135185413 MW Links Planning With Pathloss IV

7/25/2019 135185413 MW Links Planning With Pathloss IV

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Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved1

Microwave Engineering with Pathloss IV

Imran Siddiqui

Email :[email protected]


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Microwave Communication

A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band

spanning 2 to 60 GHz As per I!!!" electromagnetic #avesbet#een $0 and $00 GHz are called millimeter #aves %&&'(instead of micro#aves as their #avelengths are about ) to)0mm

Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less

than $ GHz #hile medium and large capacity systems utilizefrequencies ranging from $ to )* GHz +requencies , )* GHzare essentially used for short-haul transmission

&icro#ave radio communication requires a clear line-of-sight%./S( condition

adio ./S ta1es into account the concept of +resnel ellipsoidsand their clearance criteria


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vaila!le "# S$ectrum

%and2-4 GHz

6-8 GHz

10 GHz

11 GHz

13-18 GHz

23-38 GHz

dvantageest propagation - no po#er fading %decoupling"ducting(

!ffective space diversity

.o#est outage in non-ducting areas est highcapacity" long-haul performance

3ery effective space diversity

Good discrimination to interference and long-

delayed reflections

Good longer path performance

!ffective space diversity

.o# rain outage in thunderstorm areas

'ide spectrum %)000 &Hz( available

&any high capacity channels available

4arro# and #ideband channels available5ncro#ded bands %2000 &Hz )7 GHz(

+e# band#idth constrictions 5ncro#ded bands%eg 2800 &Hz #ide band at 2$ GHz(

&isadvantage'ideband lin1s are vulnerable to dispersive fadingeduced fade margins due to lo#er antenna gainsHigher interference levels 2 GHz impacted by5&9S" +'A High clearance paths are vulnerable toreflections 8 GHz shared #ith satellites

.onger paths are vulnerable to po#er fades due toducting and decoupling in an adverse climate"requiring higher path clearances in some areasands are cro#ded in some areas

.imited band#idth %8-)6 9):!)( + channels

ain outage is a ma;or factor in some areas Shared#ith satellite services )0


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'&M and PCM

The Bi-Polar PCM

Digital Signal(50% duty cycle)

(((((((( ()*(+(+++++ ,)(++(++++ (-(+++(+++ (+++++(+ )

(++++++( (++++++++ ++++++++( /(++++++(+ /)++++(+++ /+++(++++ /(-++(+++++ /,)+(++++++ /-0+((((((( /()*

(++((+++1 2m$litude 3 )04

Ch. ) nalog Signal 2V#4

-law (DS1)

( ( ( + + + ( (1 ( + + ( ( + + +1 ( + ( + + ( ( (1

/!it code o5&S+ Ch. (

/!it code o5&S+ Ch. )

/!it code o5&S+ Ch. ,

DS1 Frame = 24 x 8-bit Byte ! 1 Frami"# $%le = 1&3 bit

1&3 bit x 8000 am'lee = 1*+44 ,bit

1&S+ V# Su$ervisory Signalson the

6east Signi5icant %it 26S%4

+ **) (700 ,+++ 894ote the negligible energy

belo# )0 1Hz and above )*88 &Hz

Energy

m$litude

$-,

.%a"tizi"

#-/0e

1%i/Polar Violation 2larm4

1


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5

Microwave 6in8 &esign Methodology

Microwave 6in8 &esign is a methodical; systematic and

sometimes lengthy $rocess that includes :

.oss:attenuation calculations

+ading and fade margins calculations

+requency planning and interference calculations?uality and availability calculations



6

Micrwave Link Design

Microwave 6in8 &esign Process

'he whole $rocess is iterative and may go through many redesign

$hases !e5ore the required quality and availa!ility are achieved.

Frequency

Planning

Link Budget

Qualityand

vaila!ility

"alculati#ns

Fading

Predicti#ns

$nter%erence

analysis

Pr#&agati#n l#sses

Branc'ing

l#sses

(t'er L#sses

)ain

attenuati#n

Di%%racti#n*

re%racti#n

l#sses

Multi&at'

