or n~,: t:F. Hnd t~jve '.15 t},(' 5tr'~'ls~:'1 h hCfT g')'Iq: In 2,··H,'r'c '~'llich tiU.!CI ','p. I.L '1 t ,,1! h Pl';~ w:tIJ (jts;:n,et:ll!t

If. r;;ws r ins::?nr:cs, ~b· ('iJ'::'fl:'r:;)~ OJ' the- ~ys~~:a' C}'JJ~ ;nt f:;'ld

re5'-)i~e 'Cv~t1 \v~tl~i{J ~1:e V:Ulot ~( l~is C\lI~J~rl<rJ~-i~!~ll~' ver .. ' r~1{~ly e:'J ;..c ·;~<1t;r·~ ~r:rr:i;y CGPs~t)f 1l;)l.N'-\~ '':::hik;;cd)\. l'~:rt':(t';l~ V"e(c:

~,'" _" __ . . _ l_"-"'~='!l!!'~'------:----"'--,"':-:.-,' ""=~'~'": ~u:c ~+ d hk t') Lr. ~'J9.;;,~ .• J'a <lJ...u.u. l.'l-!,.(. .•. l.C,("J ".".::'1 •.. d ,tJ ":.1 __ ~.J'l t~:' . ..Jl)!,'d.r.l7,'l· -

·i~~.~set';~\;~;-~'J<!V 'v{'r~ CO 'x.:c.J.o pn" j'J w;) ,"t.i~ f "r.mt' em! 1 encc - J '~.!.---,~..:.,~~J_--_""-:':'~"i='_";"';';;;;"~_~....i1 ,'!oi ',-·'--'~-·"f'·" r_t..rJ, .Ie- =, __ 1-,' ,",. _d., ,",_~I_" .<-' '~"f"~-".

TJ 6,c aUT1:m;ric~. !'Jct 'I.r:r;,y cbi;(;ro, (b:!.rjuI IhO'r eJU!(;,1:11

w'J('I~=-r':r~'1r5 -~,""re :l:,~~;"N:,zi wt'l~ 1-M,w~~eJ:ptc .J JJ6cill~ ('C'r.f:i.~. :::J,OIl~ w~Hther tJ ;)t! t::uc to j tt:il par::::l~:!:, (ll t) il,e!: :::t!;I).tioll 1 e ~l,e ~tJ· vh;cL La~ lnr'l0cTr;;:1J~!"n rh.em w;ll.~h· i.}~1 Il.;.! It \'I;;S t;j:;:1

Juty to J.~'1rHln(e d.~JV,rd:' FeGpj·: St'ct cml:h't< ~l': luy,.'U.!" ted; ;;

clile: J!':j~t.. ;oed lor J:at~: nlO~::: ",;n !)~o;(.d 'l'ilr.':T':O such :1 );yc[.(,·

;(I~iG'1 iql]l~~se

36

in fnos! cd:iLS t:h! ';!lilc ::r:cd l'p 1>atJng tn~ 1J!lla;Cal \i.;\,'s dec rnl'pt-ir 1].11 the paLe.l~ :l:r.~S~~f. - 'STC'! thl'sp. t:re'lletl such pC0U..:;.lJ b· !1'P1 fllp. palelh, ur, J.e d~.:;r~rrd, h0'VHl~ t;l<! p(tS~LrLS ,-x

er~d CD }+ r:fti'(1, G;jli, tu (1 y tu h:Ge b:: ~r"lf' 0[lh·o'1< {fI)ln ltia!, r.0~ jJ~t b yc'e 'l0r '0 he betIJ.v't;d 0Ut i.l crcer to kf'ep H,,: troT]) ~Jf:C<hJli.l~ e:[cr':d~rt·y rli4c1l.t £0' dlL d.i:d. Thu:; e'!(T '1(11'11': a'1" fal111ly c..re.l,1i ::10 r'+ef £r(,P1 (1i~SlrIlLIlaliuI'; c.,n.'! L:d ~c -:nr.h'l''': it eVr.!I

W:t1.i.l '):1::'~ :cu": W1*, '!vel1 i'l 1)11t;'~ hlv:,t h,t:U.:t~ f:-ndy ]·Y;PE. Th..: d:f5cdtirs 2D C'FP0'1P[lt of t;lt i(~;r.IL ~cu::d l:in~e't In "'1~P

Iii; '::;I;;t:r":l. e.:t'::::ldcC' 'c'm T'!hrirlilS witil hh ~r.aj~al prt'1p.r '1<)n

lho,( ",,;t:l all c6:::r ·e'C'tlv,,:~ !I[le. rneod: •. C\ea "l.tn ht:~':J1n(t 1<)(1.

WIfe w,::.( Lc..t:1 i.l O??Of1PCP '0 rbeNazl SlalL, g:,":;1 t~ci~ j'frere'l~ life eJ(utr;ed-:U anJ s:t:J:tC'I? 1':1 s'Jr:i'!ry <:;'C~l (jb;tc~eJ I.IJ~~ t:l 50n~

r?frif~lllar {calu,€. uf tn.! s~'stco, whi'e :'1~Vl[lg )n<!Jt; ;1;5 Gt h.'!: ;JC::::::: 'v'tn wany O(!Jei~. ThJ~ J.el weu'i' ,A.i~;--g·ee ...,jrb <:;.61 o~J.t': ,').1 'I.l-.a~

~a cFP,),ce <me; ;lIlW wl.;,t tJ J.::cq~. a·d. '11'1>1' Tich if wa~ i.edw.ldLk: to h1".:f'.~·'hc r(lbb<!ll d.{.fi, o~ llJLC~ d t'1~ ~'lrFOtr rhev cuuld 1.:-",.; bi'/cn t"'l,:h n~b~r. O'lrl .hey o,:w ;,b!€. l.) a6~e~

Th:: CO'1"J'1r:l'd '\'a'I;)$ Wtf..:· iii <..::..:cd cr: '1:'1 j"S'l'!S' bm WaS "

~t.O.lti a:i-:Et'c'l'll'1(\PO Wf}IC;l I.id ~l.e fa.T.i!ics d h)'}0"{pr~ 0': t;lc !'yJt..:~n Djre f':rt'rd:, tneeTPer OtJ}Jur,e.l~S. ~c~h~ eJ"l'i:'T'J 'V"!f'! flor ud:, b..ltt~iq; ~1:e fy~t,,:m 'JIlT :.tl$(J fi,GCL 0:t":l. thr: :wt "{pr": in ois-aflctn.tnt YJi:1: e11'P ')t1>er-if 11m ;h pli.l..:i?!e, t~cr ')'1 hC"\" tn jJlo':l.eJ. ':'IKr.:: -.ne d'Y'l:'s t'l" "fIxIng I'fuUI.:: •• l c.,f h.:>.v en:: c')nH r,,:~'s,: 'JI"tilllht WJ,ll'be.i:1t; ::1Jt nrl~' ':r'1f'Sf!:'~ blh d~;(; J.e l.'!~t cf t~c 'C'mily ?PO The (;ec}JI y' peL tJ.l:.ing-p_·es'if'I' ')r 'V'ld ;lel uta€. llud~r..'! r;gh~ t() [ll',t rb'! freeduli1 ~l.t !i\e!i!l.Jcc, t'v" 'If':T'.' ('X)Sle'ld; oJ( JIlI..'$ :n;}j~:ll

?:'r'per 1'1(1 Ollr.' S d.i:Gc..:r. ;r. ~eJP[d;' ':Jf'('a'l~e of (Inc s po:i~i..:a: ;};)d

Io:d -:(1rv;('t'0'1~. S:l+ 1I't,,:rf?f'1lh::1i ~)Lll;t;cd~ 0}Jyc31ti::l:l l.o:rt It~e'f 'Vrl, I(J die ..:1.-

~e.rr..di3:'t·cn "1'(1 T~boo<lI;:l.aliv'l ol a!l b~CIfaTih;--r CO'lri.crS W~I;':::I

JLi[;i:1d~y h-l w)'pi'le TO (;0 WitIl ~vl:t:c.s, n:t '15 th0fe be'l"~e'l illaci-

~:;1 p.bcc, '''l't ;--1<(' rpo~t' ;Jdwe':h p.lle:1~S a~d rpji dr t'[1 and sa,-~i.if.s. Fa: cX1mple t'1'! ",il:~ 0;: a tilJ. l'p-:e:nn~rt 'Jtfit:'3" was ~t"Gr.g:y ..ll;t-~'h::i Pet pl'sn~Dd a VU) d..:cen~ err, cir' por hke .r,a,}>, ~l.i.lf.S L~ FC3·t:')'1 if' 'pe rf!~iH\e {ur,::cG l.i.n t.'J dJ H1Jt h pad tn do d.Cll., tu K..;t~ b: ?0S',t'C'I' iiis 'Vltf': l~ulil~ dllG JiJ s~ay l::rre I'1"5,

f)T dlc ,i.T.e .. r.e .::cdd, tor e,{~f'1:>k In ci,ia "<II ::'Vji::I ~i'lrn~ t'1~

f)n[lOXIOUS Ili~I..:~ ~dLt:! cr rarhcir~tm~ i.1 :.r.y (,f lh.'! i::J:::1I,T1Ff1h k

99

offici whic ence

Remarks on the Psychological Appeal of Totalitarianism 32 5 " ,

functions-the had to a ttend, a

ecome identic d to pretend a

N mily really wan d to relinquish posit family sink into Then there wa real possibility that if he made his reservations known-such as ,by resigning his position-the entire family would be ostracized, a'nd some members might suffer persecution, So while enjoying, or at least making use of, the comforts of living which her husband's overt com-plianc 'th th Nazis secured for he d th rest of the famil -inclu g to go out and , which enable to c in line with h wife was still criti tal d

nd for not livi d into the conA

and Wife aVOIded each other studiously,

nvictions, Old ed it, until hus

Resentment at being criticized and shunne"d by his wife set this man against her anti-Nazi position. Fear that her position might be-come known and endanger them all provided additional reason for objecting to her attitude and behavior, which isolated the family,

mak official life gues very diffi Loa home for a m wi th official p in 0 in his position ng considerabl prov world for what acceptance a syste , this man slow ave up many a inner reservations about the system, since these created such hard-ships at home and at work, By finally making his peace with the regime, uneasy as it remained, he at last could be as loyal to his values

as his wife was to hers, something she had urged him to be all along. He then could stop feeling inferior to his wife who acted" in ac-

cord values; he co morally superi her ted so long to h lthough she rej his he nevertheless hat he did.

