Determination of minor and trace volatile compounds in wine by SPE and GC

o an mon hoc Cong nghe Thc pham

GVHD: Nguyen Vu Tuan

Chng 1: TONG QUAN1.1 Tong quan ve nguyen lieu va san pham

1.1.1 Gia tr dinh dng cua thuy san

Tht cac loai hai san cha khoang 1/6 la chat am, chat am nay giau cac acid amin thiet yeu ma c the khong t tong hp c nh Lysine, Methionine. Phan ln chat beo cua thuy hai san (ca) la cac acid beo cha no co li cho sc khoe nh Oleic, DHA, tien DHA,... ong thi trong chat beo o lai cha nhieu vitamin quan trong. Lng chat khoang nh Ca, P, Cu, Zn, I... trong thuy hai san nhieu hn han trong tht.

Thanh phan hoa hoc cua tom:(tnh theo trong lng ti)

Protid: 19-33 g/100g.

Lipid: 0.3-1.4 g/100g.

Nc: 76-79 g/100g.

Tro: 1.3-1.87 g/100g.

Glucid: 0

Canxi: 29-50 mg/100g.

Phospho: 33-67.6 mg/100g.

Sat: 1.2-5.1 mg/100g.

Na: 11-127 mg/100g.

K: 127-565 mg/100g.

1.1.2 Tong quan ve nguyen lieu tom su

Tom su la loai tom c anh bat va nuoi trong hang au the gii theo thong ke cua to chc Lng thc Nong nghiep the gii (FAO). San lng tom su nam 1997 chiem 52% san lng tom nuoi trong toan the gii, vi toc o tang trng trung bnh 2% nam. Trong cac vung nuoi tom chu yeu tren toan the gii, ong Nam A la vung dan au chiem 53,7% tong san lng tom toan the gii trong tong so 54 quoc gia co nganh cong nghiep nuoi tom phat trien (thong ke cua FAO nam 1997).

Hnh 1.1: Tom suPhan loai nganh: Arthopoda nganh chan khp

Nganh phu: Antennata Nganh phu co rau.

Lp: Crustacea Lp Giap xac.

Bo: Decapoda bo mi chan.

Bo phu: Natantia bo phu bi loi.

Ho chung: Penaeidea.Ho: Penaeidea ho tom he.

Giong: Penaeus.

Loai: Penaneus monodon.

Ten tieng Anh pho bien la Black Tiger Shrimp (theo he thong phan loai cua Holthuis,1989). Ten tieng Viet pho bien la tom su.

Hien nay Viet Nam, tom su la mot trong 5 loai tom c nuoi trong pho bien va quan trong nhat oi vi nen kinh te Viet Nam:

Tom su (Black tiger shrimp) -Penaeus monnodonTom the (Banana shrimp) -Penaeus merguiensisTom chan trang (White leg shrimp) -Penaeus vannamei.

Tom Nhat Ban (Kuruma shrimp) -Penaeus japonicus.Tom cang xanh (Giant fresh water pawn).

ac iem sinh hoc va vong i tom su:

Tom su sinh trng nhanh, khoang 4-5 thang la tom at mc trng thanh, dai en 27 cm va trong lng khoang 250g. o la trong lng ly tng cho tom thng pham tieu thu quoc te.

Trong t nhien tom nc man sinh trng ti mua sinh san chung tien vao gan b va e trng. Trng n ra au trung, trai qua 3 thi k bien thai Naupilus, Zoea, Myis.

Trong t nhien tom su co the chu c s bien ong ve o man rat ln (3-45%), o man toi u la 15-25%. Tom su thuoc loai sinh hoat ve em va hay an tht lan nhau.

Tom su thuoc loai ong vat mau lanh, than nhiet thay oi theo nhiet o moi trng ben ngoai. Nhiet o anh hng ti nhieu phng dien trong i song cua tom: ho hap, tieu hoa, mien nhiem oi vi benh tat, s tang trng Nhiet o thay oi theo moi mua, v the tai mien Nam Viet Nam co the nuoi tom quanh nam trong khi mien Bac ch nuoi c tom trong mua nong. nhiet o 28oC, tom su ln tng oi cham, nhiet o 30oC tom ln nhanh hn nhng de mac cac dch benh nh MBV (Monodon Baculor Virus). Nhiet o toi u cho tom su phat trien tai cac vung ao ho nhiet i la 28oC- 30oC.

Viet Nam tom su phan bo t nhien vung duyen hai mien Trung. Mien Bac va mien Nam hiem hn, ch co vung Kien Giang la kha nhieu.

1.1.3 Tnh hnh nuoi va thng mai tom tren the gii [32]Tuy trong c cau cac san pham nuoi trong thuy san (NTTS) tren the gii, cac mat hang tom nuoi ch chiem 4,3% san lng, 15,3% gia tr (nam 2003), nhng trong thi gian gan ay, tom a dan chiem v tr quan trong trong thng mai thuy san, ac biet la trong xuat khau thuy san (XKTS) cua cac nc ang phat trien.

Bang 1.1: San lng cac loai tom nuoi chnh tren the gii (n v: tan) [32]Loai19992000200120022003

Tom su547.621633.594676.262593.011666.071

Tom chan trang186.113145.387280.114430.976723.858

Tom he67.46470.19070.50775.71878.018

Tom rao20.56620.54720.00922.37923.215

Tom the A11.42816.41725.55925.73631.560

Tong so (theo FAO)1.164.4081.348.2751.405.3671.804.932

Chau A tiep tuc dan au the gii ve san lng tom nuoi. Nam 2003, san lng tom nuoi cua chau A la 1,35 trieu tan, chiem 86% tong san lng tom nuoi toan cau. Hien co nhieu moi lo ngai ve nguon cung cap tom nuoi t cac nc chau A. Tuy nhien, cac nha san xuat chau A nh Thai Lan, Trung Quoc va Viet Nam a co nhieu no lc cai tien quan ly san xuat e tang o tin cay cho san pham tom cua mnh.Bang 1.2: Cac nc nuoi tom ng au tren the gii (n v: tan) [32]Nc san xuat 2000200120022003

Trung Quoc218.000304.000311.000390.000

Thai Lan310.000280.000240.000280.000

Indonesia138.000149.000150.000160.000

An o97.000103.000103.000150.000

Viet Nam69.00068.000178.000224.000

Bangladesh58.00060.00063.000

Ecuador50.00060.00057.000

Mexico33.00048.00046.000

Cac nc khac169.000199.000172.000

Tong cong

TS (theo FAO)1.142.000

1.164.4081.271.000

1.348.2751.320.000

1.405.3671.804.932

Nguon: Seafood Inter. 12/2003

Hnh 1.2: Gia tr thng mai tom nuoi tren the gii [32]1.1.4 Tnh hnh nuoi va thng mai tom cua Viet Nam [32]Viet Nam co ieu kien t nhien vo cung thuan li, nguon dao ong doi dao vi 3.260 km b bien va hn 4.000 hon ao ln vung ven b trai dai t Quang Ninh en Kien Giang, cung 10.000 am pha, 10 vnh nho, khoang 24.000 rng ngap man, 29.000 ha bai trieu la tiem nang to ln cho nuoi trong thuy san nc man va nc l. Trong ieu kien sinh thai va kh hau nc ta co the chia khu vc nuoi tom thanh 3 khu vc chnh: khu vc pha Bac, khu vc pha Nam, khu vc mien Trung.

