124740203-CHEMICAL-DISASTERS-CAUSES-AND-IMPACTS-ppt.ppt

8/10/2019 124740203-CHEMICAL-DISASTERS-CAUSES-AND-IMPACTS-ppt.ppt

1/24


2/24

DM Terminology Hazard Vulnerability (Exposure) Accident Disaster

Prevention Emergency On-site Off-site

Preparedness

Response Compensation Litigations


3/24

CHEMICAL DISASTERS

Chemical disasters are occurrence ofemission, fire or explosioninvolving one ormore hazardous chemicalsin the course of

industrial activity or storage ortransportation or due to natural eventsleading to serious effects inside or outsidethe installation likely to cause loss of life

and property including adverse effects onthe environment.


4/24

CHARECTERESTICSChemical accidents may be classified by

Chemicals involved,

Sources of release

Extent of the contaminated are

Number of people exposed,

Routes of exposure an Health and medical consequences.


5/24

Causes of Chemical Disasters

Explosion in a plant handling or producing toxicsubstances

Accidents in storage facilities handling large andvarious quantities of chemicals

Accidents during the transportation of chemicalsfrom one site to another

Misuse of chemicals, resulting in contamination offood stocks or the environment, overdosing ofagrochemicals


6/24

Causes of Chemical Disasters

Improper waste management such as uncontrolleddumping of toxic

Chemicals, failure in waste management systemsor accidents in wastewater treatment plants

Technological system failures Failures of plant safety design or plantcomponents

Natural hazards such as fire, earthquakes,landslides

Sabotage

human error


7/24

Sources of Chemical Disasters

Manufacturing and Formulation Facility (includingduring Commissioning & Process Operation;Maintenance, Disposal and Waste Management)

Material Handling and Storage

Bulk Storages: In manufacturing facilities and isolatedstorages (including tank farms in Ports & Docks)

Storages of Small Containers: In manufacturingfacilities, in isolated warehouses and godowns, and

Storage of Fuels (LPG Depots etc.)

Pipelines, and

Transportation (road-, rail -, air- & waterways)


8/24

Trigger Mechanisms

Process and Safety Control System Failures: Technical errors such as design defects, fatigue

and metal failure, corrosion etc.; human errors namely neglecting safety

instructions, deviating from specified procedures; lack of information i.e., absence of emergencywarning procedure, non-disclosure of line oftreatment etc.,

organizational errors viz. non-conductance of

mock drills. etc for ensuring state of quickresponse and preparedness, poor emergencyplanning and co-ordination etc.


9/24

Trigger

Natural calamities The Indian sub-continent highly prone

to natural disasters

These events trigger Chemicaldisasters. For e.g., Release of acrylonitrile at Bhuj,earthquake 2001, and Damage to Phosphoric acid sludgecontainment during Orissa Supercyclone in 1999.

Terrorist attacks/Sabotage


10/24

Release

TYPE Gas release Liquid release

Two-phase flow

CAUSE- Leakage- Vent- Rupture


11/24

Consequences of Chemical

Disasters


12/24

Failures Design / equipment/ system Operability (human or management

failure): KSA M or E (Management/ organizational) Information/feedback

Response time leads to scenario


13/24

Recurring Causes of RecentChemical Accidents: Common Factors

1. Inadequate hazard review or process hazardsanalysis

2. Installation of pollution control equipment

3. Use of inappropriate or poorly designedequipment

4. Inadequate indications of process condition

5. Warnings went unheeded


14/24

Toxic effects of chemicals

Chemicals enter the body through the skin, eyes,lungs or digestive tract.

The rate of absorption via these paths isdifferent for different chemicals

Effects can be local (e.g. burning or blistering ofthe skin, eyes or respiratory tract) or systemic,and

the pattern may be influenced by age, gender,immune state, non-comitant exposures and generalfitness


15/24

Toxic effects.

Some effects (e.g. eye and respiratory irritationor central nervous system depression) can occurwithin minutes or hours

Other effects (e.g. congenital malformations orcancers) may take months or years


16/24

Pathways of exposure


17/24

Public-health effects of

chemicals Stress and anxiety

Deaths, Burns/injuries and illness Societal and economic costs


18/24

Fire & Explosion

Material characteristics Conditions

Atmospheric condition Internal

ExternalTemperature, Pressure, Wind

Ignitability, inflammable

Explosion Source of ignition


19/24

Inflammability

Dow & Mond Index

GPH & SPH

Physical effects Amount

Direction

Flow characteristics Area/containment


20/24

Fire scenarios

Jet Fire

Vapour cloud

Vapour cloud explosion Pool fire

BLEVE


21/24


22/24

Impacts..

Short-term Vs. Long-term

Loss of lives

Loss of economy Loss of market

Law & order trouble and trauma

Loss of peace and harmony


23/24

MCA

Maximum credible accident

PRA

ALARP


24/24

Thank you

Lesson:

Managing a disaster like a chemical accidentis not a charity or a welfare, BUT its ourprime duty, its our accountability, and ITS

the basic fundamental right of a person,organization, society or state.

Documents

124740203-CHEMICAL-DISASTERS-CAUSES-AND-IMPACTS-ppt.ppt