oak sides with er parent. TIle had g vinced NaZIS, nversion the f who had been rejected by wife and daughter, began to enjoy the full support of his sons; then he was no longer isolated in his family. The sons did not like their mother's attitude but had come to pay no attention to her, whom they viewed as odd, uninformed, and old-fash' d A hild, the daught h d tr gly sided with her

r::'j: Ii.e(1;r.;ks on the Pej';haiosic!J( ,1ppe,-J oj' T t)f,ih'ta,-i,ml~m

in ino~' L:rt~f;S !}:c ddJd ~l1de.i klti,Jg Fc.1i~;c:;! Yil"~vS tilr: pa:rll,t-,<,~<,~f r:;G( tbi~ pi1r~ni: t.1~ln:1cjf«--«-,;ji:-J~'.: ih~·I~'':' C;'Cfltcd S;]~h proh!i~'TJl.s lei ~ir.~. 'The prJred, on the Dtbcr hand. hwwicg ~hc pres~~j~e:; lX

crt-::::i nn hi" (bk:. h:.d t·) :ry rOIl;I!'; hi,; lwe :'p;rl;';n.~ ;rom him, n·:->r i'iSI: ii', 01'.:1(;[ Hot [(, l.,c bc!r'i~lecl, "Jut if, I:Wi"i io keep ;i[e,'iO~I! l)('t:~jm'

ir:S :!X:dJ!t1.nfij' Jii5:::,11t tor (he udd. Tbus c'/t'rI }w:-"~ :lllt1 ~;m:i1y

offt';-Id no rdi'lf hom d;~simt:i3tjrn1; G"1e l-;::;d to;:;o .... tirm;> it (Ve!1

'Y}ithin ~J!]ets !'ou~' \-\r~J'-~is; et'~!l in o~'J\:'s fi.l1)St :lHthrl:~[~ f21'!111t !'i,'il~tF5_'

'l'hf: dH{lCult:!::~ an Upp0'1~nt at ~h(: i!:r=:i~t::: ':~m\1d h1F1'i(';;r in whh j;;~ tl<ldr,~r. f!xt.~l~dcrl in 1,\!' re1.>t;ol;~ -.. ,ith his m:ni~al part:ner, tl.'jse"v~!:h "'),! eaje( reld~! .. es C!I;O if!tnd~. EVI,;:'j\1;hcI, hU2Dand

wift: woe ~J0th l_r: 0F~:llSit;!J~J iO; l'beNn! state, gi'!,~n then diffci{;\1\: e:rpe!":;_Pi'\~CS ano ~lbJt'::t;r:lr!, 'i~, 'Socl.,~~ty6 cr.ch cpi~ci_~i! n',J~t ro ~01~[!

p;~diCi:br fea(oJfe or tile iiyste.:., ,'tbilt;, h:!viHg n,ade hi!. cor .(Iet pea,,!,; - .

'''''ith maul-' othee. Tom th;::y ViOI.Jd di~~IF;re{'.'iith EJCG Gibe.: on ,,"h.ar to upp\~se'", anG hO'jv~ \V~·.l:J! tG 4!C~,·~ptJ nnd '.'lj;!"Jut £!sh.s it Vld~ ieU~0f12~;'!~ 10 b;"kt; TII:;~ Iobb:ll th;;~li. Ot nmch ;!f ti:r. ~l!PpOrt r.lu,:y cOH!d i!3Vr.

.)th'~'·j\ ha1! ~r~e:y bC':'f. ah!s:. to i1i:iee. 'rle cG~i·.-1nc:Cl! Nazis ",ere· in m;c;sd Cl: ;111 buc~; tbis ViZS 2

:;tr,mg 3d']'l i,)n::lJ hnnd "hicf; r;,~d thl" bmili,bJ of foik)1>;,,::r~ .)f tr:e ~}'sr,-3,r" r~l\.)re Sl\~l.iTely" tuge~lJcr. C}~'ponf'.I·\'i.s. ~J~ "i!H': ~;out~'CiJ'y,! \A:'er..:' Dot

ei!:y baH~ir:::; the ~yst~rr;,!nt nho rc(:rc:Jttcn ttall ::lot ',v:;re i') "giterf\,~nt wirh (1!lrn ,:.ther---if r:;Cf i:1 prindple. tit!::::} en 1mw tc

}lfOC'f.d. ;'II'Je 'V.'~~ al-t.'ayf ";1e V{,Xi:lg p~('bje[i\ of how 0!11': cl.uid r':'5is~

' .... :rho\;..: p.D<:1angi;rbg not Ol'lty ~l;:l~scH but :i!SC ~he f?3l nfthe inm!!)" and t}l~ cieepl~, pA~:rb]r}ing qer~stit"i"" or 't\Jh~ti;,ef ,')nl~, nl?,j th(: rhzht v) l}llt the ;n:cdoni, i:!J~~ iive;:i~ooci, tht Vf':ry !;X);;if':C('; of mi/s I.Ilui1fil . . ,

Pd:~lnei agj Oi)e ~ (,Lildrl:H ir. ~e0p;;rJy b~'/~:lus\~ of on~1s (,nlit1crll J;:.j

:nond rof!. v!(~tir,!l:J, SHch 'f,l;,:~,rf,;Jm~ljG.l pct111cal '":,PPDs,'t1.G~ ]P;Dt ~tSf.}~ 'v~'!'; to t11i:~ ex·

'!~c!I~alizclt~OH iu.,d T~.tiO(J;;iFzai1f1n oF: all !Glcrfiin1n:~iH" co'jf!iS!5 vrJJi;\~h

~)r:grH~t~iy had ncihir~g to do 'J\'ith ·~-l;-ht~.[' .. ), ~uC:~: :dS those heb,veej~ rr:i.~1.ri

::al p;lrtncr;;, hu~ also tho;c bctV'r.:'u rare:o~~ :md ,:i:ililren, :!nd fiiblif.g~, ft'", examph:, the w;i~ lif J hil5:' gf;vcwFI';nt 'J[;r:i;;l vias ~~tr-nngh! anti· T~lf:zi I-i~t hush~ni!. :l Very dc;~"\ent :-nnnJ d i~l rUYl:

m:E',/ th':"[;~ i-Ji~ jYK-i;rkH'l i~; ::'he ~,'gif'1~ fon:ed bill' ~(1 dp. Hnt 11<::; h;\r1 io

do Ih;::1n, 1.0 keelJ b~ positioH. Hi., l'Iif(! (.,:dd nod c:id stay llOrj:'~ nW3t (~!~. lime ,1;'1d could, for ~;::Jrr:~;j,~, i:'! el!:: ,'i::'Y ~jxdd gll.'ing th~

ob!1~,e(.iGn: :t-}it1l~r ,';);'\Jte Of p:3y~j,:::jp::}nng In 'diU_y f)( khe l;)ncr~'lsf';fblC'

1~l:;t,l"r"'~~- Cr" ~hr ,I, N,e ,1,' 0: Tci1iita-f1TS'T', ;'25

nffieia.l:t:d p:rty ;l1r1':Ti0u~-t;1~ tAC havi;J,l, l:F>,~qP1F> ;(It"w1<::a!- -, Wil;ch,l'!' ht'SI)l'ld :ldJ to .. ;1e,1G, an,l 'I','here b~ ~13l1 ;'J ~)I"::;LfIC; ad:er· ~J((e b ttc :'Ft:::::r..

~h'1~ n; t~e ;?Lni:} ,r'!l'l.ll" l,/J,ltp.n rl>e :'1'1S;''lrJ;\ ;.\.1 IL1:I.QU:sh l'i~

ro~ili<l.l «I.ll kl ;:l!l! b:ri'i',' s:nl: .i::l'O I)t(t!l ,),,'Vut.J. 'Il:e,~ t~]~:e \.':,,~ ;1,,; r "' ...... FG!::si~:tty· ~h!.:t ii 11(' fl1qde ~);5 ;'::~LrvJtio;}.:; l:nql-~'fl-,-,-~;tlch "OS -t.y

r,,!!.id,jng 1:>i~ rq<i~·(Jr.-n.c u.tiu_ h'TPly \'If)'1;0 ':h!,) ;lra.::;'fc:, ';1'1'1 STll";: If'eld:)';;,,> Ihi!:id ::d~'er ?~:!'e';:::I1;(JJl' ;'tl whilt er.jT/:q:, 0:' '1': led!>1

TI11];'i:l.;;:: u~c ;J~, ~tc c0m;nrt~ (If livir.;;:: -,r:hich l:cr !1'j,,-;)llil,j\ l)v.;d :::::l:TI.

~Jli,Hlr:e \"Itp tpe ;-:;,I,-:::s.tCt,wJ fin "~r ~r1d rh ... r-~,: C£ :ll.~ lar,l']~'

:l:cit:(lirot 111)( ll""ill:~ Ie ,p 0I1~ :l:Jd ~;"e ih~ ~;:.1I1ic:, ·.\'l:i~:~l cn~h~e(~ ;1<:1

-In eJ;)tir.~c ::;ct;r;f; i·nliPt' .. "it:l :1<:: , .. duc::; tr.c wife \'1';"5 ·;·m 1,T.-:-,'

~~ .. itir:;,.l o. l>er hn<hf'11i1 (or \10:_ Ii;yhci 11pb r;5 ('('rl"i,~h(Jrls. 0:,] rrl'1r~. ~:Jl (~i~;.tleeO)U":Hls ft'c: .:nte t'J! ccrJ:ic( 3r,(; ~(ti~,,,ic-c1 il, .