Vi nhng u ai ve t nhien trong nhng nam gan ay, phong trao nuoi tom ang phat trien manh me, t quang canh nang suat thap chuyen dan sang nuoi quang canh cai tien va ban tham canh, tham canh. Dien tch nuoi tom gia tang nhanh chong, t 50.000 ha nam 1995 en 295.000 ha nam 1998 vi 30 tnh nuoi tom su va en au thang 6/2001 th dien tch nuoi thuy san man, l len en 396.412 ha (Tap ch thuy san so 4/2001).

Trong thap nien qua, nghe nuoi tom su a phat trien kha manh mot so tnh duyen hai mien Trung va cac tnh ong bang song Cu Long. Trong o, 10 tnh t Phu Yen en Kien Giang co dien tch nuoi tom khoang 208.000 ha chiem 89% dien tch nuoi tom ca nc (234.689 ha- nam 1997) ma hnh thc quang canh la chu yeu chiem 78% va quang canh cai tien la 19% (rieng cac tnh ong bang song Cu Long chiem 50%).

Trong XKTS cua Viet Nam, tom la mat hang chiem ty trong cao nhat, nam 2004, gia tr xuat khau (XK) tom at 53% tong gia tr XKTS tuy ve khoi lng th ch chiem 26 %. ieu o chng to tom la mot mat hang co gia tr cao. ac biet, trong so cac mat hang tom th tom ong lanh chiem phan ln, tom hum va tom kho chiem rat t, v vay, oi khi nhng so lieu ve tom ong lanh c coi la ai dien cua XK tom Viet Nam.Bang 1.3: T trong khoi lng va gia tr XK tom trong TSXK noi chung qua cac nam [32]20002001200220032004

KL(Tan)GT

(1000USD)KL(Tan)GT(1000USD)KL(Tan)GT (1000 USD)KL(Tan)GT (1000USD)KL(Tan)GT(1000USD)

TS XK291922,71478610375490,91777486458658,02022821482067,32199577531326,02400781

Tom XK67420,765730387777,3782586115854,9965792124897,41058579142206,61272331

Ty trong23,1044,4523,3844,0325,2647,7425,9148,1326,7653,00

Trong o

Tom L66704,265421587151,5777820114579,9949418124779,71057862,91411221268039

Tom hum79,5543105,32397971,91497533,2375

Tom kho6372545520,52368303,1139984,53411084,64293

Hai bieu o sau ay cho thay v tr cao cua tom ong lanh trong tong gia tr XKTS cua Viet Nam. ac biet, nam 2003, tom ong lanh hau nh chiem toan bo gia tr XK tom cac loai (1.057.862.960 USD so vi 1.058.579.000 USD).

Hnh 1.3: So sanh gia tr xuat khau tom ong lanh vi tom noi chung 2000 2004 [32]Ngoai ra, chung ta co the nhan thay xuat khau tom ong lanh cua Viet Nam tang lien tuc qua cac nam, va mc gia tang cua tom ong lanh cao hn mc tang cua cac mat hang thuy san con lai. a so tom XK eu co nguon goc t nuoi v co kch c to, ong eu. Tom khai thac thng nho, c khong eu, a phan c che bien lam tom kho va cac san pham gia tr gia tang khac. ieu nay cho thay s ong gop to ln cua nganh nuoi tom cua VN vao XKTS.

Hnh 1.4: Gia tr tom ong lanh tang qua cac nam [32]

Trong nhng 1980 va 1990, Viet Nam chu yeu XK tom su co gia tr thap sang th trng Nhat Ban. Ti nay, xuat khau tom cua Viet Nam a at en bc phat trien cong nghe cao theo tieu chuan quoc te va c cac th trng ln a thch nh EU, Nhat Ban va My. Cac san pham tom gia tr gia tang dan dan phat trien manh trong may nam gan ay. Do cac trai nuoi tom cua ta co quy mo nho nen gia thanh nuoi khong cao, bnh quan khoang 50.000 /kg, chat lng tom VN lai tot, tht chac, v ngot hn, mau sac ep hn nen hap dan nhieu khach hang va co gia XK cao hn so vi mot so nc khac trong khu vc (V du tai th trng My, gia tom su HLSO c t = 33 0C, ts = 32,3o C

Nhiet o nc lam mat bnh ngngtw1 = + 3-5 0C = 36 0C (chon 3 0C)

tw2 = tw1 +3 0C = 39 0C tk = tw2+ 5 0C = 44 0C.

5.1.2.1 Tnh toan cach nhiet1/ Tng bao va vach nganBang 5.1: Chieu day va he so cach nhiet cua cac lp vat lieu tng baoSTTTen lp vat lieuBe day lp vat lieu,(m)He so cach nhiet cua vat lieu, (W/mK)

1Lp trat va0,020,88

2Lp gach chu lc 0,380,82

3Lp trat va0,020,88

4Lp bitum cach am(Chon) 0,0050,18

5Lp cach nhiet -0,047

6Lp trat va0,020,88

Tnh chieu day cach nhiet

EMBED Equation.3 (m)

Vi:

K: he so truyen nhiet, K= 0,23 (W/m2K).

a1: he so toa nhiet cua moi trng ngoai ti tng cach nhiet, a1= 23,3 (W/m2K). a2: he so toa nhiet cua vach buong lanh vao buong lanh, a2= 8 (W/m2K)

= 0,19 (m)

Chon chieu day cach nhiet = 0,2 m.

Kiem tra ong sng Nhiet o buong lanh: -18 20 0C.

Ta co == 2,0014 (W/m2K)

He so truyen nhiet thc te :

kt=

EMBED Equation.3 =

kt = 0,201 (W/m2K)

ks = 2,0014 > kt= 0,201 cho nen vach ngoai khong b ong sng.