&r#&agati#n


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"adio Path 6in8 %udget

,rans-itter 1

)eceiver 1

.&litter .&litter

,rans-itter 2

)eceiver 2

(ut&ut

P#wer /,0Branc'ing

L#sses

waveguide

Pr#&agati#n

L#sses

ntenna

2ain

ntenna

2ain

Branc'ing

L#sses)eceivedP#wer /)0

)eceiver t'res'#ld alue

Fade Margin



9ierarchy in Multi$le ccess



S&9 Ca$acities

6ine "ate%&bit:s( S&9 Signal P&9 SignalD !) %2087 1bit:s( Channel 'rans$ort

2.048 VC - 12 1 30

34.368 VC - 3 16 480

*)78 Sub-S9&-)E 2) 6$0

139.264 VC - 4 64 1,920

)***2 S9& - ) 6$ )"7


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S&9 #rame Structure

+rame .ength )2*

S/H egenerator Section /verhead

&S/H &ultipleCer Section /verhead

it rate )***20 &bps

sec



11

S&9 #rame ?verhead

F ytes reserved for

national usage

& ytes reserved formedia specific usage

%empty( ytes reserved

for future standardization



12

'y$ical Service "equirements

Bandwidth requirements for the applications listed are considered sufficient to provide adequate user

experience on a single workstation.



13

'ransmission Media

Copper orFiberoptics Cable - Leased Services M#nt'ly %ee7#&erat#r never #wns t'e netw#rk

(%ten l#ng re&air ti-es 888 cust#-ers are #ut #% service

Li-ited availa!ility888e8g8 98: /91+ 'r;yr tra%%ic l#ss

Fiberoptics Cable - urchase

n#w t# 91 !it;s /("*12;.,M*64

'icrowave (adio - urchase L#w li%e cycle c#st

)a&id de&l#y-ent> resnsive service i-&le-entati#n> and under %ull user c#ntr#l /sitesand r#utes are secure


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'errestrial "adio/relay lin8s

'erminal A

"adio

Multi$leB

9C

C

"adio

Multi$leB

9C

C

'erminal %A

ntenna

Path

#eeder

Inter5erence

@ata@ata

ntenna

#eeder

)adi# -eets su&eri#r relia!ility> 'ig'er security> and -#re de-anding &er%#r-ance andquality standards8)adi# user 'as t#tal c#ntr#l #ver site access and rest#re ti-e8)adi# gr#ws wit' t'e netw#rkC asily e0&anda!le and acc#--#dates %uture rel#cati#n8)adi# 'as an #&erati#nal li%e l#ng a%ter t'e leased*line &ay!ack 'as &assed /92 yrs8)adi# &r#vides clear c'annel and &r#tecti#n ca&a!ilities8


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dvantages #% MA wireless

s#luti#n

Disadvantages #% MA wireless

s#luti#n

L#w %i0ed c#stsFast i-&le-entati#n /daysF#cus de&l#y-ent #n !est

#&rtunitiesAinning c#st &r#%ile in ur!an

and rural -arkets.&eed all#ws entry int# new

-arketsEnregulated at l#cal levels

: #% c#st is electr#nics /n#t la!#r and structures

Line #% sig't /L(. &r#&agati#nAeat'er a%%ects availa!ilityest'etics &r#!le-s #% cust#-er

antenna> c#--unity !ase stati#ns and t#wersMMA tec'n#l#gy is relatively new

t# c#--ercial a&&licati#ns /55


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"adio ave Pro$agation

DE?; ME?;and 6E?Satellites

S1y 'ave

%H+ only(

"E#"C'E& VE

4/4-!+AB9!@ %1)( 'A3!

"E#6EC'E&

VE

'ransmittingntenna

"eceivingntenna

'ro$os$here

Ionos$here

Ground 'ave

%.+:&+ only(

'rue Earths Curvature

M=6'IP'9 "FS


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Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved1+

M versus ?$tic #i!re

+avors

&icro#ave

&icro#ave or fiber

+avors

+iber

"equired 'rans$ort Ca$acity

#avors: "adio #i!er

Availability:security ayload %transport(

Bost effectiveness

Implementation time

9errain considerations

'rans$ort ChoicesShort

'urn/=$'ime

ra&' s'#ws ty&ical installati#n and

c#--issi#ning ti-e vs8 trans-issi#n ca&acity8

Micr#wave is %av#red %#r s'#rt installati#n ti-esand low-to-mediumtransrt ca&acities8

Lig'twave is #!vi#usly %av#red %#r its high t#veryhigh transrt ca&acities.

)adi# generally 'as a l#wer %i0ed cost/unitca&acity and t'us is less e0&ensive %#r -ediu-

ca&acities8


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M "adio in Cellular


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).7D DSM


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M radio/relay $oint/to/$oint wireless transmission is a$$lica!le to allcommunication networ8s.

