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Composite Material

The term composite refers to a 3-Dcombination of at least two clinically

different materials with a distinct interface

separating the components and thesignificance of the combination is that it

provide properties that are superior to

those of individual components.

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HISTORY

1950 - Silicate cements & unfilled resins.

1955 - Dr. Michael Bunocore-Acid etching.

1956 - R.L. Bowen introduced BIS-GMA.

1972 - Bowen and CleekRadiopacity

1980 - Fusayama - DBA

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Composition:Overview

Matrix

Coupling agent

Filler

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Composition & Structure:Matrix

Monomer or Oligomers.

Diluent

Initiator-accelerator system Other additives

Inhibitor

UV light absorbers Pigments and Opacifiers

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Composition & Structure:Matrix

Oligomers. Bis-GMA. UDMA.

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Composition & Structure:Resin matrix

High-molecular-weight. Extremely viscous Chemical structure

TEGDMA

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Diluent monomer

Low molecular weight compound. To get clinically usable consistency. Higher filler volume can be added.

TEGDMA(triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) MMA EDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

DisadvantageMore Diluent >>>>> More polymerizationshrinkage

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Oligomers Diluent

Other additives in resin matrix

Activator-initiator systems Inhibitor UV light absorbers

Pigments Opacifiers

Composition & Structure:Resin matrix

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Initiator-activator system

C = C + C = CPolymerization

Chemical Activator

LightInitiator

Free radical

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Chemically &Lightactivated composite resin

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Chemical activated resin

Two pastes Initiator :Benzoyl peroxide Activator :Tertiary amine

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Advantages : Any thickness can be built up in a single sitting.

Disadvantages :

Limited WT Entrapment of air O2inhibition

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Commonly used than chemical-cured

Single paste in an opaque syringe

Activator UV-light : Visible blue light : peak wavelength ~ 470-480nm. Direct viewing will damage the eye

Photoinitiator

0.2-0.7% Camphoroquinone + 0.15% amine activator

Light activated resin

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Advantages : More WT Polymerisation is rapid Less porosity & staining Increased srength

Disadvantages :

Incremental technique

Shrinkage towards light Poor accessibility in posterior areas Longer exposure time for darker shades Sensitive to room illumination

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Visible light source

The radiation beam is transmitted to the toothsurface by a quartz bulb with a tungsten filament

in halogen environment.

LED lamps PAC lamps

ARGON laser lamps

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Inhibitor Minimal or prevent spontaneous polymerization Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.01 wt%

Hydroquinone Pigments (metal oxide) : Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Sn

Opacifiers :

Titanium dioxide Aluminum oxide

Other additives

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Significantly improves the properties of the matrix

Decrease

Polymerization shrinkage Water sorption, softening & staining Coefficient of thermal expansion

Increase

Workability Strength RadiopacitySr & Ba

Fillers

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Filler particles

Factorsin determining the properties Filler volume level Size and size distribution of filler

Radiopacity Hardness

Types of fillers

Quartz Colloidal silica [0.04microns] Glasses or ceramics [Ba, Zn, Y]

Organic fillers [5-30microns]

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Coupling agent

Bond filler to resin matrix.

Increase physical & mechanical properties Provide hydrolytic stability Most common:

Organosilane & vinyl silanes [3-Methacryloxy propyltrimethoxy silane]

Zirconates Titanates

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Coupling agent

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Macrofilled

Type of composite resin:By filler size

Microfilled

back

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First type of composite, Since 1960s

Quartz filler, 8-12

70-80% by weight, 60-65%VAdequate strength & physical property

back

Macrofilled composite

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Macrofilled composite

High roughness Feel rough to dental explorer Plaque accumulation & staining

Difficult to polish Low wear resistance

Class IV & II

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Marketed in late 1970s

Very smooth surface

Colloildal silica particle size 0.04-0.4) m

50%W Very high surface area High coefficient of thermal expansion, water absorption &

polymerisation shrinkage

Microfilled composite

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Clinical application

Class III, V

Esthetic area Not be used in stress-bearingsituation (Class

I,II,IV)

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Pre polymerised filler

Current patternmicrofill composite

Mi fill d it

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Prepolymerized filler(Reinforced / Composite / Organic filler) Sinter the colloidal silica

Silane coating done

Prepolymerized with monomer and ground to 10-20 particles

32-50%v, 50-60%W

Agglomerated microfillerstill has smooth surface

Microfilled composite:Fillers >> Currently used for microfilled

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Developed in 1980s

Acceptable strength & wear (cl I &II)