Kiem tra ong amMat o dong nhiet qua ket cau cach nhiet:

q= k.t= 0,201 (37,3 (-18)) = 11,11 W/m2.

Xac nh nhiet o be mat tai cac lp vach:

q = (ti+1-ti)

+ t1= tn - = 37,3 - = 36,8 0C

+ t2= t1 - = 36,8 - x11,11 = 36,57 0C+ t3= t2 - = 31,42 0C+ t4= t3 - = 31,17 0C+ t5= t4 - = 30,87 0C+ t6= t5 - = -16,36 0C+ t7= t6 - = -16,55 0C +tf2 = t7 - = -17,93 0C = -18 0CBang 5.2: Ap suat hi bao hoa sau theo nhiet oVach1234567

Nhiet o t,0C36,836,5731,4231,1730,98-16,29-16,55

Ap suat Phmax,Pa6207,226130,44601,474535,894458,9145,48142,17

- Tnh phan ap suat thc cua hi nc:

+ Dong hi tham thau qua ket cau bao che:

=

Trong o:

Ph1= Px(t = 37,3 oC) x 13= 6379 x 74%= 4720,46 Pa;

Ph2= Px(t= -18 oC) x 2 = 124,656 x 90%= 112,19 Pa;

H: tr khang tham hi qua ket cau bao che:

H=== 0,03677 m2hMPa/g;

== = 125339,10-6 g/m2h;

+ Phan ap suat thc cua hi nc tren cac be mat:

Px2=Ph1-

EMBED Equation.3 = 4720,46 - 125339 = 4692,61 Pa

Px3= Px2-

EMBED Equation.3 = 4239 Pa

Px4= Px3-

EMBED Equation.3 = 4211,14 Pa

Px5= Px4-

EMBED Equation.3 = 3482,43 Pa

Px6= Px5-

EMBED Equation.3 = 140,04 Pa

Px7= Px6-

EMBED Equation.3 = 112,19 Pa Ta co Phmax > Px vay vach khong b ong am.

2/ Mai kho lanhBang 5.3: Chieu day va he so dan nhiet cua cac lp vat lieu mai STTTen lp vat lieuBe day

, (m)Hso dan nhiet

(W/mK)

1Lp phu cach am0,0120,3

2Lp betong cot thep chu lc0,221,4

3Lp bitum0,0050,18

4Lp polystyrol-0,047

5Lp va trat li thep0,020,88

Chieu day cach nhiet:

= 0,1977 (m)

Chon chieu day cua lp cach nhiet mai la= 0,2 (m)

He so truyen nhiet:

3/ NenBang 5.4: Chieu day va he so dan nhiet cua cac lp vat lieu nenSTTTen lp vat lieuBe day

, (m)Hso dan nhiet

(W/mK)

1Lp nen nhan, betong lot0,041,4

2Lp betong dan0,11,4

3Lp cach nhiet (at set, soi)-0,2

4Lp bitum0,0050,18

5Lp betong cot thep chu lc0,21,4

5Lp betong nen mong +ham khong kh--

Chieu day cach nhiet:

= 0,67 (m)

Chon chieu day cua lp cach nhiet nen la= 0,067 (m)

5.1.3 TNH NHIET KHO LANH [1], [7]5.1.3.1 Dong nhiet qua ket cau bao che Q1a) Dong nhiet qua tng bao, tran va nen do chenh lech nhiet o Q11

Bang 5.5: Ket qua tnh Q1 cho tng bao, tran va nenSTTK, (W/m2.K)F, (m2)t ,( 0K)Q,(W)

1. Tng 0,2007260,6455,32892,77

2. Nen-244,7755,32022,66

3. Tran0,19807244,7755,32957,38

Tong cong:7872,81

Tnh rieng cho nenNgi ta chia nen ra cac vung khac nhau co chieu rong 2m moi vung tnh t tng bao vao gia buong:

He so m ac trng cho s tang ien tr cua nen khi co lp cach nhiet:

Bang 5.6: Ket qua tnh toan Q1 cho nenK, (W/m2.K)F, (m2)t ,( 0K)Q,(W)

1.Vung rong 2m doc theo chu vi tng bao0,4758,5853,31096,51

2.Vung rong 2m tiep theo ve pha tam buong0,2350,5853,3463,31

3.Vung rong 2m tiep theo0,1242,5853,3203.49

4.Vung con lai gia buong lanh0,0793,0353,3259,35

Tong cong:2022,66

b) Dong nhiet qua tng bao va tran do anh hng cua bc xa mat tri:

Tnh cho tng:Bang 5.7: Ket qua tnh toan Q1 cho tngSTTt12 ,(0K)F, (m2)k, (W/m2.K)Q,(W)

1Tng hng TN1062,580,2011125,85

2Tng hng B562,580,201162,92

3Tng hng N862,580,2011100,68

4Tng hng TB662,580,201175,51

Tong cong:364,96

Tnh cho mai

W.

Q12 = Q12t + Q12n = 1296,11 W.

Vay ta co: Q1 = Q11 + Q12 = 9158,92 W.5.1.3.2 Dong nhiet t san pham Q2

Entanpi cua san pham trc va sau khi x l lanh, ( t= -10oC), h1= 33,6 kJ/kg; ( t= -18 oC ): h2= 5 kJ/kg.

Lng hang nhap vao trong 1 ngay em, Msp= 10% dung tch kho

Khoi lng bao b a vao cung san pham, Mbb= 10% Msp.

Nhiet dung rieng cua bao b, Cb= 1,47 kJ/kg.

5.1.3.3 Cac dong nhiet van hanh Q4a. Dong nhiet chieu sang buong Q41Q41 = A.F

vi: A = 1.2W/m2 (oi vi buong bao quan)

F: dien tch buong, m.

=> Q41 = A.F =1,2 x(15x15)=270 W

b. Dong nhiet do ngi toa ra Q42Q42 = 350.n

350: nhiet lng do ngi lam viec nang nhoc thai ra, 350 W/ngi.

n: so ngi lam viec trong buong. Chon n= 4.

=> Q42 = 350 x 4=1400 W

c. Dong nhiet do cac ong c Q43Q43 = 1000.N

N: cong suat cua ong c ien, kW. Chon N= 3.

=> Q43 = 1000.N= 1000x 3= 3000 W.

d. Dong nhiet khi m ca Q44Q44 = B.F

B: dong nhiet khi m ca, W/m2F: dien tch buong, m2=> Q44 = B.F= 10 x 15 x 15=2250 W

Tong : Q4 = Q41+ Q42 + Q43 + Q44= 6920 W

Nhiet tai cua thiet b:

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q4 = 19865.5 W

Vay tong ton that nhiet quy tron la: Q0= 20 kW.