M a$$lied 5or Mo!ile; %roadcast and %ac8hauling

)D

,D

iMG

,D 6'E

i#i

B&S6

#'' rain attenuati#n> a!s#r&ti#n8Particular %requency !ands di%%er !y t'eir s&ectral widt' 'ence can su&rt

di%%erent link ca&acities /channelse&arati#ns range !etween ,. to / '018ll %requencies used in a radi#*relay netw#rk s'#uld n#r-ally !e selected %r#-

an established frequenc* plan> generated eit'er !y internati#nal #r nati#nal

#rganiati#n8


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"eceiver Sensitivity

"eceiver sensitivityof a digital radio" is a minimum signal level on the

receiverMs input terminals" that secures specified maCimum allo#able !behind receivers detector %typically )0-$or )0-6 ("including +!B

"eceiver sensitivity is a55ected !y:

9ype of modulation method employed9ype of carrier and cloc1 recovery

circuits4oise figure of the receiver pathhase noise level of the local oscillator

9ype of +!B and soft-detectionemployed

" i S iti it d CJ


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"eceiver Sensitivity and CJ dBH

" i 'h h ld


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"eceiver 'hresholds

9he (+/-%E" 2or other %E"K(+/-4 Static 'hreshold is for factoryand in-servicefield verification of receiver noise and interference levels" measured

manually #ith attenuators

9he (+/,%E" &ynamic 'hreshold is for outagecalculations and Nhands-offOfield measurements in a normal fading environment #ith ! net#or1

management" follo#ing I95-9 G72) performance definitions

9he %E"/SES &ynamic 'hresholdis the same as the above dynamicthreshold" but is used for outage calculations follo#ing I95-9 G 726

performance definitions 5sual range of !-S!S is )0-$P )0-8

ree Di#ital ai/ re/l 5"e /r at/ry a" iel i"-

er7ie teti"# a" tw/ /r /%ta#e al%lati/" 'er/rma"emea%reme"t et*

C i 5 M d l ti M th d


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Com$arison o5 Modulation Methods

"eceiver sensitivities 5or %E" 3 (+/- 2,.7; (+.7 D94

+or the same input data rate" more cro#ded &-?A& constellations

use channel frequency band more effectively" but require higher B:IHigher level &-?A& are susceptible to selective fading and other

types of linear distortion&-?A& schemes require linear + po#er amplification

Spectrum is eCpensive , Spectrum efficiency #ins the battle

# S 6 d ! ti


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#ree S$ace 6ossand !sor$tion

2

4

=

!F"

=

!F"dB

4l#g2

A free space equation simply assumes that radio #aves are transmittedequally in all directions Hence the po#er density is equal in every point of asphere having transmitter in its center eceiver captures only small part ofthe po#er" #hich is proportional to the effective area of receiving antenna Pisotropic radiator

In deci!els:

'here @ distance bet#een transmitter and receiver

#avelength

t h i ! ti C


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tmos$heric !sor$tion Curves

Signi5icant 5or 5requency !andsa!ove (7 D9.

Absorption on #ater vapor H2/

Absorption on oCygen molecules /2Absorption on other gasses

smog" eChaustions" etc

'errain "elated E55ects


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'errain "elated E55ects

Specular (eflection2 F#r MA '#&s r#uted acr#ss large #r -ediu- sied !#dies

#% water /see> lakes> rivers> &art #% t'e energy radiated !y t'e trans-itter can !eal-#st t#tally re%lected %r#- t'e water level> t'en reac' t'e receiver and add

destructively wit' a direct signal8 ,'is causes a wer %ade> t'e de&t' #% w'ic'

c'anges n#cturnally /*variati#n8

3iffraction effects2 MA energy reac'ing an #!stacle> t'e l#ngitudinal di-ensi#n#% w'ic' is c#-&ara!le t# t'e wavelengt'> is !ent !e'ind t'e #!stacle8 ,'is

!ending is called di%%racti#n8 ,'e rays !e'ind t'e #!stacle> t'at are !ent under

di%%erent angles> add u& in a c#-&le0 -anner and cause cr#ss*secti#nal variati#n

in wer density8 "#--#n -ani%estati#n #% suc' varying wer density is an

attenuati#n #n t'e direct &at' !etween ,0 and )08 ,'is attenuati#n is su!ected t#

