1/26/15

• Review: Define theory and principle. • Preview: list at least 2 types of specialized

psychology.

• ACT WORD: Ethical - pertaining to morals; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct

What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization?

PSYCHOLOGISTSTest ideas using various research methods

such as surveys and experimentationConsult and teach

What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization?

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION• Clinical – the largest group – treat

psychological problems• Counseling – treat adjustment problems• School – deal with students who have

problems that interfere with learning• Educational Psychologist – focus on course

planning and instructional methods

What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization?

• Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits

• Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations

• Experimental Psychologist – conduct research into basic processes

What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization?

• Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business

• Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment

• Consumer Psychologist – study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior

What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of specialization?

• Forensic Psychologist – are concerned with how psychological problems give rise to criminal behavior

• Health Psychologist – study the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health

Group A• You will create a job

advertisement for a psychologist in one of the areas of specialization that we have covered.

• You will specify in your ads what the nature of the job will be but not to specify which type of specialist is being sought. Once completed the class will attempt to guess to specialists.

• You will also answer 2-3 guiding questions as a writing component.

Group B• Exploring the field of

psychology, you will create a brochure that explains a specialized area of psychology as a future career choice.

• This will serve as a guide book that will explain the goals and specializations.

• You are to cover: education and training requirements, salary, work setting, and types of jobs available in the area of specialization.

1/27/15

WARM UPSocrates’ directive to “know thyself” is useful advice. What role does introspection play in

helping people learn about themselves?

ACT word of the day: renunciation (noun)Disownment; disavowal.

Question: How has the study of psychology developed over time?

PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED OVER TIMEBegan in ancient Greece Revived during the scientific advances of the

1500s, 1600s and 1700sContributions were made by modern

psychologists such as William James, B.F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud

History of Psychology Continued:

Even though modern psychology is a relatively new science, there has always been an interest in finding out why people think and behave the way that they do.

In fact, there is evidence that Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle studied psychology more than 2000 years ago.

History Continued…..

• Socrates used introspection—or “looking within”—to build on his theories on psychology.

• Aristotle took these ideas further and actually used observation to study and prove his theories.

History Continued…..

• While many groups in history attributed psychological problems to supernatural forces, the Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that such problems were due to brain abnormalities.

The birth of modern psychology:

• The scientific approach led to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800’s.

• The first experimental psychology lab was established in Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt who used introspection to test his theories.

Modern Psychology Continued:

• Wundt was the father of structuralism which held that consciousness breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

• Later, William James established the functionalist school of though. Functionalists used observation and were concerned “what’s and why’s.” What are the purposes of behavior and mental processes?

Modern Psychology Continued:

Later, contributions were made by such visionaries as John B. Watson (Behaviorism), BF Skinner (Reinforcement), and Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis), and many others.

The Gestalt perspective, which defines perceptions as wholes that give shape and/or meaning to the parts, has also grown into a modern philosophy.

Activity: Observable behavior

• Observe the person sitting at the table or seat next to you for 5 min.

• Write down everything they do for 5 min.• Remain objective and make no inferences as

to what is on the subjects mind.• Be prepared to discuss any limitations

involved in explaining behavior only on the basis of observable behavior.

1/29/15

• ACT word of the day• ephemeral (adj)Short-lived; existing or

continuing for a short time only

Warm Up

• Look at the photo, what information can you infer about the mental and emotional states of the children?

• How are the children behaving differently than adults would in the same situation?

• What questions would a psychologist raise while looking at the same photo?

Answers

• Cognitive psychologist would be interested in the ways in which children view the world.

• Children view the world with amazement due to new sensory input.

• Adults may have a moment of nostalgia but less stimulated by previously experienced sensory input.

Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology?

SEVEN MAIN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY– Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones,

genetic factors– Evolutionary – physical traits, social behavior– Cognitive – interpretation of mental images,

thinking, language– Humanistic – self-concept

Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology?

– Psychoanalytic – environmental influences, learning, observational learning

– Learning – effects of experience on behavior– Sociocultural – ethnicity, gender, culture,

socioeconomic status

23Chapter 1

Question:What are the goals of psychology?

Goals of Psychology

Control

Observe

Describe

Explain

Predict

Independent workPERSPECTIVE SUBJECT MATTER KEY ASSUMPTIONS

Biological Nervous systems, glands, hormones, genetic factors

Biological processes influence behavior and mental processes

Evolutionary

Cognitive

Humanistic

Psychoanalytic

Learning

Sociocultural

Writing exercise

• Using B.F. Skinner’s concept of reinforcement explain how children, animals and A. I. computer programs are similar in their learning and behavior.

• How do the concept of theory and principle differ?

Exit ticket

• Which of the following is an example of a cognitive activity?

A. CryingB. DreamingC. Exercising D. Laughing

Homework

• Please read pages 8-21 by Friday 1/30/15

• Friday bring your books for review

• Test will be next week on chapter 1