'ri:rc a~()iJeJ Lacl"l r)thp;~ ~~P\.1.ij~'t.5!v. h~!~~irnil1

~ .. e:;e:1t:Ler:t :l~ 1,e--:iog(l'jki/;~,l ::nd d::mr.cc l.ybii w;{eil:1 t:t:~

ma'l .r.gaim[ her fl1[J1 ioN E: r-r-S:l ;')'1. Fe.<.:r that ner F·sif j')'l '1 dgH~')e

L('I ... o. h'(\'.v~l 'iTJ ';llJ,WgC.i ~l.U'i ·.d ;:n'J'jj'l~1 IJdili011a: Ie-aS0', ':01

ob;::d i'l~i ;" Ji";! :J t~lt:d:: ::r.d tck,vi'j", whkh :$cb~cc tl:c tam.]! mr>ki,ll~ t:l~ [,1.1.1'5 011icif'J He 1,,,;tJ, h;~ '~ll!I,>,a6'1~~ y~~'

L.:,o:cl dO·.H:)::l :1: he'i'le ;('1 >l IOEr:! f,cinf:; ~:b:,;~",;;l. (,fii,;~l

in cr·b- to >'}l'\/iv·e ;r; his ~J3iLon, vilu-l'~ r-;':r:ivin,cs ;::Gn~iGcrJ~:(· ~'P

rrqVf,! "hI ~ i L t:.1e wC'rkt ~C'r \,'h:ih HI ,D.:k.d,~J 1r:r:~p·?prf'('f t:1,~

s,Y'~krr: he 'T~'[I~'!::ec, Il,i~ J(,arl ~:(M'y bet ;:;:m::ly ;~.J \it lip H • .JfIY \if h:s ir.r::::,· ies";)V;)t;(IH~ ncc~t t!1:: ;ystC'I'. ~;roc'e lhs·e c~c::te;:! S:.1:~l har..! ~hlpS r,.t hC.[.ll~

l-tt;Cl£:. llI:eaS'( as i\ 1~ ·Y'J'I~. 1:<j' t~Hd'n.v ina:,:lIg h's Fc-a<::": wi·h

;:.~ IJ::t could be <li l'))'-l~ ell l,is HIe;

d~ ~JlS 'vife 'NfJS te ~]~J.'~r b(,r.tl~~lj~l"l,~ s~l~; b:1d lll~{;f~d Linl tG 'ue €in ~l!)ng. t!e 61r:'1 .~.}01;(( :-.!o;: i::!i::;!; ::1~CI(li) \e. h:.s \",f:! v.'ho 3C~CC if. ~,(.

C0rc1:..JICt wJt. 1.el val'l~; he c')u.kl -,~,g,. fe.eJ rpf'f:,l.;y ~ITnior tG

1''''''--:1:: :Ill~ h::d ach-;,l SI) ie,r't (I) l,inl---be:,!c~e :1:tiH,\I!:l,,:i<: l(is ;JJ!itcal view:;, ~h '1':\"~' Ihdl:~S prcf:tei! f~Drr: ",d,;,! he c:id

Tilt' rl>i;i\reT' t,.).)"( !.d::.l w:tt ope or rpe t)r;,,-~, IJ,.[,~Ilt. ;'-:l,~<qn<

h3d lUhl~ l)t.:cH cclhl.incdl.'la::.ls, s.) d.acr l.i~ "::,j~I'i~~sio~1 ~hf; ~;..l1IU,

~:d been re;e(:kd '\Nik :~ld c;:t:j::;ht:::, S::g:m 10 eojny fhe ~lJJj

';,I,~r0rt 0' i,i< ~0n<; n.C!. r.f. .•. a.s rAt) hng~r l~ohre(: i,l Ilis f~L1Jy Th~ ')(P~S Ji,] Ih)~ l;kL thei~ f~H]t!V~~-'S d~_li~'uJc bLt 'had C'8r:l':~ I~O p;-:;y uu

.l("r;n~:::n t:: ~::;:, whnm they v;"y:ed ;:~ o:U, un;, tI'([r:l,~,1 :H,(: 01:1·

fa.5:1i0Der1. ns ;J chilJ, ~~.,~ cia ng;'T'O!r ~'ld<tTt)TJ.gl? Ji.kd \"i::;1 neT'

37

Jl - -,Cl aT' 0 t' e ,n'Y '0 gi -[ A Pf: al f 'T' ot 'it rianifm'

n th f-a Sf I te tl-ounh~ n t so nmch in opnosition to her fa-

'h ,'uf ve y IU h u~ of a orp >if n 'vi~~ her lxothers' anel also ')e au e . ,e n tl r' v lu s la -Ie ~ro g p"'e 1, nel her consis-

_e cy d el in .lr s' n n 'h :l gLte

A 51. b-e' i to ,Ju',e 'y, 'h d U['lt 1- g n'o al'ze th t ~~e rOo ti al 0 fll ts be w n h L ar nt t d h 'r 0 c t a Ia ge Jebre i n. ri I Jis or' o· I ng sl:: nd'n£. 1'" ,is co fl' t Ler"e n her pa n s .. a v _ y r>a f = . er, a j h ,,' h d 'or a '1a 11 ni us .1O.l1e, I. sud he 11 ;>o"ti 5, i e \o'di g .)O"tj al vi 'liS

see,n J l l.~'f.o Je 0 :li 6 ~ ul a 1 re n e ' r tg' ti ~ ne an tl- r anu l c s P .it S .Ia,_ r Jl d 'le of tl l'fl(' of fa li'. l"e h so ,nucr. d if J, .Ju. VI th h s:_e: s h a ti -~ i on ic '0 s, r' e

pro~democra ti 0 s, si e 11 J!o: ti ~p ar 1 0 . er s q all. 1: d All tile uaugtner de ir J .. a n. t.h f _ni:; "10 !C' bOle e

umteu, and lha( her parents s:,ou,d , ve pe c .u!:; \, tL e h tl!f <\.

she entered adolescence, tI,e l:,lrl rea,IZ J l..al th f.n" you::l. 01 be umtea on me basis of the iuoliler S convic,io S, .Je au e.h :.e

lather woula lose nis Job, and then neitHer she nor ~,er JI ~h IS ,vo Id be able to go to the univefSlty, erC, nt ll1al hule she slIll ad."ir d .. e

mother for actmg on her convIctIons, but sne also hateu her lor clreak in,o un family cohesion, 'nus proJected ner imo a aeep inner conflict, crMtetllw that existing he tween her parents,

As t}>e ,aid ~re1/{ older and better able to assess situauons reahsti-

cally, h s 'v ~~a~ ber "1o~1:ler had hroken all contacts wIth the out·

icl "'or1 i, "'Je oP'in" C IT''11e t el'' isolated even within the home, in

or 'er to reL i h r on ic·'o s, 1'Pe rir1 ljerseH founci. it ever more :iiic 1t 0' to 10 1 g 'vi'~ I"-er "'le 5, nr! so spe finally turned Nazi, R je "inv an t r· 10L'le h i '0 -.It r ·re -1 .11e <laugl>ter of the inner co fI' t . et Ie n ',e a(' ni at' n:o h :,o~,e's ourare-t;onsirier-aLyve k e' 'nc 'Ie n 1 ng r h er the "J1 th ['S political, 01- m n - nc h r es nt Ie t ''la' t1. e "TI 'hr- 1-ad c s <1 such a se er b ea- i f m"y el 'io S, A! tl IT r-:n t1-'s w'~c} freec1 h o~ tLe on-ic b hi e h r I s nl" tl- S 0' so iehf, 1{e;ec~inf'

h n.oLer 1- ILcs 'le au e : l' Ie • ai j' h .:I, cud ~e a 1 th,e est of ~h fa.ni./ Jd d: IrQ' er c p' n e f Pie;ri 11 F the hrst

tiide.h g j p ri c d f el' g of 'n ,er v '1-1 in:.;," re ul' ot havin5 freeu h rs.f f 1.er n r on li s, -h d'1 t sc 'b tt 's e~'

aLllily to enioy Ii. Le S.U 0 of an 01' i e c p'ct 'lve er btl( saw It as ule cons "'IU n . Le r'0 'ti e ut' 0' 0 "~e N}-'Cl-

100

s on the Psychol Totalitarianism

embra had brought he ommended it

dition On ternalleve1, the f totalitarianis

that in accepting it, orie can attain conformity with one's peers and the rest of one's world, and stop being an outcast. On an inner, higher level the appeal is that of reestablishing one's inner integrity, which 'is endangered if one must act differently from the way one feels. In some people the pressure to solve these conflicts became so great under they committe rs gave themse away through chance ior, unconscio motiv sh to end it a eant going to conee because they r bear their in confli

The vast majority of former anti-Nazis gave up the fight and made their peace with the system. Without joining the party, without ac-cepting all of its values, they came to see much good in it, although

they remained critical of a few aspects of the system. But they became convinced that the had to live with and in it In order not to feel cowar that they had values, and to able e with their fa ghbors, and-impo they might not to themse1ve order atened by the s t to be able to advantage of what the system offered to Its followers, most ~,.Q11e ,-accepted most of the system. _

'The Hitler salute, sHcha relatively insignificant feature of the

system but one which nevertheless could exercise such powerful influ-ence, was a very external thing; so was the Hitler picture on the wall,

4 As 0 the resol ution on al level of so dee inner ught about by co s to the conlradi values can be but a temp Id be maintained as Ion pressures and in continued. At the of the n it became"obv the regime had the girl, now a young adult, reverted to her original values and experienced severe guilt for having relinquished them. She devoted much of her later life to compensating for her participation in the evils of the Nazi state, insignificant though it had been. It was her guilt which motivated her to tell me her story, in the unspoken and probably unconscious hope that due to my experience I might be able to hel her with it. Thinkin that she was much too critical of hersel y ability I tried t his and to be less on he

~~""S :tL!~'-i(l!rk.l OH t,']':~ fs)'..:I.:cIJ/:i.::ul ,,)'!J;1.t{J €Ji TJ<)tc.:itui'\~rjr .. i;;'Yn

m0~hcT'U sh<: ja~f~r thi)ilg1L ncr SI) ;TIncb hi' JP!Jn~i~k,r. tJ :l'~' h~

t;l::~, b.lt vcry r:HJ::h~'l~ (,t ;il CCI:llj::~h:CI! \,,,ith he br::dl:!I,Si 2H:: ahc, b.er:J~]~(; h.er lflf)::h~I".~ \2Ll'~.; maJe q ~rtJp.g -aprc?i, ?J."A her r:'},l~is

ieHc;' d. (k·~p l'11fro!"fi.):1 (,n t11<! (~:'l.~;:i.ler"

As ~hc pwin!n nbl,rty th~ Ibllghter o:!';J:" t,) rc;;:!;'Ze fkl" thf !)oiit'c?J ~()f,f.i(tc; h'!::"{'~';'1'-1,e,: pqnI'ts "-1,11 t'-l'::,,- ~C\"TC~ ~u '1 Jng~

deg:n_e ;n mr'lital c1i:icIJlc 01 bog slar.(;wg. ';ll:S ,nI:l"h:::t ttiwtel. lIt!