1-5 average

2 or more size fine particle

Filler are Quartz & glass

80%W, 60-65%V

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Small particle composite

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Class I & II - Improved strength

Anterior - class IV

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Small particle composite:Fillers

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Small particle composite:Fillers

Roughness

Microfilled < Small particle< Macrofilled

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Since late 1980s

Colloidal silica & heavy metal glasses

0.4 -1

Clinical used

Small-medium class I & IIStrong & wear resistance Class III & IV ..Polishable & strong All-purpose

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Hybrid composite

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Physical & mechanical properties Small particle~Hybrid> Macrofilled>Microfilled

Surface smoothness

Microfilled > Hybrid ~ small particle >Macrofilled

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Hybrid composite:Fillers

Classification by filler size &

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Classification by filler size &distribution

Mega filled Macro filled [ 10-100microns]

Midifilled [ 1-10microns]

Minifilled [ 0.1-1microns]

Microfilled [0.01- 0.1microns]

Nanofilled [0.005- 0.01microns]

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Mode of presentation

2paste system Single paste system

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Classification based on consistency

Light body Medium body

Heavy body

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Classification by polymerization

Chemically activated polymerization(cold curing,chemical curing or self curing)

Light activated polymerization

UV Light Visible light

Dual-curing

Contain both Photoinitiator & Chemical initiator Light activation, followed by chemical

Stage curing

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Classification by clinical application


Posterior composite

All-purpose composite

Flowable composite

Condensable / packable composite

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Working & setting time

Initial set 75% polymerized in first 10 min

Complete set at 24 hrs Reach optimal properties

Polymerization inhibited by O2Oxygen inhibiting

layer

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Polymerisation shrinkage

Hybrid : 0.6-1.4% Microfilled : 2-3% Polymerized stress :high as 13-18 MPa

Self cure Light cure

P l i ti h i k

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Polymerisation shrinkage

Reduced by Incremental technique. Stage curing.

Coefficient of thermal

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Coefficient of thermalexpansion

Small particle 25-38 x 10-6

Microfilled 55-68 x 10-6

Dentin 8.3 x 10-6

Enamel 11.4 x 10-6

Thermal stress place strain to the resin/tooth bondinginterface

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Physical properties

Water sorption Small particle 0.3-0.6 mg/cm2 Microfilled 1.2-2.2 mg/cm2

Water solubility 0.01-0.06 mg/cm2 Depend on degree of polymerization

Color stability Resistant to oxidation change Susceptible to staining

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Degree of conversion

The percentage of consumed carbon double bond

The higher DC, the better strength and wear

resistance.

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C-factor/Configuration factor

Ratio between the bonded surface area to theunbonded surface area.

Higher the C-factor more the bond disruption.

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Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity

CS highest for small particle. Modulus of elasticity

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Depth of cure Microfilled scatter more light Longer exposure times are needed for microfilled

Wear rates average 50 /year Wear resistance

Macrofilled < Microfilled < Small particle ~ Hybrid

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Biocompatibility

Chemical toxicity Pure components found cytotoxic in vitro

Bis-GMAestrogenic. UDMA, TEGDMA

Unpolymerized resin is more toxic

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Esthetic filling materials Posterior restoration

Direct filling

Inlays, Onlays Cementation: Unfilled resin

Adhesive: Unfilled resin

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Class I & II

Class III,IV & V Class VI

Core build ups

Esthetic enhancement Midline diasthema Peg laterals

Canine reshaping Veneering

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Luting agents.

Interim restorations

Miscellaneous Periodontal splinting Repair of fractured ceramic

crown. Fixing orthodontic brackets

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High caries risk & poor oral hygiene

Heavy occlusal stresses

Access & isolation difficulties

Sub gingival extension

Limited operator skill & knowledge

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Aesthetically pleasing

Conserve tooth structure Micro mechanical bonding

Low thermal conduction

Command set Repairable

Can be polished in the same

appointment

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Polymerisation shrinkage Technique sensitivity

Time consuming

Expensive Difficult to polish & finish

High coefficient of thermal expansion

Microleakage

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Flowable.

Condensable/packable.

Ormocer.

Ion releasing composite resin.

Nanofilled composites.

Compomers.

Ceromer.

FRC.

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INSPITE OF ALL ITS DRAW BACKS

COMPOSITE REMAINS AS THE MOSTACCEPTED ESTHETIC RESTORATIVE

MATERIAL IN DENTISTRY.

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Documents

13 Composite[1]