5.1.4 Phong mat tr nguyen lieu thuy san ti songPhong tr mat c s dung e tr nguyen lieu tom mi thu mua ve phan xng ch che bien. Nang suat cua nha may theo nguyen lieu tnh tren ngay la:

mtom su = 3378,4 x 181,4 / 100 = 6128,4 kg/ngay.

Chon thi gian tr lanhla 1 ngay. Vay nang suat tr cua phong la 6.2 tan

Trong phong tr mat la ni ta at cac thung tom nguyen lieu, ong thi ta co bo tr mot cai can nguyen lieu co kch thc:

1,4 x 0,97= 9,8 m2.

Co 2 ngi lam trong phong tr mat: 2 x 5= 10 m2.

Dien tch cua phong tr mat la: 15m x 3m = 45m2.

5.2 Dien tch phong ch ongPhong ch ong co nhiem vu nhan cac block tom a qua che bien, va tr ch a vao phong cap ong. Nhiet o cua phong ch ong vao khoang 0-5oC. Trong phong ch ong ch co nhng xe ay e a vao phong cap ong va co 2 ngi cong nhan lam viec.

Dien tch 2 xe ay chiem: 2 x 1,2 x 0,7= 1,68 m2.

Dien tch cho 2 cong nhan lam viec la: 2 5 = 10 m2.

Dien tch s dung cua phong ch ong: 1,68 + 10 = 11,68 m2.

Dien tch cua phong ch ong la: 6m x 3m =18 m2.

5.3 Dien tch cac phong khac trong phan xng san xuat5.3.1 Phong s che, phan loaiBang 5.8: Kch thc thiet b cua phong s che, phan loaiTen thiet bDai Rong (m m)Dien tch (m2)So lng (cai)Tong dien tch (m2)

Ban s che8,0 1,69,6112,8

Can1,40 0,971,3622,72

Xe ay1,2 0,70,8443,36

Tong dien tch thiet b18,88

Phong chuan b c bo tr nh sau:

Ngoai cac thiet b va dung cu tren bang, trong phong s che con co 10 cong nhan lam viec. Tieu chuan 5m2 cho mot ngi.

Dien tch cho ngi lam viec trong phong s che la: 10 5 = 50 m2.

Ban s che c at gia phong. Can c at sat tng va cach tng 0,5m.

Dien tch cho may nc a vay la: 1,65 x 0,6 = 0,99 m2.

Dien tch s dung phong s che: 50 + 18,88 + 0,99 = 69,87 m2.

Dien tch cua phong s che la: 15 m x 6 m = 90 m2.

5.3.2 Phong che bienPhong che bien bao gom mot ban dai va cac xe ay. Cong nhan lam viec trc tiep tren nguyen lieu la chu yeu nen khong co nhieu may moc, thiet b.

Dien tch ban che bien: 2 x 1,6 x 8 = 25,6m2.

Dien tch cho 20 cong nhan lam viec: 20 x 5 = 100 m2.

Dien tch cho cac xe ay: 6x 1,2 0,7 = 5,04 m2.

Dien tch cho may nc a vay: 1,65 x 0,6 = 0,99 m2.

Dien tch s dung cua phong che bien: 25,6 + 100 + 5,04 + 0,99 = 131,54 m2.

Dien tch thc cua phong che bien la: 15m x 9 m + 3m x 6m = 153 m2.

5.3.3 Phong xep khuonPhong xep khuon gom mot ban dai at gia phong e cho cong nhan lam viec trc tiep tren san pham.

Dien tch cua ban dai chiem: 6m x 1,6m = 9,6m2.

Dien tch cua ngi cong nhan lam viec: 8 x 5= 40 m2.

Dien tch s dung cua phong xep khuon: 9,6 + 40 = 49,6 m2.

Dien tch cua phong xep khuon la: 9m x 6m = 54 m2.5.3.4 Phong cap ongPhong cap ong gom co hai thiet b cap ong va co 4 cong nhan lam viec. Phong at thiet b cap ong la phong bnh thng, khong thiet ke theo phong cach nhiet. Ta tien hanh tnh dien tch phong cap dong:

- Thiet b cap ong dang plate co kch thc 1760W x 3300L mm2. 2 may cap ong chiem dien tch: 2 x 1.76 x 3.3 =11.62 m2.

Ta bo tr hai tu cap ong nam doc theo hai ben chieu dai phong cap ong, cach tng 0,70 m.

Moi ngi lam viec chiem dien tch 5m2. Tong cong dien tch ngi lam viec chiem la: 4 5 = 20 m2.

Dien tch 2 xe ay chiem: 2 x 1.2 x 0.7= 1.68 m2.

Dien tch s dung cua phong cap ong: 11.62 + 1.68+ 20 = 33.3 m2au ra cua nguyen lieu sau khi a c cap ong c thong vi hoan thien sa pham va phong tr ong. Cong nhan se nhan san pham a cap ong xong va tien hanh bao goi, dan nhan, in date, ong thung va sau o xep vao kho tr ong.

Phong cap ong co dien tch la: 6m x 6m = 36m2.

5.3.5 Phong hoan thien san phamBang 5.9: Kch thc thiet b cua phong hoan thien san phamTen thiet bDai Rong (m m)Dien tch (m2)So lng (cai)Tong dien tch (m2)

May ma bang1.1 x 0.270.29710.297

Ban hoan thien san pham 0.8 1.20.9621.92

May bao goi chan khong1.76 x 1.3352.3521.68

In nhan va ong thung0.8 x 21.611.6

Tong dien tch thiet b5.497

Trong phong hoan thien co 8 cong nhan lam viec. Tieu chuan 5 m2 cho mot ngi.

Dien tch cho ngi lam viec 40 m2.

Dien tch s dung phong hoan thien lanh: 5.497 + 40 = 45.497 m2.