i,a(r:nl~ UV3'·i \'elT !x:inf'Jl to ber, ~N:: ~t(' \"!l:s~e(! rnr J. ~J.qr;;0r.iC)J3

h{)IT'~. It ~c.l'n.:d }v'!.· Ul.l a;j Fcl:t,cf,iir,ce h'lrlillg Fcl;h('?/ Vl~W~

~e.eu,t'f': :0 11'~':~u be. 'lub;ng h .. t .t pld';ll'ie tJ': ti~\ih:r. ~)I)e "ll~lthe" "n{~ be:: .. l.,se pd:!it:~ ;uJ ;Clb':>,:d hel ~:: be !~:r.(:. :Jf t::l.nHy ·I;:·n ~b- 3D mt:.::~\ !]c~;r:~3. :!~\Jt w:.lh ::h:.s ~Ltr lo~t ;I.:~; -ant;-;\Tr:;i ~;<)'lY;Ftln.J'<1 0 r r.er

prH:!';:,.nc;,1t;c 011f':5, sbl'~<: ~'l! pnH;cs :IPJ?";<lifG h, ~iCl' fJ5 NjU"U;, bG. An ~he JaHf,~ltcr de~i::(f1 \'/a!, t~~~ H:{ f>w:ily ~hO'l~C:. t(-(C['1::: ':::

IlTl;re.J, -arv! i.h:JC },~r 1;2r~'l!s ~bC't'L,111vt~ j'e,I~,.~::·l'l.::y ",,:tl-. ~~\('~ (,th~. 1"S

d.e ':'lb.;reJ d,bks''::(;~h:e, the ~j.; nali:,;!:d tJJ\t the h:rli~y 1:,).,)(l,:(,\: hc. u:1,;t~d ~n ; r~c b"'1~;5 ::;.: ttH- t~];:;tli~r '3 ,~on~t~.::d\~l':1:;~ ~O~f~~U~C ~"!1en her f2J;)~;: v.'u~~J !uS~ h~s ie~1 ~lJe ih~J,1 itt.!itt~( s!"le r..ur ~1.~~ hr0[hc~~ 'y'vc[,ld br: able b gIl i;l il:t- :mbt-rsiiy, d::: !.f ~h;.ot th:v~ she stijl ar]n:irui l[.ethe{ f'Jl ~h;UP<5 ~n ~h.:;~ "::~h'kvjclio.r.1S. L'..l~ s! • ..:: ~t:iO h:]il.(~ h'eJ( f]i ·tH~~ll .. ing 'l? {;:n,ily :::n;l:!l-i:lO. ';'0:" tJ(j);ec~cll t'kf ;::to a {1~~? i:r:r.tf mofhi:, "I!~H:t~d by tllJJ c;~i~~ing b('~,'cf"'l per r:;rp;li-<.

1~3 H.c .5i~! '5fe...;' (Jkk~ "e{~ bJ~t.' :1:)!e b "i:seS:l Si1l.:iio.l'; rel'j';:l

c:a!lYI Sll<;SJ'N t!lJt l.<;r ;1wther bJ.<.1 brcker;. u!! ';.Jf'ta<::s V;it'~l -:i~c CN'

s:ce ~l.'UU1, ~1~C(a~;~Hg tCl1!F;et~~}' t~cL1~t:r'! ~':erl 'tvitllin t~\~~ ~'h):r'L, :It

tG re{'\::n~i~,' ("cr:vi.~I:i.cf'S. -r'ht girl Il~T~di::l'lmd ;t ~'1l:r D'l:r:

el3:cuh IOl: t·) 5') ;'lUngwiH' her ele.n, ,/'Poi $u sni'. iinaUy ;:1'11I.(·C: :i'Ia;l,i.

R:::jc-at;I.!; ~'l! hCI :r'ClttteI h:lcl sttlo(i t:lr fr,,~cd thtt ~h:ughttr Ot ~h::! h::1e:: CG'lelr::: h.!nv.;(>r" her :,drL\~:,h')"l h.I h~~ f':J-D.{~.~r") '::0~lra.ge---':.:Jm:riLl

<'-t,ll ",:edl~<!)I~~(: !>iT:': ~II"!:10 "(.):16':::' I-l:;.re::i tt.e n~(,':ll(;l'S p.);i!";cal (.pioic"e·-zr,d ~l:!': reS~'l,':rr:fr:l t!\1~ rhe m~~hcr b.il .;:;:u:-;c(l :;111:h J

sev.",;(" bn.dr jp h1l1Hy re;?tiU'1i .. ~.t ::hr: s-amf! hT;I~ tpi~<"""~1f;::h fr~Gd

hu f): th~" '::')n(l,;ct ill;tW(;('li r·t[ V .. hI.':·' :>n1 tll,,)'h': of srj.;;e~y :::?"~i(;ctjng

~,cr ,r:(.lb:l':; ro~jjc,btca US,! d ttf ;>'I)r. ;t ~nj (R);:C,J ~e::- :J::o t!1c nst (.f' ~~c f.!;U1n), add~d feC/oI" til trf "ccept;).'1'::'! d Hit!crb .. " i'e! t;~f fir,t " , ' 1 . .J r I' f . ", i '~f tiI:h! f:.ti~ g'll fXi}·e .. eT'Ceu:1 I'et 'r~, (, :'hU(;l ·1'1i('\J-L'eliig. tie i';)'loi. 0

hW:I"C; f, c:::il !!(rs,!~f (1t !l:!:ifl'l'!: ·G~::1fhds. She d:d t'(lt -l::cr;br: t~:;~'l::-V 1}J:i,ti t( .. ('Hi!''' Ii;:\: t,l the ),(S.J:itltirJ;1 nl 1'1 nlG ;IJn~i tcr.r.i.r: t , ~.}"N/,"V/,"~,

hJt !>2W II" :!~ !r.e u.e~eo.l!.l:e of l::1<! PU!I~;Ve )utlov\ un hfL wh;d~

~."'T'"r"\ L'OI t,''!.' . .r~I'.~:lVhJ'c,,' Aptl('C'/ ef ~,:',.)j:a!i1L1kT,j,H r7

{nhra(";'1~ ~~?,7i;srrl ~lad ~~o\'lg!1.~

ci t:O:I<) :11.1

?wl t\'Jj,' re<::')llt,l,u!tJ..:d It 1d·

C'in t!1;; CruG;;3~ ;;xtF.TP?ll~v/;;. ~f.tr.. ttc aH~ed oj:n~'l'lar;;·pj;;:r. iG ;Jl<l~ i~ l,:,:~?~ing ·t, (,'He (ar .. ,l,t:;,j,l ':O"'~O~I1'lt! -v-d. (Jl.c.i"

~hc- uS( {of (ll\r:'~ ..... ,).]d, .acc:;!cF cein~ ;:oro I}O,(";,osi 01: ,0: :nn:::,

;crd JII': 'apFeal j.; t11h d lee3~ .. bli~l.ipg: ·,),.e'~ i'HlCI{ i.~t':::OJ;j~)!. Al.i.:::} I is

enl:hqu,~,j ;r OLe [,l~S': zct ':btf::reI,II·l HM. the v'~~' one ~ed·" 1..1

~,)I!.e;~:~:)';J!e It:.e Ire'i~llle t.) 'in\ve t;l:~:lC c:(llf!i::~l: 1.(-:);,0\'1<': :ill ~:cd

u'1.:kr :+1' N?7i~ tlnl t t!-;cy COiliili;ttCtJ .<l1icifle, Orh ,~;s ~J"/c them~cl V·~'. r\V1Y ~u the. 51l~3-td'p0 !~~oubh ('~?r',re c.a{~·;e5s <:)l::':1,a ,~or, u~':IJ~S(:iCll,S:l~i"

)r.(.IiYa\.~d ~~/ th \"1:5;) 1.1 <;.j.] ;1 all ev::.:\ if:t :nlr!«.lIi t(.ing t.) ::h:~:

cooc:;:·)b,·tinn .:;..jf.p, !:J:;::;:JU~C t~:;:-{ .;{),-;;,1 rw h'1:5':~ bC[;'I their irlne(

r.n'1M<l,~~~~,

TI,e 'l:l!t lT2j:l:-it;r (.f )('IOIr!) <I'lb-:";zi:; g::':c :tF ;l,..; fot1d <).,,1

t~.;:.;r P':;Cf' \"it'l'l,«" S{~ler.l. \\'it!lJUt ;'f'i'ling t~ ... ! ,vd.tv, \o .. ;U,(,I..L 'j';

ce;:-ti:lg ,ill (,f ,Is v;,Joes, t~~'l czr:e;c, S,~! IlOl.:;! /::uod n: i~, :!t~oogh

r.::;n.L1~.:l C1j:i.~J; (); a r(>y.J a5l)~:::~, ,J:: h.:. :;v~t:;TI 'i3pt t]-.!:'v ;)p,'~J;r,t: L • J

{,(" .. ;n«('(· ha t j'1, ('~I ;ud (u JiVL w;th'l:1cl in it ~n (,(0(.1 .h); i(, f:.~l

~o·N:l;61J. r.e,t i:(I fet~; t:1J,~ ttey ~a~ betT:~yefl :bt'jt \';;b~3, ane! to .;),:

1~;(> ~!J Ii','\,; in F.a.,~e 'vi'h +~ir ':n.l;ljc~ :litl,:) .ne.jghr)'y~, 'l'1tJ-HU

JnF~' lard" J:n.(,!.t:!, i~(:;'l r:(if;h~ :l:li ft1wftl's ad.11;t it tJ ·:lems·~\('s-i.l t;lC ,'n::ra~ foh::c b:1 i(l< be (1'):( (I) ta!(~

~(~"atlt~ct': (If wh?t t:l.~.;J 5 t.~,I, (.·ft.:reC' t'J .to hil C \41.'1 S, If'(JS~ ... ~,~e

~:cC:~J)1 t:(;'1'( I~t (.f I ht': .::;v~t~:T.. . --- ... '----~--'" "rill.: !{tler ~d.Jb·!, S'l,~il ··~:(:lat;\e.lJ ;liJ:§.,.iS;:"Plt r~?tt'['I; 0~ JiG

~'ys;:em cut J:l~ '.vhicll I'tHrdl(!:;esi ced::l CJ:c:cbe sveh !)J)\'v(CI('l~ (n~b

CDce. \"?~ 1 Vf'ry f'yt~,::.J,I-' . !.c. \I'?S rh~ H;~ler P;Ct.l;C cr. t!1..~ 'V'!'],

4 /'.5 n.e "'0)'11<1 r:)pe(>', the ,eJob:iD:l. on ~.,dl ;! SIJ?<!If;cid t~'ld of :,0 c:e~.) .. 0

i'.luU c')'),ij'd ~s ~~ ,",nus::\. .1~k'Ll\' by I.:fJr'f'io:tn;; 'c}'"il'ties;c fh! (Gnt,~d irt'J'1' v'l'iw·.> ;;,~ ;;,nc'; ?.l.::nL (;oJ' I)f; bvt J rempuj.}.).,e. I~ :..l·Jld '",t', m;,h",dn"'~' D:1\

a'; Inu.; .. s .",c"t cXichld; ?:es~L:f::~ :nd i~IJu"thl"hb ;:01 it ('on'lTce:l ~ t Ih~ Lr.c:. cf H-,f; ,\In' periryrj wf,,.,, it ~)ec;;r.J(,t.hvlry'ls hnw vlcinlls :lc ,:cE.i"r:c ::1:::(:. beell ~t.t. E,i-I, V()V!' a ~'f'I'f'g .a,.L.I:t. L!v([;cd tn hl"[ 'J~gi'l~1 ·,,,1.,1.:, and '~"r'U;I.T'("P'1

