Tourism’s Economic Impact

•Employment, foreign exchange, income, tax revenue•Declining activity in agriculture, mining and manufacturing

Benefits and Costs of Tourism

Benefits of Tourism - Economic

• Can be developed with local products and resources

• Diversifies the economy

• Tends to be compatible with other economic activities

• Spreads development

• High multiplier impact

• Increases governmental revenues

• Provides employment opportunities

• Generates foreign exchange

• Increases Incomes• Increases GNP• Can be built on

existing infrastructure

• Develops an infrastructure that will also help stimulate local commerce and industry

Tourism Multiplier Effects

Develops excess demand

Results in high leakage

Creates difficulties of seasonality

Causes inflation

Can result in unbalanced economic development

Disadvantages of Tourism- Economic

Tourism’s Economic Impact: An International Perspective• Terrorism, health scares, and rising oil price• Int’ tourist arrivals• Int’ tourist receipts• Impact exchange rates

Comparing Int and Domestic Expenditures• Int’ tourism vs domestic tourism• 1989년 외국인 273만명, 해외관광 121만명• 2009년외국인 780만명, 해외관광 949만명

Employment (Direct /indirect)

• Public transportation• Auto transportation• Lodging• Food Service• Entertainment/recreation• General retail• Travel planning

Optimization(최적화)

• Goals- Maximize the amount of psychological experience for tourist.

- Maximize profits for firms providing goods and services to tourist

- Maximize the direct and indirect benefits of tourist expenditures on a community or region

경제학에서최적화이론이란희소한자원들을배분하여많은경제적주체들의다양한욕망을충족시킬수있는가하는방법

• Constraints

- Demand- Supply of Attractive Resources- Technical and Environmental Constraints- Time Constraints- Indivisibilities- Legal Constraints (limit activities)- Self-Imposed Constraints- Lack of Knowledge- Limits on Supportive Resources: limit chances to provide psychological enjoyment

• Optimizing the Experience

- purchased sight unseen- constrained by time and budget -> the combination of destination

• Optimizing Returns to Businesses

- provide given price level

• Optimizing for the Local Economy

- imported from another state or country

• Tourism Exports and Imports- Japanese tourist traveling to Korea (export)- Korea tourist spend money in Japan (import)

Commodity Flow

Korea Japan

Payment Flow

Tourist Flow

Korea Japan

Payment Flow

KR Commodity Export

KR Tourism Export

• Balance-of-Payments Effects

• Investment Stimulation

• Tourism Increases Tax Revenue

• Inflationary Pressure

Economic Multipliers

• Direct Effect• Indirect Effect• Employment Multiplier• Income Multiplier• Economic Benefits Widely Distributed• Structural Changes• Dependence on Tourism• Investment Priorities• Quantity Demanded and Price Elasticity• Income Elasticity of Demand

• 관광수입의경제적효과는승수효과에의해증폭

• 관련관광산업의수입뿐만아니라산업연관에의한수입

의분배, 재분배의연쇄고리는지역, 국가수준으로확대

2

• 승수효과는?관광지연간 100억원의관광수입이있고, 그중 80억원이소비에, 20억원이저축으로회수된다.

1 1=

1-MPC MPS

케인즈의투자승수

MPC (한계소비성향) =소비/수입MPS (한계저축성향)=저축/소득

MPC는 80/100=0.8, MPS는 20/100=0.2승수는, 1/(1-0.8)=1/0.2=5

100억원의관광수입이수입의재분배과정에서 5배인 500억원이관광지혹은국가에경제적효과를야기시킨다. 따라서승수값은소비성향이클수록, 저축성향이작을수록크게된다

Ep > 1 Ep < 1 Ep = 1

관광가격의상승 관광수입의감소 관광수입의증가 불변

관광가격의하락 관광수입의증가 관광수입의감소 불변

관광수요의가격탄력성과관광수입과의관계

수요의가격탄력성(Ep) =P₂- P1

Q₂-Q₁(Q₂ -Q₁)/2

(P₂ - P1)/2

관광가격변화시작전기초관광수요 Q₁, 기말수요 Q₂기초관광가격 P1, 기말관광가격 P₂

문 1) 관광가격이 150만원에서 100만원으로하락하고, 관광일수가 5일에서 7일로늘었다

문2) 힐튼호텔이 1박 75,000원에서 68,000원으로하락했다. 일본인관광객한명이투숙하고자하는기간은 2박3일에서호텔숙박비가하락하여 3박4일로일정으로변경하였다.

문3) 한정식코스가격이 1인분 20,000원에서 23,000원으로상승했다. 관광객의체제일수는 7일에서 6일로변경하였다.

• 각문항에서가격변동의이유와탄력성을구한후 결과에대한해석을하시오

Measuring and Forecasting Demand

Tourism and Environment

• Tourism has the power to enhance the environment

preserve and protect

Tourism Threaten the Environment

Sustainable Development

• We are all responsible-

• Some premises of Sustainable Development in Tourism- The Premise of Interdependency- The Premise of Multidisciplinarity- The Premise of Previous Experience- The Premise That Nature is Better- The Premise of Politics and Power

• Sustainable Development and Tourism: The Critical Area

• 관광수입의경제적효과는승수효과에의해증폭• 관련관광산업의수입뿐만아니라산업연관에의한수입의분배, 재분배의연쇄고리는지역, 국가수준으로확대

1차관광에의한생산재의생산, - 국민소득증가액 ∆I

2차소비와저축이증대, - ∆I x MPC(한계소비성향)

3차소비재의생산이자극받아국민소득이증대 , ∆I x (MPC)2