Dien tch phong hoan thien san pham: 9m x 6m = 54m2.Ngoai ra con co cac phong phu tr nh phong may, phong trung gian e trung chuyen san pham lanh ong i phan phoi.Ket cau tng bao cho phan xng san xuat [1]oi vi phan xng san xuat ta ch can duy tr nhiet o 150C nen ket cau xay dng n gian hn so vi kho lanh. Nhng do phai tuan theo nguyen tac xay dng chong tham, chong am va cach nhiet, ta chon be day lien tuc nen ta gi lai ket cau cach nhiet, cach am cua kho lanh.4/ Tng bao phan xng

Vi ket qua tnh toan cho kho lanh, ta chon be day cac lp cach nhiet, cach am giong nh xay dng kho lanh. Ta ch thay oi chieu day cua lp gach chu lc do khong can cach nhiet cach am va chu nhiet o qua nhieu. Thay v khu vc kho lanh ta xay dng tng day 0.38m, vi ket cau tng bao cua xng san xuat, ta ch xay tng day 0.2m.Bang 5.10: Be day va he so dan nhiet cua cac vat lieu xay dng tng baoSTTTen lp vat lieuBe day lp vat lieu, (m)He so dan nhiet cua vat lieu, (W/mK)

1Lp trat va0.020.88

2Lp gach chu lc 0.20.82

3Lp trat va0.020.88

4Lp bitum cach am0.0050.18

5Lp cach nhiet 0.20.047

6Lp trat va0.020.88

5/ Mai phan xng

Mai xay dng khong c phep ong nc, khong c tham nc. Vi ket cau bao am cua kho lanh, ta khong s mai cua phan xng b tham am. Nhng e han che tiep xuc vi nc, ta se xay dng them ket cau tam mai tieu chuan vi cot, ram, xa va mai lp tieu chuan. Bang 5.11: Be day va he so dan nhiet cua cac vat lieu xay dng mai STTTen lp vat lieuBe day

, (m)Hso dan nhiet

(W/mK)

1Lp phu cach am0.0120.3

2Lp betong cot thep chu lc0.221.4

3Lp bitum0.0050.18

4Lp polystyrol0.20.047

5Lp va trat li thep0.020.88

6/ Nen phan xng

oi vi kho lanh, ta phai xay dng ket cau nen rat k do can duy tr nhiet o am nen se de gay ra hien tng ong bang hay phong rop tren be mat. oi vi phan xng san xuat, ch duy tr nhiet o thap nen khong can co lp vat lieu e si am nen. ay ta ch bo tr mot lp vat lieu bang a dam e lam kn nen.Bang 5.12: Be day va he so dan nhiet cua cac vat lieu xay dng nenSTTTen lp vat lieuBe day

, (m)Hso dan nhiet

(W/mK)

1Lp nen nhan, betong lot0.041.4

2Lp betong dan0.11.4

3Lp cach nhiet (at set, soi)0.670.2

4Lp bitum0.0050.18

5Lp betong cot thep chu lc0.21.4

5Lp lam kn bang a dam--

5.4 Tong dien tch cua phan xng va s o phan boBang 5.13: Cac phong trong phan xng thuy san

TenDien tch (m2)Kch thcSo cong nhan lam viec

Phong tr mat nguyen lieu4515m x 3m2

Phong s che, phan loai9015m x 6m10

Phong x ly thuy san15315m x 9m20

Phong xep khuon549m x 6m8

Phong ch ong186m x 3m2

Phong cap ong366m x 6m4

Phong hoan thien san pham549m x 6m8

Phong tr ong22515m x 15m4

Phong trung gian4515m x 3m-

Phong may4812m x 4m2

Tong cong76830m x 24 m

12 m x 4 m60

Chng 6: TNH TOAN CHU TRNH LANH6.1 Xac nh thong so lam viec6.1.1 Moi chat lanh [6]Moi chat lanh la chat moi gii c s dung trong chu trnh nhiet ong ngc chieu e bm mot dong nhiet t moi trng co nhiet o thap en mot moi trng khac co nhiet o cao hn.

Yeu cau oi vi moi chat lanh Tnh chat hoa hoc Khong oc hai oi vi moi trng, khong lam o nhiem moi trng.

Phai ben vng ve mat hoa hoc trong pham vi ap suat va nhiet o lam viec, khong c phan huy hoac polymer hoa.

Phai tr ve mat hoa hoc, khong an mon cac chat vat lieu che tao may, khong phan ng vi dau boi trn, oxy trong khong kh va hi am.

An toan, khong chay no.

Tnh chat vat ly Ap suat ngng tu khong c qua cao e giam ro r moi chat, giam chieu day vach thiet b va giam nguy hiem do v no.

Ap suat bay hi khong c qua nho, phai ln hn ap suat kh quyen chut t e he thong khong b chan khong, tranh lot khong kh vao trong he thong.

Nhiet o ong ac phai thap hn nhiet o bay hi nhieu.

Nhiet o ti han phai thap hn nhiet o ngng tu nhieu.

Nhiet an hoa hi r = h h va nhiet dung rieng c cua moi chat long cang ln cang tot.

Nang suat lanh rieng the t ch cang ln cang tot.

o nht ong cang nho cang tot.

He so dan nhiet l, he so toa nhiet a cang ln cang tot.

S hoa tan dau cua moi chat.

Moi chat hoa tan nc cang nhieu cang tot.

Khong dan ien.

Tnh chat sinh ly Khong c oc hai vi ngi va c the song. Khong tao cac chat oc khi tiep xuc vi ngon la que han va vat lieu che tao may.

Phai co mui ac biet e de dang phat hien khi ro r.

Khong gay anh hng xau en chat lng san pham bao quan.

Tnh kinh te Gia thanh re.

De kiem va van chuyen, bao quan de dang.

Thc te khong co moi chat ly tng ap ng het tat ca cac yeu cau tren. Khi chon moi chat lanh, ta can phat huy het toi a cac u iem va han che en mc thap nhat cac nhc iem.

Moi chat lanh R134a: [15], [17], [19] (CFC12; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) la moi chat lanh thay the co ODP = 0, c s dung thay the cho R12 day nhiet o cao va trung bnh nen co nhng ac tnh giong R12, co ch so lam nong a cau bang 90% cuaR12.

Cong thc hoa hoc: CH2F-CF3.

Phan t lng M = 102,03 kg/kmol.

Nhiet o soi ap suat kh quyen la -26,2oC.

Nhiet o ong bang: -101 oC.

Nhiet o ti han: tc = 101,15 oC.

Ap suat ti han tuyet oi: 40,64 bar.

Mat o ti han: 0.508 kg/dm3.

Nhiet dung rieng cua long soi: 1,26 kJ/kgK.

Nhiet an hoa hi: r = 215,5 kJ/kg.

Sc cang be mat: (= 0,0149 N/m.

Cac dau boi trn goc dau khoang, dau ton hp va dau alkybenzol khong hoa tan R134a. Cac loai dau polyalkylenglycol PAG, c s dung trong cac he thong ieu hoa khong kh tren oto. Cac loai dau polyolester POE c s dung trong hau het cac ng dung lanh khac. Moi loai dau eu co u nhc iem do o phai can nhac trc khi s dung, tot nhat nen tham khao y kien cua nha che tao may nen va cac nha san xuat dau lanh.