<,"V"P: ~d!t Eor btY;r.& t(·j'f'C'l,j"h·d,bt'r.l. S!1.'! d::":d:;;l )[106: d hc .. laIC: Hor: toc r;O,lllptfiSC.liuf: ill! IJLI" p,'rli~;Fa!:i')'l i'l lhe L\i:s u; J.: ..... ;~~'1zi .l~lltF.:. 'j1:)ll.pi~u:..~t

'''''!JEt it :1.1.1 ce.!.\. .:1 ".'q< o(!r g.];Jr ",hi.::b nJ:i;a~cc 111:r t .. le;j ,0<': ;.,,) ,\:1:)",

::: ~h! l.lh~'PO~«(!U ~Hld I):-cl-a~~r U:l~'Jn~C~(illlS ::hldt~ i.t.:i£ f~t.:-- t'J r'1_y ~xr"?r1~-lh .. 't..' I I.light be '11.1: b hell' I,t.[ W:t:l it. ThhJJ-:i'll Ihat ~hi· wa.; r.n:~ t:J :r:t:l:Dl Df hec,df, tc ~b:" bcs~ 'J~ my <l0a;t" 1 tlied to on',,,: 1,,·,1' ree Ihi, ,.Idl1 tv Lt. ;0, 'hl'C en }-",.s,,;f.

38

328 Remarks on the Psychological Appeal of Totalitarianism

and so, for that matter, was the Stalin picture. These became tremen-dously important only because they reminded the non-conformist every minute of his conscious life that he could not afford to live in accordance with his inner convictions. While these mechanisms were rather crude psychologically, this should not blind us to the fact that they were extremely effective.

There are also more subtle appeals. I discussed ~md gave exam-pIes of how a freedom-loving person who lives in a totalitarian state feels daily, hourly, a conflict between his values and what he must do in order to survive. To .this I would like to add that the power which can create such a deep inner conflict in him,thatcan force him to act against his convictions and his desires, much as he hates it; exercises a tremendous hold over him. Being subject to such a strong exter~al ~~rol1ing force r~ctiva~s ·c?ildish atti.~udes and feelings. Only in ... mfancy do other persons-the parents-have such power to throw us

into desperate inner conflicts if our desires are contrary to theirs. It is not so much the actual power of the parent that makes him

appear omnipotent to the child. In the beginning the infant feels quite free to take candy out of the candy jar or money out of mother's pocketbook, or to embark on sex activities. The parent may inhibit all this, but the child will still do it surreptitiously. But one day, the child will suddenly realize that the parent, without being present, has cre-ated through his past interdictions a nearly unbearable conflict in the child's mind: a conflict between his own desires and the parent's prohibition. At this point, the parent begins to appear all-powerful, godlike, to be feared as potentially destroying. The child has become

Ji5I'W;°sd .. "", Imilariy, the power of the totalitarian system can create un-

manageable conflicts in the minds of the persons living in it. The child, like the non-conformist, originally resisted the power that thus controls him. But the power is so strong that it also exercises enor-mous appeal-after all, nothing succeeds like success-and success-ful power over the child has such a great appeal that it becomes

~ internalized as a superego. /~ If may oe argued that this is valid only for the child, as a result of

his biological helplessness. Once the child" is grown up with his super-ego well established and his ego functioning, no external power can ever again exercise such fascination over him.

But this argument overlooks the very essence of totalitarianism,

101

s on the Psycholo otalitarianJsm

which is that it sets out to destroy the independent ego, as well as the independent superego. The parent seems omnipotent because he has the power to withhold the substance of life=-foQd.,:JJi~an sys~ctiY-ffle samepuwer;-wiferFiFvillg in such a society:~an o£fon JLt.ha t he'maf'-"---~'-'~~~~:fance

life,.,.£. As the child's movement ('an inhibit t, the totalitaria imilarly inhibit recalci

On fference betwee umstances is t certain mental abilities are needed for making decisions when work-ing, for instance, in a factory. Workers therefore cannot be as much controlled externally as the child. But workers who still had an inde-pendent ego or superego were sent to perform strictly menial labor in the camps. They returned to factory work only after they had inter-nalize lLSuperego. \"'m

If for a momen re-Hitler Germ system g, where the ch ed to be seen not h understand the I the totalitar

regime an youth. In al es, children su from the restrictive influence of adults. The totalitarian system turns these youngsters loose, asks them to speak up, to check on their par-ents and report them if they do not obey the laws of the system. As the examples have shown, this develops another intense conflict in the child who comes from a home that is not in a eement with the state or for on his own has cal attitudes. N two d 0 systems of v lash with one other. e child obey: t stem derived fr the pa rived from the s

We must not forget that totalitanan systems have so far arisen 10

societies characterized by a strongly hierarchical organization, If they were not outright feudal, they were paternalistic. The ruler of the country, the executive powers such as the police, the military, the teacher, etc., were powerful patep1al, or perhaps we should say super-ego,s autho

erego surrogate ychologically id

es are persons arents and wh

comm ore accepted Ii zed commands the pa superego) .

Fr in the concentr elief in the po and justice of the police was so strong that prisoners were not willing

5,~ta f{,::anl1r~~a ;J1). ihc P.~ycho!'egicl..ll /\./'It'1::(1t OJ~ 7"r;Trtlitfir1r!11"S"t1'l

;1r,d m; iI)( Ih,d: ;n?;:k·~T 'Ji"s!:lC ~t;:ji:n p;:tme, 11,~~c !(em:-Cl1-

d~jtis)y irnporta:r.t D:i11y becau:.:c th.::y reiDh1dcd the flGn .. e:O!1!oiln,ist ~ye.ry illi!le~t' c,f his COnsclcuS Ij!~ th:a1:t!~ co~lld not :Ifford to li'.'e in ~~c('nHhn1(:e VJ\d: his itnH~f ;:·o~:lvichn:.~..;. 'l'~l~/h;~~ tht'~l.;~~ fnec;~~lnjsU\~ vv~~re

ra~hcl c.fc;de p~~y\c:hGl~~gi(~~HYT :his s!~ouhJ not bHri r1 -_',s to U-lIi~ fJ_ct !h:1~ they \~;~r,;: ~x~reruc{y e(r:~ct~ve,

There H~!~ !:.~'iO !nOrl~ subtle 2ppea1s dis,.~I1'Sed a'l'd gave exam-pk~ D( h(.iW a flt.:t:::k,;,lovillg IJtISOa who ;ht.,s ia :. i.:,tJlit.!fj.:m ;;t;:;k

fed~ daily, ilom!YJ a c':m!1ict between h:~ '1ali.:c.'i nnci y;nat he "m:;t do m m:!~e{ t .. ) q;rvive To this I would Hke to ."dd tbt the POV/'=f

(;3!1 c~,:a~,~C a d,:',~~'p ill Ih? l' ~ijnfH,:~: ~n h~11iT G'h2,f7:::O~i'f0(C;n!i)'!-f~)7c( ,..,~;-:;"'f ~"r~'~;·""'''~.;·r:~'''''''-::-~:~---=~;r-';--:;;-·:r~;~·-: ... :~-" ~':,,~"~:~"~-;:~'(':, ~:: - ~ _, ' .. ~- .... "! "'C't" "buh.~, Ill) 00 ..... ( till" .• an ... \ .. .t"~nr:: .. ,, 1 •. ,.l,Ln ,;\;, IJ~ 1,.,1.C~ ~-X"l"".s' ... :l

ticu;crl(:f0:JT1H)jT-:')~,;,:"I)lm'''"Bfr\lgS;-;J)~~Tr(;~5';'lcr 3 stfl)l~g ,"'Jb!wl

; c~~:l~~m;;:i -;:;;c;:·!tactfvaIes-·chih!ish ill:ll;U\k~ :md ir.t:linp-s. Onl;, ill '_#1>:' .. /,/ ._ .J:~ '#l.'~'U- ,.--:;-... -'<,~,~:, 1 ,_,~ '''Il,:~~'''''~:'"::~~~-,:'''-~~;'-,~;r''';>-'''~~'~;-~-~-''-''I-, :,!, ,~\ .. ancy d.J , ... 'd. r-er.;;oD._-- IP"r"'.,v--·! .• ·.\t. ".! .... l t'o\V;.. to J:,ro\. ,,$

,In!o Gp.,<pf:r2k im;f':r coofill'~~ ii O,H G".~!Xf;S ,it', c;('[]t:;'::lty t.: ~hF;ii"s.

II i~ not so m!ld: ii.e ;';':031 PO\V,~i: of illt: pal :;:,~ (h~:t j(lJ'!<:eS h:;m

l'lppl'hr nmaipotcut ['0 tl,'i.! chill!. In the b f.:gi'l'r.,:.'g ibe idant {cds q,.\J('" {TPC' ~o ~nke '~lr.d;' out l'~ trw ('::iT·d" h- oe r,lpneV ou" of rr::rthc';s

A .... ' -;.. .. c.. ~ .... i:.... J' 'L..., -' .... }' V..... l.. ,,& ~ ; . 'J - (.'.... ... ,-" ... -" Ii.