*variati#n and is cl#sely c#u&led t# Fresnel #nes clearance8

6ong 9igh 9o$


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6ong 9igh 9o$

L 3 0J,

+.)7 &iscriminationto the

"e5lection

(7++

7++

+

(+++

+ )+ 0+ -+ + (++2(-( 8m4

+.)0>Draing ngle

7ns

Multi$ath

&elay

L 3

+.70,&ecou$ling

ngle

&istance;Mi

)+++

)0++

2*,(m4

((7+ 5t2,7+ m4

Elevati

onMS6;#t

Short delays 2u$ to 7 nsec4 must !e tolera!le i5 radio M is highenough 2N7+d%4; since there is very little antenna discriminationon long $aths. Cou$ling o5 the re5lected ray can !e sometimescontrolled !y u$/tilting the antennae 2+/+.7 deg.4

Short 9igh 9o$


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Short 9igh 9o$

((7+ 5t 2,7(m4

L 3 0J,(.)7? &iscriminationto the

"e5lection

()++2,-7m4

*7+

7++

)7+

+

(+++

+ 0 () (- )+2,) 8m4

(.)0?

Draing ngle

)7ns

Multi$

ath&e

lay

L 3+.(+>? &ecou$ling

ngle

&istance;Mi

ElevationMS6;#t

#or high graing angles 2(/7 deg.4; vertical $olariationshall !e $re5erred. &ecou$ling o5 the re5lected ray isdi55icult to control and delays can !e high 2u$ to )7 ns4.

%asic o5 #resnel Oone


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%asic o5 #resnel Oone

+resnel Qone - Areas of constructive and destructive interference created#hen electromagnetic #ave propagation in free space is reflected %multipath(

or diffracted as the #ave intersects obstacles +resnel zones are specifiedemploying ordinal numbers that correspond to the number of half #avelengthmultiples that represent the difference in radio #ave propagation path fromthe direct path

9he +resnel Qone must be clear of all obstructions

9ypically the first +resnel zone %4)( is used to determine obstruction loss9he direct path bet#een the transmitter and the receiver needs a clearanceabove ground of at least 60> of the radius of the first +resnel zone to achievefree space propagation conditions

!arth-radius factor 1 compensates the refraction in the atmosphere

Blearance is described as any criterion to ensure sufficient antenna heightsso that" in the #orst case of refraction the receiver antenna is not placed inthe diffraction region

#resnel Oones Conce$t


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#resnel Oones Conce$t

adius of the n-th +resnel zone

21

21

dd

ddnr

+=

A'ere 7 wavelengt'

!lectromagnetic energy directed by the transmitting antennaneeds $@ unobstructed space to travel to the particular receiver

&ore then of the energy radiated in particular direction isconcentrated in so called )-st +resnel zone )-st +resnel zonemust remain unobstructed to avoid diffraction losses !ven+resnel zone are important to ;udge upon reflection points

#ade Margin


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#ade Margin

P)0-2 R----

P(+/, R----

P)0-8 R----

P)0-* R----P(+/- R----

P)0-= R----

P)0-7 R----

P)0-< R----

P)0-)0 R----

P)0-)) R----

P)0-)2 R* )0 )* 20 2* $0 $* 80

CJ< or CJI "atio; d%

R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R

%E"

R----R----R----R----R----R----R----R

2?='DE4

S

8S

8?A&

?S


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'a!le o5 Contents Pathloss v.0.+

Introduction to Pathloss v.0.+

9o$ &e5inition

'errain Pro5iling Q Clearance Criteria

Microwave or8sheet

$$lying &iversity and Protection

&i55raction Module ?verview

"e5lection nalysisMulti$ath ?$eration


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Pathloss v.0.+ is &evelo$ed !y

Pathloss e! Sites


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Pathloss e! Sites

athloss +orum %?uestions and Ans#ers about the planning

#ith athloss v80(

egular &aintenance 5pdates

adio and Antenna @escription files for ne# products on themar1et

@ocumentation on ne# athloss v80 features %eg on GISformats( and appendiC to the 5ser &anual

/rdering Information and art 4umber .ist

Introduction o5 Pathloss


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Introduction o5 Pathloss

9he athloss program is a comprehensive path design tool forradio lin1s operating in the frequency range from $0 &Hz to )00GHz

9he program is organized into eight path design modules" anarea signal coverage module and a net#or1 module #hichintegrates the radio paths

Boverage module and a net#or1 module #hich integrates theradio paths and area coverage analysis S#itching bet#eenmodules is accomplished by selecting the module from themenu bar

