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Setting the Stage
• Conflict between church & state– Pope Gelasius I: “There are two powers by which
this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.”
• The Pope: Control Religious Matters v. the Emperor/Kings: Control Political Matters
• The Church and various rulers will compete for ultimate authority
The Church: Structure
• Power based on status• Head of the Church = The
Pope– Authority over all bishops
& priests (Clergy)• Bishops supervised priests
(lowest level)• Bishops settle disputes
over practices & teachings• Local Priests = Main
contact with the Church
A Unifying Force• The Church unified the
division made by feudalism
• A stable force during a time of upheaval
• People live harsh lives, but could achieve salvation– The Sacraments
• Locally: The Church was the religious and social center
Church Law• Church law = Canon Law
– Marriage & Religion• Courts established to carry
law out– Punishments:
excommunication & interdict• Popes use
excommunication (denial of salvation) to control kings
• Continued disobedience by a king = the interdict– The Sacraments & religious
services could not be performed in said king’s lands
• Laws give the Church near ultimate authority
Otto I
• Germany: Otto I allies with the Church
• Uses the Church to check fellow nobles
• Builds a power base through bishops & abbots = monasteries
• Invades Italy for the Church = crowned emperor by the pope
The Church v. The Holy Roman Empire
• Problems: Popes & Italian nobles resent German power in Italy
• The Church dislikes lay investiture = kings appoint church officials– 1075: Pope Gregory VII
bans process• Emperor Henry IV orders
Gregory to step down; Henry excommunicated– 1077: Henry meets
Gregory at Canossa, make-up, & is re-instated
Concordat of Worms
• Popes & Kings continued to fight over lay investiture
• 1122: The Emperor & church officials meet at Worms, Germany
• Compromise:– The Church appoints
bishops– Emperor could veto
appointment
Frederick I (Barbarossa)• 1st emperor to officially call
lands “Holy Roman”• Lands a patchwork of feudal
territories• Invades rich cities of Italy &
angers the pope• Lombard League forms to
combat Frederick– Pope & Italian cities
• 1176: Battle of Legnano – Frederick defeated by Italians & their crossbows
• 1190: Frederick I dies while on Crusade– Empire shatters into pieces
Separation of German States
• German kings try to rebuild the empire
• Problems with Revival:– Multiple clashes with
Italian cities and the pope– Election of the king
through princes (weak authority)
• Problems lead to a control fewer and weaker lands to establish power