" . ~ • , 1" • '.' "" . p':-h:;Kt~rl. n(~j.,:; t~r fa C~_Oc1r~_ (j_~ ~ex ~;(:'n~-';_q,l~S. ! tie p~rent ;n'iy

bi!( ~h'.~ child \","i~! still d:D a sl;xr~.o:;:jt['(ioh~'!Y, ::3_':'[: Ori~ (;:~Jl the will 'mdd(;nly fI';aibz, g\<lt the p:lrent, 'Nithaut br.lr;:, prev;r.t, h'fls:rcat~d t::_~rough his pa_'j! i~it~!d!l:·tiD"i~ £~ l~C'ar1.y i.!!"Jbe~~::\hle ct~p3icl It) '~!JC

dlll(1s Glind; <i CI)O~:,~i: bdween ]Ii:; own d,*,li':-:~ :lnf~ ii;(: p~\rcnt'r;

pJ:'olHbi~unfJi ,,:\t th;!J P!AHt~ the p,Heni

;::cdlike. to be h~a;ed a~ fGten~iany destrcyillg, '{'he

.sillci.p::.,inf'iL, ~..:~~:;~,~};;;;;;;~'I>, "\' •

;:,w!,:;\dy, th(; pe',I,ex ':he tu~.~i1tJild:1 sfsten1 en:, cru·d.e. ~,H-

m;llwge::;blc cClHiii!:l:; ill Ihr:: )';;inds Df the pt!~o:J:; lh'ing ~n lL ThlO ell!id, iih, the nO I1-C0!.frnnist, o!ieina1iy ~e.si,!o;d rower that thm

CO)lln,']s J.ir.~, But the pII:'Vcr !5 S0 strong~'I.Ji H also e;.:elcises ';:,Wf-iT1QU5 ::lppC~~ - -·1Utt:t: ,:F, )r.Gt'~'!h!g ':l:,):e:::ds hke ~GCCL:)~' St:I:{:r:~S·

ovef rb .. '" ~}tiid h:l.!';i ~;'At'h d ~1FFh02! i t '~'F.COri')l\l

, [)lif) :laEzed as if St'pt:;c'go, '--1":-~~--3"~~1",$ l ' "d 1 l ... )" - I' It nl'ay GE; Hfgueu tn~t t.lHS ti "\/;1H \ on y I'OJ: t.JI~e Ci!A!d~ as a reSUlt ot

hi!: biutogico1 ~Jelp!essne:;~. ()nce ,t!~,\~ ch,j(~' ;;5 gn~v;n up ,vi:th_ 4)~l?e~'

ego vv,::H e~:t;l1bl!~ht:!d ~Hid i.:~,i1> ego fUi!ct;'~,n1i!"1t:, )!O e"%Je~~na1_ l'lL6VOfr::1 Ca!1

f.Vr::r JgairJ (:."{;;r:~i!;e ,such fa:lrio8ti;lJ) :!vcr hiGC

B-c~ 2tgl1rr~,::";1J ()v~i!G({ks ~J:F, v~:.!'y ?:.1:1cncc of lGr:;),Hr2r:~.,1_~-i'3=:;T?_)

I-(,eJ""Virk.l (,h ;.l,i:;. P.l':Y'('J~'v:uGiJ";(~! ~tf;2'lil )j~ I"oldlaa,.ja,l,;sI1L 329

·,.li:::!1 is I bEt it seb,. out tc j:!:;tr.T{ tr.1 ;rllJtFtP6epr Z;;;,:;. do "..::l oS ·hF.

lnrl~r~),hl~'lc Silpe[;~i;:U lh r2r~'1~ Se:~;]dS I.Jlr'hip0tCl~ beC:::L~e ~e :Jd-i

t11t-: I'(.r!~: tJ~i;hh);(; the-~-);;;~-I;~,~·~-;f D:;":.-=1i;J -_~~::::J..e:rnr? Fhl.r~r. s~1'slii; f;;;'S"""r;;:;:;c:TF;'rfl ~~r;y-~>~;:~'-:lrvl'~~:;-<j'f' ~L1~~1 d S0C~L l y _~:' p

, ... _ ... _==_="_ ... _ _ _ c, ~

J?P~~l;: fcd,:, 'cot l,j(~}' ~h:::t'~~;-IZ:,: be-~Ge'f~rr~;;~rc'(~hc s:.rfs~~ncc of ; i f~ ; 'U ~ -rT: if ;-it;~H .~-:;'·~t ~e r: ~;1 ~~~-1:;~ e 2~.~;1 ~;f -q:,-;-~;'('mepr~1; :).~

#~--""--""~~~~""-"'-'"

~nhi0;ted b~r' t~ie

:e:::1!cli]~r,t !'jt;1ens

[~IC: t0tdii~"'1;.W S~lC!~:: em :it1l;ld,Jy ir,l,ibi; ·Js

Cr.e l1T'FNh'1 r ('i.ffe,[~112~ tC~WL'L'1 th~ tv'o rirr.U;1;~.t.1;12.:; i; tht C~:t~i:l ;r.nda! ~l,i:it;es ;I::e r:edd 1,:.)) n,,,~ l . ,

.: C:I::I;HO:IJ \·l!1~:,] '",'C'! k-

,:1);- in::tar.ce. iJ a h'>:111 y. '·p·,),:::-:crs t!'l:crdGrz :ccm'll)t hI": ;:>5 TPilCb

C·:)f;h)\}~rI ("ytern:1l1~' ~.S :Lt: d,i':<:.::3u.t 'vnrVffS ';'!'1':' .;U:! :1J...1 ;'\1 in(,f'

~er:Cf:r.t <!t;tI Cor ~l'l'(Cle:~:) '.VC::C S:~:l~: tJ !)c!li;i'IO "I,:,I1? ':!~:li:11 ~,:bor ;" t;l'~ C;;r.1fS. T!1.:!? r.'!~u'ni·:d tC[;\f:IN:{ 'NG~l (".1,1 d:ter tlll'\' ba(; irl~cr"

nd~lL\..~rj tile lct31 ~·"'1'"'1U ,!l~'IJtr~l-"')-- , , .~-,-.. --.

!t "Ie-: ;l,ip~ 1"'''1 b: :: n:crllE.nl ,,: 1(Jl I' tl't- C·.~U;];l}O

SYStr-!1P ~~ cr,ild- r~dJ.-i~lgJ \l,':ri~~f" t~~ child 1Vr.S JUPJ~J{:d t~c' be ,1;;Cf'P t6t

rh)~ :le~::-c, v:e C:::r:'l'1.:1e(:-lao(~ H,t ~;:ecial :l';);:>eJ: 1;J,t ,(\aHt.}·ian . ._-

r(E]-;r~c ~-I?(I -";}~l~h. b al1T''1<t ?,ll s('{'i~ti.~:;. cJd.l;.:1.I H.Fn ~TO·T:. t:lc Ics;)i,;;iv¢ ioh:.er.ce :)f r.(~\JJh, 7.,<,: ~.,l<l;;b:i:H1. 'i:U';-II:\

,'le·;t: rct:r:pte~s !cost:; as:(; thTl 'e' s;Je;:k :1[-, tc :C;1e,:".;: IPl ~ki( p:::: crJ.i l.nn r-::p,:,r': h-::ry) if ttcy,];) ,I,);: obey tl-e !?.''is (il t:h~ ~y~~L'\[L /\~

~he eY"r'lplt'!~ :lJvc! s:)ov.'n, :bis c;cnb,)-; :,,,],,;],<,:, ;ldcl:~:::: con~l:cl: n: ;1,,:

:r.i!d v"lin (N;l;~'; fl'(lJ[l J }-;cme ~j-.r.t;s not if' 'lgH-ePi:;I~ y;:th !:b:c s!:;:)e

or f':': the. dl;lcl \,':10 ');rJ. h~s ')l'l/:rl ~1~ C:tl"JoreG .~jb021 2tt'tl!c1f'S N.);\ t""l, ,Hrf~~:e,:t ~;:I;:):::Cp' SY~'(:!'I" •• f value .lcern h das:) wi';;l !)q~ :1:1

ot:l~!'. \\ll~\r.h shijH t~h~ cti!J 01,(.)'. ~l".t':> ~:llpf're;g') ;;:,yst~~IJ. G(.r:VLl! £.:-1,);'[1 t~~ Frc,lb .), t:l,l;: de:','eto. ~rCr::l the ~IJtr;?

·N;~ rr.Lst [jot :.:orget rp2t )-(.h1;ih.·i.la SjTJtCr.l;; r.;:;vt, ~f) far ;..ri't-11 ];, ;,c,c.idi':'; rbarl':rer'l"fG by d 5t"ullgly 'l'C[;'fChr;,'1i ')'-Sdd;l.ot;Uil. I; W~T [;(;I( orb:ight ;ft:ud3:, ~hcy \"!~:(; p;1;:-,:na1;st;c. 'lhc mle: ct t:,e ':lIl1nrry, lIt (Xe,:.l:t!:ve pO\"tTS ~n,:h ;]~: ~hc pok:c, t;\t. ,n;l;fl-J'Y. t!I:~,

~tacher.'~':c .. V'fT~ 1:>"lweI~ul ~d::Llf,al. y: ;y;rh:1p, V'I' s:hJulJ Jay JU~)F;r,

c6:], !:h~r')~~,""l;~i;-:S, ~)ll!)~:-ChO :t:r:-:J';3~c:, i!ll~ ')il~:»il,ii:1I1ies ~r~ Fer~on~ ;,f)

,at~t;VJ;-it~,f v/hc J~C FS)!t:~;E')lnc;c~~}y i6cnt~t[C v/:~th ;?"}~~11'~ 8.nd \\/},O::'t:

C0.1"1.,'I'(~~· 'Ire h':;Tet0lc :"Cc.cptcJ :iv; t'I'~ int':'TI'li'i.lCU U;'I,1flld.Jj.; (lj

t~~ p:re'1b (o( (of the ct:pcrq:;}. Freqi,,"iEDt:Yl rver, iil tGC ~~0ne~;11::~Hf~·r· 1~:.lITil)'';';, }L~~i-:~~ i:l t:l~t: pc'\Vcr

Fl·1 j;J3~i':~{jf ~lj(; pGke was ~(' ·)lrc·r.f: ~Lat p.iJo .. .:::.s wcr": P;'f wi;];,,;:;

39

n .:-le Ia :5 n h P; ,e: I ..lie I' PI al of To'aPar' n' '71

LO b .ie e tt t n. y h d b n u jl tl, • e e t i, P thr ~~e"

searcl.ec. their .mnLS t f. c. sO.n g 'It 'n .h m el es Tie 'n er 1e ir

to be lovea by tne superego is extremely st on6, n~ .:Ie w at r .h ego becomes, the stronger IS tnis desire, uince In .-he tota.itarian ys ~ep' t~e most powerful superego surrogates are me rUlers anti tueir el e n~afve - 'n h r~ the sys~eITI i~self-one can gam apDroval or 'h S .le eL s r; g te 0 ly '.ly g 'nra) w' v'it}> t}-.e svstem

A su~e eg la r q if • e 0 a1 rf-p ns''JP'ty a d >r e choice can Lec IT. ell (. sc nJo ti g, e n tl e 'e in.:;. '1e-a e 0 a never be quite sure tl.at one 1...9i g ~h r ciL Li 6' 11 er fo e 'h deSIre to be tOld what [Q do anses, Gbefing orG r a1. \. ne to a lL

inner inrlecision tha~ mH~ht create conflict and lhen eit .. er inLer a. :;U'lt, or i a·o.ali.arian state the real dan!!'er ot bemg aestroyed, It ve h e 0 'y LO '0"0'" C rran1s ~h t :ire ilI'1)osen on us, we can teel