ContR Introduction o5 Pathloss


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ContR Introduction o5 Pathloss

Pathloss 0.+ 2P60%4asic athloss program Bontains all of the necessary tools tocarry out point to point radio system design

Pathloss 0.+ 2P60C4As above" but #ith the additional po#er of a full featured radio

coverage prediction module

Pathloss 0.+ 2P60I4asic athloss program #ith complete &icro#ave net#or1interference capabilities

Pathloss 0.+ 2P60CI4asic athloss program #ith both the coverage prediction andthe &icro#ave interference modules

Prerequisites


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Prerequisites

#ollowing $rerequisites im$ly success5ul $artici$ation in the

Pathloss course:

no#ledge of basic principles of &' 9ransmission !ngineering

and .in1 planning.aptop:des1top computer #ith installation of athloss v80

planning soft#are +or your country or region of interestJ 4!@ 2S"'M ,A4 &ata htt$:JJsrtm.usgs.govJgeodataJJ 3oid iller S' allo#s to correct ra# S9& $O #ith G9// $0OJ /r any other @9& compatible #ith athloss v80
http://srtm.usgs.gov/geodata/http://srtm.usgs.gov/geodata/


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Planning Conce$t


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Planning modules contained in Pathloss:

.u--ary M#dule,errain Data enerati#nntenna


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dusting the dis$lay o$tions availa!leIn Con5igure Selection:

ntenna Con5iguration:

) 9-9ransmit:eceive Antenna2 9C-9ransmitting Antenna

$ C-eceiving Antenna

8 @-@iversity eceiving Antenna

* 9H- 9ransmitting:Hybrid @iversity

Coordinate Systems


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9he user can choose most suitable localgeodetic datum %eg in 4igeria it is &inna4igeria(" Singa$ore use South sia datumand Elli$soid is Modi5ied #ischer (>-+.#orEast Malaysia use 'im!alai (>0 datum andEverest 2Sa!ah Sarawa84 Elli$soid andPa8istan use DS0 datum and DS0Elli$soid.

9ypical choice for #orld-#ide datum is 'GS78 %'orld Geographic System )


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@ata entered into Summary &odule" /ption in &odule-Summary

"adio 6oo8u$ 'a!les


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@efining loo1-up table from !quipment option #ith adio Bode IndeC table and

&odule-'or1sheet-@ouble clic1 on Antenna-.oo1up

"adio S$eci5ications


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adio parameters9his table is not editable

adio specification hasdefined via converting a

radio data fileonly fe# of the entries in

the table are mandatoryathloss can use rough

calculation of certainmissing parameters li1e

C-selectivity curve or 9:I

curves9here are minimum *

parameters to define a

radio ?$tion is on Module/Summary/&ou!le clic8 onCode/View.

ntenna 6oo8u$ 'a!les


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&e5ining loo8/u$ ta!le 5rom ntenna Code IndeB ta!le

ntenna "adiation Pattern


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Bo-polar and Bross-polar patterns

ctive Q Passive ntenna


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ntenna ty$es

Iasive Active

Polariation


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Polariation

9he electric and magnetic fields of electromagnetic #ave areperpendicular to each other 9heir intensities rise and falltogether" reaching their maCimums


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ntenna !eam width

In a radiation patter due to antenna directivity the points" in#hich po#er comparing to the maCimum po#er is decreased by

P $ d may be noticed 9he angle bet#een these points is calleda beam #idth In other #ords the beam #idth is an openingangle bet#een the points #here the radiated po#er is $ d lo#erthan in the main direction

Dra$hical "e$resentation o5 ntenna %eam width


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&ain direction2eam #idth

$ d2Antenna lobe

'y$es o5 ntenna in M


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Antenna GainSide lobe levels and front-to-bac1 ratioeam #idth

3oltage Standing-#ave atio %3S'(Bross-polarization discrimination&echanical stability

9he most common type of antenna used on &' lin1s is aparabolic dish +or higher frequency bands %)*-$7 GHz(

parabolic dish can be substituted by microstrip patch-arrayantennae %flat antennae(

9he antenna parameters are very important for the systemperformance

9he most important antenna parameters from propagationpoint of vie# are

VSWR, Cross-polarization Discrimination


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Voltage Standing/wave "ation 2VS"4 is importantparameter for high Speed communication systems #ithstringent linearity ob;ectives 9o avoid inter-modulationdistortion" 3S' should be minimized by proper antennaselection and cable length ad;ustment Standard antennae in&' bands have 3S' #ithin a range of )06 P ))* typically