Dau boi trn may lanh: trong cac he thong lanh R134a ta s dung cac dau tong hp E, la loai dau tong hp tren c s ester (E), hoa tan mot phan trong cac moi chat lanh khong cha clo (HFC).

6.1.2 Chat tai lanh [6] Yeu cau oi vi chat tai lanh iem ong ac phai thap hn nhiet o yeu cau nhieu.

Nhiet o soi phai u cao e khong b bay hi ton that vao moi trng. Khong de bay hi.

Khong c lam mon thiet b, gay hen r oi vi may moc va thiet b, lam giam tuoi tho, gay ra cac hong hoc.

Khong oc hai vi c the song, khong lam mat pham chat hang hoa bao quan.

He so dan nhiet va nhiet dung rieng cang ln cang tot.

o nht va khoi lng rieng cang ln cang tot.

Tnh kinh te tot (re tien, de kiem, de van chuyen va bao quan)

Nc: la chat tai ly tng v ap ng gan nh hau het cac yeu cau. Nhng co mot ngc iem la iem hoa ran qua cao nen ch ng dung cho nhiet o dng nh ieu hoa khong kh, bao quan lanh thc pham, rau qua...

6.1.3 Tat ca cac thong so [1], [21], [22], [23]STTiemT ( oC)P (pk)h(kJ/kg)(.103 (m3/kg)Trang thai

11-230,13158385,6Bao hoa kho

21-180,13158389,8Hi qua nhiet

3170,13158408,50.17Hi qua nhiet

42821,1579462,1Hi qua nhiet

52441,1579421,3Hi bao hoa

63441,1579262,5Long bao hoa

73321,1579243,8Long qualanh

84-230,13158243,8Long-hi bao hoa

Bang 6.1: Cac thong so trang thai tai cac iem nut c ban cua chu trnh

6.1.4 Chu trnh mot cap Freon [1]Chu trnh lanh freon mot cap hoat ong nh sau: hi moi chat thiet b bay hi c qua nhiet s bo (do vao van tiet lu nhiet), i vao thiet b hoi nhiet, thu nhiet cua chat long nong, qua nhiet en t1 roi hut vao may nen. Qua may nen hi c nen oan nhiet len trang thai 2 va c ay vao bnh ngng tu. Trong bnh ngng tu, hi thai nhiet cho nc lam mat, ngng tu lai thanh long va c qua lanh chut t. o qua lanh ay rat nho nen bo qua. Long c dan vao bnh hoi nhiet. Trong bnh hoi nhiet, long thai nhiet cho hi lanh va t bnh bay hi ra. Nhiet o ha t t3 xuong t3. Sau o long i vao van tiet lu, c tiet lu xuong trang thai 4 va c ay vao thiet b bay hi. Trong thiet b bay hi, long bay hi, thu nhiet cua moi trng lanh. Hi lanh c may nen hut ve sau khi qua thiet b hoi nhiet. Nh vay vong tuan hoan cua moi chat c khep kn. Nang suat lanh rieng qoqo = h1 h4 = 389,8 243,8 = 146 kJ/kg.

Nang suat lanh rieng the tch qv

Cong nen rieng l l = h2 - h1 = 462,1 408,5 = 53,6 kJ/kg

Nang suat nhiet rieng qkq k = h2 h3 =462,1 243,8 = 218,3 kJ/kg

He so lanh cua chu trnh

Hieu suat exergi cua chu trnh

6.2 Tnh chon may nen [1], [2], [4]Nang suat khoi lng thc te

Nang suat the tch thc te

He so cap cua may nen

Vi:

po = p1 = 0,13158 MPa ; pk = p2 = 1,1579 MPa

= = 0,0075 MPa : ton that ap suat

c = 0,04 : t so the tch chet. (ta chon)

m = 0,975 ta chon.

The tch ly thuyet

Ta la chon may nen bang 7-5, P.225 [1], ta s dung may nen co k hieu: 2(yy6C25 co:

So xilanh: 8

So vong quay: 24 1/s

ng knh xilanh: 67,5 mm

Vlt= 3,42 x 10-2 m3/s

Qo= 29 kW

Nel= 13kW

So lng may nen can thiet

Ta chon 2 may nen.

Cong nen oan nhiet Ns

Cong nen ch th Ni

Vi:

Cong nen hieu dung Ne

vi: Ap suat ma sat rieng /vi may nen freon thang dong: pms = 0,049MPa

=>

Cong suat ien NelVi ta chon : Hieu suat truyen ong khp ai: td = 0,95

Hieu suat ong c el = 0,9

Nhiet thai bnh ngng Qk

6.3 Tnh chon thiet b ngng tu [1], [4]6.3.1 Thiet b ngng tuCac loai c s dung nhieu trong thc te:

Bnh ngng ong vo nam ngang cac loai ket hp vi thap giai nhiet.

Thap ngng thu (hay dan ngng tu bay hi)

Cac tieu chuan chon thiet b ngng tu la:

Tai nhiet Qk.

Cac ieu kien thc te ni s dung: so lng va chat lng cua nguon nc lam mat.

Trong ieu kien cua ni xay dng thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, ta co nguon nc hiem nhng chat lng: dung ong chum nam ngang freon, nc tuan hoan.

Bnh ngng ong vo nam ngang: gom mot vo hnh tru, ben trong bo tr mot chum ong, hai au co hai mat sang. Hai pha co 2 nap.

Tnh toan:

Xac nh nhiet o trung bnh logarit:

Vi:(t max = tk - t w1 = 44 - 36 = 8 oC

(t min = tk - t w2 = 44 - 39 = 5 oC

Cac thong so vat ly cua nc lam mat bnh ngng:

Nhiet o nc trung bnh trong thiet b ngng tu:

Ta tra bang 6.1, p.96 [1] c cac thong so:

kk =0,691 x10-6 (m2/s)

kk = 993,18 (kg/m3)

Prkk= 4,605

kk = 63 x10-2 (W/mK)

cpw = 4181 (kJ/kg.K)Lng nc lam mat cho bnh ngng:

Chon ong trao oi nhiet cho bnh ngng:

Ta chon la ong ong co canh:

ng knh trong cua ong: dtr = 13,2 mm

ng knh ngoai cua ong: dng = 16,5mm

ng knh ngoai cua canh: dc = 21mm

Bc canh: Sc = 2mm

Goc nh canh : = 35o Be day canh nh: d = 0,3mm

Vi ong ong ta co nang suat canh E = 1.

Dien tch ngoai cua 1m ong: F = 0,149 m2/m.

Dien tch trong cua 1m ong: Ftr = 0,0145 m2/m.