:re f or._ g it 0 rs Iv s, n ' s fe It is ve.y cia f I .0 :la b if i 0 elf a :l 'iv r l.la e tl:'

wim a personal superego tHat I.n n c it. a: 0: Le c· '0 s f 'h socletvin which one must live, 1n /Senera,. h is y s b: nli i~ aLer nate surerego imap'es are avallaDle, '1 hiS lS SODletllnes uifucu.t ,:0

\rer'ca S '0 u -ie stanrl since they have been brought up lD a lIee

o 'ef J , ur 0 m' d b~' v Ii us se·~ f rere<';o images from which to h 0 ,--.:1 r a ,:or ex n .)1 "Ie co t d'd ry SU"le g i'l1a~es of

lhe puri,an and Lh 1 Je ta a. f .;1 n n in tJ vIa;' it a -j 'h cowboy, and so on, in tile 1.fi.encan c v)' [ul in E'tl r ';e m n~ all SU'1ereg-o Images were ~earea to one anouler, so It .Je al .. e ex 'Tell 'y -lillic h ~o rleve!op or to maintain a hl!~hlV personal sUlJerego t a 'a e Ni'h xi ti g oc'et-',

lL w s ta~eL e Ii r 'h '. r'le m d rn t ~a"ta ia society in con· irast LO Lh t} a ni 5 faCe d jS, d :n nl's ,>0 t ne u a e t nil tora] conforrflliy in all hIe ct vi. e , e e Le.il t ,It' a' . 't' la tively simple to Keep one S 1l10Ut .. SUUL, Lul it s .. m h :n re dUo If, wren one is in opnositlOn to the socIety In which one .iv 5, to g 'h 0 'ih th ['"'o~'ons of livin~ as though one were lII1 acconi wah It.

F fl ci' nr. b d· f ['"'orn.e t ~o the dreams ot NaZI oDponents .n nt 0 C ea Ii r, '0 'r n t' at 0 . 1- e lei g ne's own hacl<bone

anu torclD!> 0 e et t c: oLeCli J '0 .... 'Ii '1 n }-- t n eH -

such as stanotn/S al aLl:enti n 6i nb t .. e 3 .Ie s ~u' e- .j 0 e f 'h most namtul dreams Imagmaule. LreaIT,lDt:, s d. d a._1S is no' nl, ~erriply nis~urhing, It IS alSO a most convincing uei.lOnsl at 0 tl.at.h

102

Rema the P logica ealof litarici 331

. e ha th pow invad d do te ev ne's inti-

life, ich d s are ifican t.

Thus the opponent of Jhe system, even in the earliest days of Naziism, could not find respite even in his sleep from the ever- resent

er th e reg migh troy nor the flicts wlthm himself over whether to act m accordance With his convlctlOQS, or to play it safe. This conflict pursued him into the safety of his

, tore apar is be ight. unco us, w g on n his ms, c ced h hat true safety cou be foun only

by doing what the regime demanded. orne ed t ne m ot thi rbidd ough s did

1an w ream wro ettef otest maile lank piece of paper. Other dreams went even further by telling the dreamer

ust n en da drea at he forbi to th' This

be ill ted booth earns in fr he ea itler days. In one a lady was watching The Magic Flute. Since she knew a

fi me taken for the devil appears in this 'ra, in I dream h had houg t Hit as jus this For ing t st to

herself, she dreamed she was immediately arrested. In another man's dream, an atlas was seized and confiscated by

police ause e 100 at it is dr the had thought of emigrating to a free country. Such dreams illustrate the

conflict which rends the inner life of the opponent of the system: his

nal m supp by hi erego him Hit! ike a

,tha n shou p an for escape in 0 the free world; his uncon-

scious told him: you must not even think-or dream-such thoughts,

use t so Je 0 you struct Even ream ego torn betw its de to ob e sup 0 by g the

right thing-that is, oppose the system-and the opposite wish to the 'me ev one' ost p tho , so ot to

nger life. As these dreams show, in totalitarian societies opponents live in

the conti s anx that Hi- may ke a r that th may

al th ner f gs an k tot estruc of t elves and maybe their families. Therefore, opponents have to become per-

fect actors. But in order to be a perfect actor one not only has to act,

to fee ive th e. Only by becomillg the obedIent subject of the totalitanan state

can one feel sure that one will be observed obeying all its orders.

:un H,,:rurfos ':),1 ihe ?yrl'lufugi-l,-i' ,A;PI',nc.l or Tutc'itcr;(j,,;.m

~D lel;e.ve th,'1t d.c; !wl 1~c.er. \j~;~'~t!r ?":'5~-:d~Ld, RJ~ILer, (Ny

"e::.!~J,:;~; tilt,,!. 11l1.1(:1S ~::J (~nd ",om.: gpEI: h: ibt"h},Sr;:n:';, Th(- ~l\neI (;(s:ire ~0 be !(lveG [:.]' tP(. ~Grcr~s') is l"!hlr~lT'c:;iy s\H'!.~ '1\.lcl d·,L. wnke" the PsObf'CCT.le~., tile 5lIfilGU ;~ l:n;s d"!~i(e. ~;I ICt i::1 iN: \..)l:;.i:ho i:ir, 51:

l!.',. lIte ~ilosi pC'NCIld ~1,rp'!)/-f;C' S'l;:(lf;Bb, H~ ~fH~ I t:krs ;;l~.:\ tPcl r

rq:.r,eJcn~ni\/(:J·--;l,! 5;10\r, the. ~y~t'~n~ i~s·e:f-··~nnf: C'Ll !:! .... lr, 'l,JlJrul-al cf TL(,;H?,ng<' :;'Jr,0eat!Q~ n,:l,: hj g0111~ab'lg rid. be SY'itU;l,

Ani)'!a:g,) ~h'l~.cc!;:ie~ !,CISC)ij:l~ r:7'po):-l~i1;(!Hr ~.r.l' fr:.::

C>l;1 bCCOIIlE ':(T~ 3i:;'::<1;1!h:rtif18, ,";'.Cl" fht;J~(.piJ1.g, hC('r;.l'~e. nue U'l,

Pf-Ve.r bp '"!l1HI' ~.J·L,!iln 'hl.:! is 11~.ib!,. tb~ d2h~ I;,i,,~,. Tl.erdc,re ~i"e

,lccirc.; 10 'ot «del w~1ai tc. ciJ ~Ll:if:~, Gb;!'l'iLrJrder~ allo,'ti~ one t,) l"vcid ir:llcr ir:lb:isil}" l!!;lt :1112ht '::'C3t2 ':on~r(t J'1::i ::hl,!u cirr.'!:: ;n~c.rm~l.

~.... \ ~

gl'ih, C'L \,\ ? t01<",lira,'ian ~t~ t,~, ~Ile r~,l: rlarger (.f 0'~:I'b c1es(c:Jyed. 11 WI'! k:ve '):ll~ "c bljc''''' nr:n,ar.(~s !h;:} ne;r0i"'J';cJ CI', i'S. \'/I'~ ';;JI! f!"!"! f:cc' :rcm gllilt 0bifS,~lv..!,) apd ~J~(',

.It i~ very pain;1'1 t" J,aIb~).- ,,,':thlll:}I1~:itll *.1:11 live p:nnar,er.t!y

wit~1 :l pr.lsonai ~:J~;:re;,) ti',Jt n:ll'.J.:I'S (;;.t;c;'J of t!lC 'lCH,JL~ o.t :P( s,Jr:;cty it' wl.irn ('1.(. fJ'l'St j,i"t, ill ge.r.en" it l) p.)s~ihk 0P-Iy if ah.r rI2t~' :iupere.go ;]:kJ~?,r:S t}:~e r:,,~:i!£t~lll'~ -,r'!1;!,- i"; !:c.-nr!l.irrl:~~:: diH;:o1t fo;'

.'\\:If::Tk:.t:H to \'nr:cr~hlml. !\'I.e!; t::v~v t?I't; j;.E.'!'.1 !vol.lg,ht I"tJ iT' .1. hf",~.

s,)~;'dy, ';'W(.I1.l'Jd~y '1,1:10;:5 ~r.ts d :xpe(cgo i:r,Zl;tS fom '!vb,;:). Ie

chocse. 'Tlw:re ar':~l ;fPf ~~f~!npi~, ~h.: c.':'f'D:Hdjcr0~1 sIJP~-~Ce(; lffir..~;c5 or f~t. ;:'ltr~d:a~ :Ud:l t~l':~ hJ:icrtari.:H1, ot tt~ ~1J.~ in ~}i~ g'J4y SD;~: arlC l~e cw.v).cy) ~1~(~ :(1 (Ir;, h tilc AilJer;c-an scdc\.y, B~t ;r; !!i~!er ~~r:lT'llqy

a;l 5'JPClcgO i~I.;;.t;eS W,,!,(, gea{<!d :c OHIO dIlurl:er. !,c i~ bee;..me eA' ~I em~!Y' ci:llicult Ie (~:v·,!;N-n 1.0 :TJ::int!;r. J h;gH)' pcrs,)'1a': ;;l'?C-rc~~J 1: V,FI,H!c~ ,,:·ll ex;~tli1g ,('ciI'J)',

lJ V!;.~ ~~2;cd tarl;c! !:I,ct tk: oH.(!r.r:, ~"bE~)l:ja:: !,ccicly, in $11]

ttd~r to the i1r;;iln',;-1;_t"S Qf ~ar!jl~.r Qo-V~, rjem~nd~ ~T)0'1t1t~1_~f)~1~ a~sJ~;}t r.fid , L

~U~?] (,0pfcn~1~y in a~~ life ~-cl:~vit~t.s, ev~~ tt!t.. ifli.):tt 'ly~:ivjlt:..;c it IS reh~, .. ti ye~/, 5:1'I].k: :0 i((;,,? cr,e-~, mO\I~:h Sill': l Ih:J ::1' j, r;liC;1 !ncr.: :ii:F(l.I): "/l.ep 0[.\0 i~ ~n ('PPCS;JVLl ::0 the 3/)~~et/ if. \,,:h;(+ eN i:vcs, La EJ tilr:ngll, n,e makh.;; tl; iiv'llg as b,)'Ji'1IIO',: v,'(Te j,) dLC0d '.Yi~h It.

fk'k,::i:1g i',,(K fer J ff:O,T,:':T,t f<; If;,(' .dr~:lms ,)~ r~al: (,!ljVHl'::;\lS