Another important parameter for &' frequency planning is adiscrimination !etween co/$olar and cross/$olar signal bythe antenna A good cross-polarization discrimination enablesfull utilization of the frequency band in both the vertical andhorizontal polarization planes 9ypical values are #ithin range of20P$0 d for standard antennae Bross-polarizationdiscrimination reaches its largest value in direction of the mainlobe

%eam/width Q "adiation Pattern


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7 angle in '#ri#ntal #r vertical &lane

9he hal5 $ower !eam widthof antenna isdefines as the angular #idth of the main beam

at the P$ d point" relative to the bore-sight+or parabolic antennae

dB

353 =

w'ere D7 dia-eter #% antenna I-H

IdegreesH

Side and !ac8/lo!e levelsare importantparameters in frequency planning and

interference calculations .o# side lobes

allo# for more efficient use of the fre-

quency spectrum A front-to-bac1 ratio

indicates the levels for angles #ithin a

ange of


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dB

dB

8 P##r lign-ent /(ne ntenna

Peaked #n a .ide L#!e

*1 t# *2dB/First .ide L#!e


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Antenna gain evaluates antennaMs capability to focus electromagnetic energy

to preferred direction %bore-sight( +or parabolic antennae used on &'

bands"gain can be eCpressed as

2

4

"! = IdBiH

A'ere .7 a&erture area

7 wavelengt'

7 a&erture e%%iciency

/855*8+

#c= c G 301


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'y$ical antenna characteristics 2standard; G/$olar4


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ntenna Mounting #ull Indoor Q S$lit Systems

S$lit System#ull Indoor System


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S$lit System#ull Indoor System

#requency Planning "ules


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)adi# signals 'ave t# !e %requency*se&arated i% neit'er antenna discri-inati#n

n#r t#gra&'ical s'ielding &r#vides t'e necessary su&&ressi#n #% inter%ering

signals8

,'e degree #% se&arati#n de&ends #n t'e trans-itted !andwidt' * t'e s$ectrum

%&ndwidthin M a#re(uency $l&n8

"ertain !asic rules s'#uld !e %#ll#wed setting u& t'e %requency &lan8 ll

%requencies used in a radi#*relay netw#rk s'#uld n#r-ally !e selected %r#- an

esta!lis'ed %requency &lan> a&&r#ved eit'er !y&n intern&tion&l or n&tion&l

st&nd&rdi)&tion %ody.

#requency Planning


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9he ob;ective of frequency planning is to assign frequencies to anet#or1 using as fe# frequencies as possible and in a manner such

that the quality and availability of the radio lin1 path is minimally affectedby interference 9he follo#ing aspects are the basic considerationsinvolved in the assignment of radio frequencies

@etermining a 5requency !and that is suita!le 5or the s$eci5ic lin8%path length" site location" terrain topography and atmospheric effects(

revention of mutual interference such as interference among radio

frequency channels in the actual path" interference to and from otherradio paths" interference to and from satellite communication systems

Borrect selection of a frequency band allo#s the required transmissioncapacity #hile efficiently utilizing the available radio frequency spectrum

#requency Planning


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Assignment of a radio frequency or radio frequency channelis the authorization given by an administration for a radio

station to use a radio frequency or radio frequency channelunder specified conditions It is created in accordance #iththe Series-+ recommendations given by the I95-

#requency Channel rrangements

9he available frequency band is subdivided into t#o halves"a lo#er %go( and an upper %return( dupleC half 9he dupleCspacing is al#ays sufficiently large so that the radioequipment can operate interference free under dupleCoperation 9he #idth of each channel depends on the

capacity of the radio lin1 and the type of modulation used

#requency Planning


70/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved+

9he most important goal of frequency planning is to allocateavailable channels to the different lin1s in the net#or1 #ithout

eCceeding the quality and availability ob;ectives of theindividual lin1s because of radio interference

#requency $lanning of a fe# paths can be carried outmanually but" for larger net#or1s" it is highly recommended toemploy a soft#are transmission design tool /ne such vendor

independent tool is athloss 80 9his tool is probably one ofthe best tools for compleC micro#ave design It includes 4orth

American and I95 standards" different diversity schemes"diffraction and reflection %multipath( analysis" rain effects"interference analysis etc

#requency Planning 5or &i55erent


71/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved+1

Bhain:cascade configuration is used for horizontal and vertical

olarization

LE E%1


72/232


If the ring consisted of an odd number of sites there#ould be a conflict of dupleC halves and changing the

frequency band #ould be a reliable alternative

E

L

E

L

L

E%1


73/232


9he lin1 carrying the traffic out of the hub should use afrequency band other than the one employed inside the

cluster

L

E E

EE

E

%1


74/232


+requency channels are chosen from

predefined raster #hich follo#s I95-

ecs or local regulations"

olarization is defined independently?$tion availa!le in Summary/Equi$ment/'G / Channel/6oo8u$.