He so lam canh:

Chon van toc nc = 1,9 m2/s

Ta co so ong trong mot ng nc:

Chon n= 10 => toc o nc ieu chnh: = 1,75 m2/s

Xac nh he so toa nhiet t vach trong cua ong ti nc lam mat:

Tr so Renoylds:

ay la che o chuyen ong roi nen Nu co dang:

Trong o:

Chon tong tr nhiet toa ra cua vach va cua can ban:

e tnh cac bc tiep theo, can chon mot gia tr qi de tnh toan ket cau bnh ngng, sau ddos se tnh kiem tra lai gia tr a chon xem co phu hp khong. Neu khong phu hp phai tnh lap.

Chon: ,vay:

Cac ong c bo tr tren mat sang theo nh cua tam giac eu, chum ong co dang hnh luc giac vi so ong at theo ng cheo luc giac ln m :

Vi k = l/D t so gia chieu dai ong va ng knh trong cua than, lay l/D= 8

Lam tron en so le gan nhat. Chon m = 7

Vay so hang ong theo chieu ng nZ = m = 7.

Tnh toan truyen nhiet pha moi chat ngng tu:

Cac thong so vat ly cua moi chat lanh R134a 44oC (ta s dung cac thong so cua R12 trong cac trng hp R134a khong co):

r = 158,8 (kJ/kg)

= 0,25.10-6(m2/s)

= 1,13.10-2(W/m.K)

= 1111,11 (kg/m3)

Mat o dong nhiet ve pha moi chat:

Nh vay ta c mot he phng trnh xac nh mat o dong nhiet tnh theo be mat trong cua ong:

Giai he phng trnh tren bang phng phap o th, co the tm c q=qi =qa mot cach nhanh chong. V qi la tuyen tnh:Bang 6.2: Bang tnh toan mat o dong qa va qitv (oK)0,51,01,52,02,5

qi (W/m2.K)14817,513558,212298,911039,59780,15

qa (W/m2.K)2621,924914,066660,538264,439770,02

Ta tnh c q = 9775,1 W/m2 , t = 2,5 oK.

Ta chon so ong theo hang ngang cua ng cheo ln la 7 trong luc giac eu, vay tong so ong se la:

Be mat trao oi nhiet can thiet:

Tong chieu dai trao oi nhiet:

Chieu dai ong trong bnh ngng:

Chon l = 2m. Nh vay tong dien tch be mat trao oi nhiet thc se la 3,071m2

So ng nc:

Chon Z = 4 => n= 4 x 6 = 24 ong.

Ta chon thiet b ngng tu bang 6-2, p.122, [1].

Thiet b ngng tu ong chum nam ngang, freon (ong canh lan hoa bang ong ong 20x 3 mm) KTP-9.

Dien tch mat ngoai , F = 9 m2 Phu tai nhiet cc ai, Qk = 30,8 KW.

ng knh cua than, D = 273 mm.

So ong, n = 46.

Chieu dai ong, l = 1,5m.

So loi, Z = 4.VI.4. Tnh chon thiet b bay hi [2], [4]Thiet b bay hiThiet b bay hi co nhieu loai khac nhau da vao trang thai cua moi trng lam lanh:

Bnh bay hi lam lanh chat tai lanh long Dan bay hi lam lanh khong kh cung c chia lam 2 loai: dan lanh quat (khong kh oi lu cng bc) va dan lanh tnh (khong kh oi lu t nhien).

ay ta s dung dan lanh quat. Dan lanh quat trao oi nhiet bang oi lu cng bc khong kh c s dung rong rai v cung co nhieu u iem:

Co the bo tr trong buong hoac ngoai buong lanh.

t ton kem the tch bao quan san pham.

Nhiet o ong eu, he so trao oi nhiet ln.

t ton nguyen vat lieu.

Tuy nhien chung cung co nhc iem la on va ton them nang suat lanh cho ong c quat gio. o am trong buong thap, kho duy tr o am cao theo yeu cau bao quan, o kho hao hut san pham tang len do nhiet o bay hi thap.

Tnh toan:

Khong kh vao va ra khoi thiet b bay hi la:

Vao: t1= -17 oC , 1 = 90%

d1 = 0,909x 10-3 kg/kg

i1 = -14,92 kJ/kg

Ra:t2 = -19 oC, 2 = 95%

d2 = 0,8075x 10-3 kg/kg.

i2 = -17,19 kJ/kg.

t max = -17 + 23 = 6

t min = -19 + 23 = 4

Be mat truyen nhiet cua dan lanh co cau tao la cac ong ong bo tr song song co canh phang bang nhom long vao ong:

ng knh ngoai cua ong: dng= 0,016 m

ng knh trong cua ong: dtr = 0,0144 m

Bc canh: Sc= 0,004 m

Be day canh: c = 0,0004 m

Bc ong: S1 = S2 = 0,04 m

Dien tch cua 1m ong:

Dien tch khoang gia cac canh cua 1m ong:

Tong dien tch mat ngoai co canh cua 1m ong:

Dien tch be mat trong cua 1m ong:

He so lam canh:

He so toa nhiet ve pha:

Vi ng knh tng ng:

Chon van toc kh = 4 m/s.

Tr so Renoylds:

Bang 6.3: Ket qua tnh toan e chon so cum ong thiet b bay hiCac ai lngSo cum ong theo chieu khong kh, z

12345

Chieu dai canh theo chieu dai khong kh: L= S2.z0,040,080,120,160,2

T so eq \f(L,dt) 6,3912,7819,16915,5631,949

So mu n = 0,45 + 0,0066 eq \f(L,dt) 0,49220,53430,57650,61870,6609

m = -0,28 +0,08 eq \f(Re,100) -0,1225

He so A0,3790,2780,1950,1420,104

He so B = 1,36 0,24 eq \f(Re,100) 0,8875

He so C = A.B0,33640,24670,17310,1260,0923

Tr so Nu = C.Ren( eq \f(L,dt) )m11,2110,399,569,259,08

He so toa nhiet ve pha khong kh:

(k = eq \f(Nu.(,dt) ,W/m2K40,9237,9334,933,7633,14

He so toa nhiet quy c:

(q = eq \f(1,\f(1,(k() + Rt + Rc) ,W/m2K

ay : ( = 1,146

Rt = eq \f((t,(t) = = 0,025 m2K/W

Rc = 0,005 m2K/W19,48418,86618,1817,9117,75

Thong so m:

m = eq \r( ,\f(2,(\f(1,(k()+\f((t,(t))(c(c)) ay (c la he so dan nhiet cua nhom (c = 203,5 W/mK23,0322,6222,1721,9821,88