.T;t-nti'hlcd l':ai1i"!: .. to (lle'liTl that CI.l. ;~ 1;r''';"kint!' '),11":: ('\,''1 'P',l'::~~',)'IC

JD;:! t;)Tclog ')ne~,;::J to 30 ~omet~ir.? for wlw::h (':1':: ~Fj~r.~ ('i'IC£eit--,

S,l'::h "'':; 5JJ11di,1g qt :\t~~;]ti,J'1 givi;!g (hf. fJ;t!er ~;;lvlF;- .. is. tJf.L 0f th~

eh}S~ ~'2i~.fu! LlJ.eraf:b ~nr.tJs'n'lLle. r)f!~!d;:Tii''l,~' S'J\~~",! ~j_"p:;lms ~s pet .)q1.y

te~r:~;!y ::l(~t$rbi\.gl i~ j" 2.Lo a mcst cor:\'i:1:;r:e (~~"i(l)I:'\,::ti;OllcbJ ~lJe

r .. cn:~rP'9 r~~J_ t~q r~,V .. !rHJif}!r~JI Appc;,jl oJ: [OttAftcrPc1-~j!lt-1 331

te;',,:rre 1.3~; I:il(; p:J',ve.: h: ;nv,,:lc al:d .klOill~l~::; eyeD Dn.::·s ;T;O·:t ;lIli

'11;Je Ii;c, d w:lir.h (h(.;;r.1~ ,,;.:; g :'i;:':'l;U.:;"nt .)c1i',

'~~1~$ ;he oppvr.ert of ,~b.: 1,}S~em, ·:'.'en;r. It:!: earl:cst ,1.-1:-:6 ;.\hz:i~",. (('l.ld :-lct ti,].} n-spi,t- ,;:','(n i'l h,s ~J..~cF trr)'1'i t.:l~ ,,:v~~~-pre',,:T'~

jl~l.);g~J.· t.~Cl_t f:l~ ~*?~;L~~h<~ .I]ii~J,t- IJe,)~H::":r. hi..li~ P(,f t:u-rp ~h~ (~n?-13~LtJ

,Tfi~h;p- hi'i.self dyer V,h'!;her ~o 'K,. b ~c(crhoce wiH:.bi:; :JC!(vjcbc~~, :1;' tc ph",' it ~,.fc_ "n,i,; C(I!pl;ct :TJf:-;l\cd lU'l ~n~(, H:,{ ~8f~y of l.i~

horN', tJrf: ti;T:, '1~?rt i;1 h;.:; !;.::rl gt night n;s 'lp~'1nJci('\,;s, w':rr';{lp~ jr, . h j 'L"", l' . 1 ' l~ ~s f rf-aCd.:1, ~,)~lV~H~ec .1:h1. t!1r.~ ,:1 'lIe ~:2:1 ~I~' \':.')11 (I ~~ ~~brLj Cl:~~/

do;,.!: -,vk.t 1 tc r::g;T'l;~ (;rlOagc:(6.

5GLI~ (:re,a;]v~ri rht 0;1':: T.'IW, i~C,t U.lJ1k :f.Jrt-irlrj,~.il ~h0Ugl;lt'; '1~ diJ t -'1 D ",} d· , .. ,.". ,. 1 1. . ta n • II· •. r. "I-G'~ '" '1' •.. '] -::1 n L1· . " • . _ man .\ .(, r.,,11d<:.U i.e \"'10 ___ "t:.,~_ (II 1'11- _MJ. "". bLtl ,_ ... L ,ill',

!);(,:C(,: 0.1: !lJ;JC:, On,t'f drt'arli V,'r:It~ ·;~,";:;;I tllr~h,.:) by td:i'l,; b!" (;reamcr

b: ,I.m! unr ~'!,~,l ,1,lr~ t,) l...fTf."'li1J 'iri;l'l~ l~{. ',vas fGr~);dde .. to thi.l:-: .. J 1'/5 D:l"/ lH: iJv';'Ult:~(~ ;wt} .);J(cr :!:'>OI'$; ~t~b ~ro!l; ~h~ ":dy ~i~~tr (;:'!y~ b (1;1':: ;; ;~]d:! \/.1'; v'Ltd.i'1g The ,.\'-rJ..::c'~ri'l"£. ~·f'c-: she '1('1,~,1, "

u5ltl'c t2k:,p- f01 the. -:le'/;! :~FP:!rt)S ;~, tll.;~ Cp'~13, i" h~: dreal .-;:,.-: ~j,~,i

:t:e ~:;I,)lJi~;l( t;H!: Hi:].:. v;;.,. !i's: l:l:c .his 1;,"1'1; F:,~ (;l;"Sn:s Il:i~ ju,,.1 'f

;h.:: ;:!r'::,1rn'~d s!1e w,t: ,ilT'P1~.ji;,id" JILt-st"!')

Tn :{:!Ot~~: W:II!'S d"ten:l, ;'1. ::.b:.~ I'''t:~ 3ci:zled 3nl :::nti~(::.jrd ~ly'

th~ ?1lic~_ b('ca U.~( w;';J( ;(,0kiTI2; a': it ;n ;'is ,:b~?m, "l,e ;1-1;<11 lli'l

'b)'J,5~]~ cf e1higmfhg bJ .itle~ o,),u.t::y, :).1::1 'j't!;..rns i:10s~rate;!.e " ... ,a:cl: Viti:::!'! H~illl: b~ bner Jift-:J:: t:l~ o",)",)")oeot ot ~::l('. J:.'~tern: hi~

lal:;c,N,l ui'1<i, .iUppOf!:,J 1'), ~11~ ~u~J';~egc" t~!d f.lfH ttat EH'i..I is 1-11:1' 3-

ccri!, j k t .H.s :ibcr:;( ~ !)1~1I' ).): CS21:)'~ j iF') )~\C t:Tt' \"01 ;,J;h;s :lflC')<]-

'0:(; ~lin~. y':ltllTh5t not ,!h!lI thi'l:(--Cr JH_ar'}·_··_·s,-,cl' t;10ughts, b::~]'N-: h d,) :c !c,"ds tt, Ylll'!' d::·d!'lc~;or., !!:VCfl \)1 d,e'-l'l'~ t:1~ ~t;O

1"<'5 ~OIr;aFar: pr:'\"CCI1 i(~ GC)'rc ~0 c,t-C} t:l~ ~1'FC1(gC. tv ('(Ijng ~h~

11$:)( tr.i'16--t:1dt ;~, (Jp?()~e lhfsJ~tem--]od t:le ):JP~it~ wi~t to obey tJIe: (l~g;D:: :-;';1) ;n PI1f-:':i rr.(lst ;:;TIVgtF! :!1oH[',b~~) .5.) 3S J:1n. Ie

I:nrl:nl~cr ,),l'~'S life A~ ~~ie~e rh,::.tr.I:i shc,Y.', in lobl~ibri>l~l'jO,:iet;f:s );JfQ::::Il;:~ 1;"0 : ..

1!1.~ "nl,~jn'1')'J3 a;uidy rl>'1t f:icy T'1'1-, Tfl,":,c ;; s1ir, rh:lT tl:!? )P8Y

revea: lrtii j,mer f.~~{irj2;.> "l.d rj~:l tc.ta; ,JPftr'l~~i,}f" vf l:lv~rpEeJ ... (.s rtwl '-'!a"{:':": tb-,i .. ;;.rm11"~:, 'fher,::,'(,re. Cpr(H]e)I;~ ;nv; ~c ~C):(Jltlt ;J~'

fu:t ?ct'), .. , B'1~ if. ,:vrl':J to J-.f' ,] l)crk':~a'~tn; .)r;c.'l'Jt (lJl;~1 b;s ~c 8.·:t,

ht tv ;(.e1.,(,;iy~ ~b . .: ())~c. bjl b.-:.orllirg tlC o'~,~d;fr:t SII'Y;Cct ,)~ n:e t.Jt:::J:t2iiar. S'?fe

c\:r.: one feci. ';'l~C that Ofit'vi;l h ·,),)~r:JVEd il),·~:;ir.& ;.\;l i':~ ,q,leJ:

40

103

T.ll;~ .Vl.. l...aL ~Lll'l 1(-: ".ht fill? a~tr·l(·ti(ln o~ ~cr.enhnf' rorah-t"rhrpsTI} IS t.he nTOsnect ol~ai.jiljg t:.e.h"lvc i1u(..! JLt r:,.:rref vit'! h .. ,,;n5 .~JI :d_e. e.e 'Inc -o,f!~c~, a ... (1 the O'1tPf iJeare of fee'nnl!; SI'CJ1ff> I Jnfnfmnare1v, iOi Lhc ye,sc..n \\:u, "au uich.a~~y CL)F )t~(I .h

tl.e3}JLn.L1L 1 ~< x if a-h:e"e(l rt ~h"rril'e ot I05Jn? autonomy, ~ehr~rer.t, and human Jh~n,ty. J.l,el~;5 .n.H.:l ::r~t~. ~1 't ~ -ellr-rJ- t'r~

tte p.a.e.v'1i-h rdg'~ ir r ht"li t a"ia'1 ~odpty is bought <it Hie p.k..: or tnedealh 01 file SLut

103

?:1:>. Jlp.:m,"',~::; .!lJ! l'j;1. \";:,,/::!wl,,>, ANUj.lof ToldYai'1tfllJ5111

"Ft... r. - '1- t" '''' ~'..;: t } l' ;. H,lS we car: JJr:;;J::f flCt: nsr. to" ilLr[I>CuOn ,)l g,c::::r:pur;g .Dl.a f-

taria!ltsm h the P'.fOs'·le:::t ef g.ainin fP lhe.inn..';r rl~:;!CI~ that comes r ....:;; s: L l' ' -J' t d .~. f uavmg fI'2SGli{::;G f;CVr.:rC B1l1ef (;0nr J:G .5, an til;'; 0UiJ:I pl'~:ice ;:L

!;tcllrc. UnfOr!1~rlatdYl for foe persnn wh!) W;.l,S migirlally opposed to. "'l~~-,t,,~ t},',· n ":tJ;~'~·J·l-th,, :''''''f'l ~'-o- .... ~r-;,' ,,,H: L1t. ,-)S."'ll •• d"p,.a8e 15 aCl .,'~-{G{ a.,~ _" .. prtl_'~ ~'. !()'>U!rl ":.h{h.~.nlJ' h!L'

l't:;pecl,a1ul human dignity, Thetl;! i:; much tmth in 11~!,e: remm} that ilK pe;;(;E which rdgns in it tnt[ditarian ~odety I::; bmlght at tht:' p[kt~ cd the: death oj: the 'wl..!L

41

Documents

12357 Partial