Ma$ Study and Path Pro5ile Pre$aration


75/232


Preli-inary -a& studies 'el& in deter-ining t'e actual

t#gra&'y #% t'e terrain> t'e 'eig't> and #!stacles al#ngt'e desired &at'8

.##n a%ter> tentative antenna sites 'ave !een selected> and

t'e relative elevati#ns #% t'e terrain !etween t'ese sites 'as

!een deter-ined> &re&arati#n #% &at' &r#%iles can !egin8

#ield Survey and Site &etermination


76/232


"#n%ir-ati#n #% L(.

"'eck*u& #% sus&ected re%lecti#n ints> vegetati#n> water> !uildings and

#t'er -an*-ade #!stacles

Deter-inati#n #% 'eig't #%> and distance t# critical #!stacles

Deter-inati#n and c#n%ir-ati#n #% t'e &at' &r#%ile

Deter-inati#n #% site c#*#rdinates and altitudes

.ite survey

Pur$ose o5 'errain Pro5iling


77/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved++

.ocation of the reflection zone %dish heights(

Balculating dish discriminations to the reflection %dish sizes(@etermining +resnel clearance at the reflection %diversity"spacing(

Balculating ath inclination angle

Balculating eflection grazing angle %3- or H-pol assignment(

+inding ay height at the reflection or obstruction areaBalculating eflected ray time delay %nsec(

Bhoosing /ptimum diversity dish separations to specularreflections

Balculating Arrival angle #ith -factor variationsBalculating diffraction /bstruction loss vs terrain type


78/232

'y$es o5 &igital 'errain Models 2&'M4


79/232


'indo# for choosing source

directory #ith G9// $0 @9& data'indo# for choosing type of @9&

%@igital 9errain &odel( to be used forplanning and ./S analysis?$tion is in Con5igure/'errain

&ata!ase

'indo# #ith ad;ustable parameters

for 59& @9& data59& zone used by the data fileIndeC file describing the 59& data

='M &ata!ase


80/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved

IndeC +ile for 59& @ata

S"'M &ata!ase


81/232


Importing I." H@" .' files from 5SGS @3@

Clutter Insertion


82/232


Blutter inserted in 9errain @ata module" @ouble clic1 on Structure option

Pro$agation 6osses

/bstacle .oss Palso called @iffraction .oss or @iffraction


83/232


/bstacle .oss Palso called @iffraction .oss or @iffractionAttenuation /ne method of calculation is based on nife edge

approCimationHaving an obstacle free 60> of the +resnel zone gives 0 d loss

dB2dB16dB

6dB dB

First Fresnel R#ne

Earth "adius #actor L / Values Variations


84/232


"adio "e5ractivity


85/232


L 3 E55ective Earths "adius

-,* 8m

"ay day/to/nightarrival angle

change coulda$$roach (oonlong $athstraversing humidareas

Sea 6evel

'rue Earth

"adius 2-,* 8m4

8 3 +.,,

8 3 +.7

8 3 ( 2&ry; Elevated4

8 3 25ollows Earths curvature4

8 3 /(

Su!re5ractive / Earth %ulge

Su$erre5ractive / &ucting

Earths %ulgeA?!struction

&uct Entra$ment

?!struction

8 3 0J,rds verage "e5ractivity

in 'em$erate reas

Earth Curvature

Para!olic trans5ormation o5 Earths !ulge:


86/232


h 3 )B-.,* L

d(d

)

,'e 9%act#r in t'e a!#ve equati#n is a c#nstant w'#se value de&ends un t'e

actual &r#&agati#n c#nditi#ns #% t'e -icr#wave energy al#ng t'e &at' /gradient #%

re%ractive inde08

ari#us values #% t'e are used t# descri!e radi# ray traect#ries t'at di%%er %r#- a

straig't line8

Where*

hre&resents art' !ulge 'eig't relative t# 'e ter-inal stati#ns I-H

d,and d7are distances %r#- ter-inal stati#ns Ik-H

g

%ending in the tmos$here

.nellSs law indicates t'at t'e rays !end t#wards t'e denser #% t'e tw# -edia8 $n t'e at-#s&'ere