Chieu cao qui c cua canh:

h= 0,5dng((-1)(1+0,35ln() ,m

Trong o oi vi canh hnh vuong:

( = 1,15 eq \f(B,dng) =1,15 = 2,875

B = S1 = S2 = 0,040,0205

ai lng mh0,4720,4640,4540,450,449

Hieu suat cua canh E:0,92180,93390,93650,93760,9378

He so toa nhiet ve pha khong kh qui oi theo be mat trong cua ong:

(q tr = (q( eq \f(Fc,Ftr) E( + eq \f(Fo,Ftr) ) ,W/m2K471,84457,86442,39436,3432,5

Mat o dong nhiet ve pha khong kh qui oi theo be mat trong cua ong

qtr = (q tr (tkh - tv) , W/m21981,71927,218581832,71816,5

Dien tch be mat truyen nhiet:

Ftr = eq \f(Qo,qtr) , m210,0910,3810,7610,9111,01

Lng khong kh i qua dan lanh:

Gkh = eq \f(Qo,i1 - i2) , Kg/s8,81

The tch khong kh i qua dan lanh:

Vkh = eq \f(Gkh,(kh) , m3/s6.61

Dien tch cho khong kh i qua:

fkh = eq \f(Vkh,() , m21,652

Dien tch be mat truyen nhiet cua 1 cum ong:

Ftr = fkh eq \f((dtr,S1 - ( dng + \f(2(ch,Sc))) 3,46

So cum ong lam ong lam viec song song:

z = eq \f(Ftr,F'tr) 2,9233,113,153,18

Chon Z = 4, khi o qtr = 1832,71 W/m2 = qRChieu dai ong trong mot cum ong:

So hang ong trong mot cum ong:

Chieu dai cua 1 ong trong cum ong:

VI.5. Cac thiet b phu [1], [2], [4]VI.5.1. Bnh cha cao apBnh cha cao ap c bo tr ngay sau bnh ngng tu e cha long moi chat ap suat cao, giai phong be mat trao oi nhiet cua thiet b ngng tu, duy ttr s cap long lien tuc cho van tiet lu. Thng c at di bnh ngng va c can bang ap suat vi bnh ngng bang cac ong can bang hi va long.

Khi van hanh, mc long bnh cha cao ap at 50% the tch cua bnh.

The tch cua bnh cha cao ap:

Chon bnh cha co cac thong so sau:

V = 0,4 m3 D = 400 mmm L = 3620 mm H = 570 mm d1 = 20 mm Trong lng: 410 kg

VI.5.2. Bnh tach dauBnh tach dau c lap vao ng ay may nen freon e tach au ra khoi dong hi nen trc khi vao bnh ngng tu. e giam lng dau ri vao thiet b truyen nhiet, ta bo tr bnh tach dau tren au ay gia bnh ngng va may nen.

oi vi tac nhan lanh la freon, ta s dung bnh tach dau loai lam lanh bang nc va co lp em chng cat.

VI.5.3. Bnh cha dauBnh cha dau dung e gom dau t cac bnh tach dau, t cac bau dau cua cac thiet b. Bnh cha dau co dang hnh tru ng, co ng noi vi ng xa dau cua cac thiet b, ng noi vi ong hut ve may nen va ng xa dau c trang b ap ke. Dau c xa ve bnh nh chenh lech ap suat. Ap suat trong bnh hut giam xuong khi m van tren ng noi vi ong hut. Khi xa dau ra ngoai ap suat trong bnh ch c phep cao hn ap suat kh quyen chut t.

VI.5.4. Cac loai vanVan tiet luDung e tiet lu chat long tac nhan lanh t ap suat ngng tu Pk en ap suat soi Po va ieu chnh viec cung cap long cho he thong lanh.

Van mot chieuVan mot chieu c bo tr tren au ay cua may nen e ngan chan s chay ngc cua tac nhan lanh t bnh ngng ve trong trng hp may nen b s co hoac la trng hp may nen t ong ngng lai. Cau tao cua van mot chieu am bao tac nhan lanh ch co the chuyen ong theo mot chieu t may nen en bnh ngng.

VI.5.5. Phin locPhin loc co nhiem vu loai tr cac can ban c hoc va cac tap chat hoa hoc ra khoi dong tac nhan. Phin loc long c at trc van tiet lu va phin loc hi c at trc may nen.

VI.5.6. Ong danTnh toan ng knh trong cua ong dan

Trong ng ong hut may lanh nen hiChon : van toc cua dong chay trong ong: = 10 m/s

Khoi lng rieng cua moi chat: = 5,9 kg/m3

dtr = 0,054 m

Trong ng ong ay cua may nenChon: van toc cua dong chay trong ong: = 10 m/s

Khoi lng rieng cua moi chat: = 46,2 kg/m3

dtr = 0,019 m

Tnh chon thap giai nhiet [2]Nhiem vu cua thap giai nhiet la thai toan bo lng nhiet do moi chat lanh ngng tu toa ra. Lng nhiet nay c thai ra moi trng nh chat tai nhiet trung gian la nc. Nc vao bnh ngng tu co nhiet o tw1, nhan nhiet ngng tu tang len khoang 3-5 oC, ra khoi bnh ngng co nhiet o tw2. Nc nong tw2 c a sang thap giai nhiet va phun thanh cac giot nho. Nc nong chay theo khoi em xuong, trao oi nhiet va chat vi khong kh i ngc dong t di len nh quat gio cng bc. Qua trnh trao oi nhiet va chat chu yeu la qua trnh bay hi mot phan nc vao khong kh. Nhiet o nc giam i 3-5 oC va nguoi xuong nhiet o ban au tw1.

Ta thay thap giai nhiet co quat gio at hieu suat ln nhat. Chnh v vay thap giai nhiet co quat gio c s dung rong rai nhat hien nay. Va ay ta cung tnh toan thiet b cho viec s dung thap giai nhiet kieu nay.

Dong khong kh trong thap chuyen ong on nh khong phu thuoc vao sc gio ben ngoai, cho phep duy tr nhiet o cua nc lanh mot cach on nh, ong thi am bao cho thap co kch thc rat nho gon so vi thap h va be phun.

Ta co: Qk = 29,9006 kW t = 33 oC

tw1 = 36 oC

tw2 = 39 oC

tk = 44 oCLu lng nc lam mat cung cap cho thiet b ngng tuGw= 2,379 (kg/s)

Nang suat lam mat can thiet

Tnh chuyen: tonChon thap giai nhiet: FRK10. Vi kch thc:

H = 1735 mm

D = 930 mm

Lu lng: 2,17 (l/s)6 m

15 m

EMBED Equation.3

PAGE 12

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