87/232


.nell s law indicates t'at t'e rays !end t#wards t'e denser #% t'e tw# -edia8 $n t'e at-#s&'ere

t'e inde0 #% re%racti#n is varying c#ntinu#usly wit' gradient #% dN;d'G 4 &&-;k-8 N#r-al

nG1832 "#nsequently n# distinctive !#undary will !e %#und as in %igure !el#w8

)ay !ending in t'e at-#s&'ere -ay !e c#nsidered as a large nu-!er #% !#undaries wit' a s-all

variati#n n8

%ending cont.

During n#r-al c#nditi#ns te-&erature 'u-idity and &ressure in t'e l#wer


88/232


During n#r-al c#nditi#ns> te-&erature> 'u-idity and &ressure in t'e l#wer

at-#s&'ere decrease al-#st linearly wit' increased altitude8

,'e a!#ve c#rresnds t# a linear decrease in t'e re%ractive inde0 #% t'e

at-#s&'ere and t'e vel#city #% -icr#waves traveling t'r#ug' t'e

at-#s&'ere increases as t'e re%ractive inde0 decreases

s t'e wave %r#nt &asses t'r#ug' a n#r-al at-#s&'ere> t'e increased

&'ase vel#cities at t'e t#& #% t'e wave %r#nt cause -icr#wave t# !endslig'tly d#wnward in relatively uni%#r- curve8

Dradient o5 "e5raction


89/232


1

15+1

+= hN

+

i

i

n

cv =

251+38368++Te,

T$N +=

6181/ = inN

h

N

is gradient of refractive index ni

expressed in N units (std. 40N/km)niis atmospheric refractive index

(standard value 1.00030 near sea level)

pis atmospheric pressure (std. value 1013 h!

Tis atmospheric temperature (std. value ""

eis saturation pressure due to the $ater vapo(10 h!a)

His relative atmospheric humidit% (std. value

cis velocit% of light ( " km/s)

hrepresents height in kilometers

"e5ractive "ay %ending

: ; 8< 9 ; 7?5 Slightl* Sub refractive


90/232


: ;


91/232


*lso the negative values are more extreme than the positive values+

NOTE:!ositive gradient cause di,raction loss (su-standard -ending) orsu-refraction+

NOTE:hen the gradient -ecomes more negative than dN/dh 100N nits/km (superrefractive) and leads to multipath fading+

hen the gradient -ecomes more negative than dN/dh 1&+ ductingconditions occur resulting in severe mutipath fading+ -eam spreading

and even -lackout conditions+

2 in recommendation !.4&3 provides a series of curves that give thepercentage of time+ dN/dh is less than 100 Nunit/km. his gives thepro-a-ilit% of multipath -eing a pro-lem. 2t is the !chart.

L/5actor #ading

ti it S


92/232


&ensity $ro5iles in Su!re5ractive; Standard; and Su$erre5ractive tmos$heric %oundary 6ayers 2%64

erati7ity erm

S

'o$ o5 6ayer&enver:

Standardtmos$here

&ensity6a

$se"ate

d t'ere will !e al-#stt#tal re%lecti#n &resent #n t'is layer !#undary8

+ffect of ducting results in c#nsidera!le 'ig'er signal levels

t'en t'#se calculated %r#- standard &r#&agati#n -#dels8

3anger2$nter%erence %r#- re-#te s#urcesT

Di%%icult t# &redict quantitatively8

Su$er/re5raction 2!lac8 out4

n#-al#us &r#&agati#n #ccurs #utside t'e n#r-al range #% %r#- 1 t# in%inity8

,'is catastr#&'ic &'en#-en#n is kn#wn as Black#ut %ading


94/232


,'is catastr#&'ic &'en#-en#n is kn#wn as Black#ut %ading8

L !ecomes negative

9 ; - ,?7

A'en an e0tre-e dr#& in at-#s&'eric density wit' 'eig't /a negative re%ractive inde0#ccurs> #r w'en t'e gradient is sitive> cli-atic c#nditi#ns are c#nducive t# an#-al#us

&r#&agati#n8

Conce$t o5 Clearance

T(+ + /(+ /)+ /,+ /0+?%S'"=C'I?< O?


95/232


#resnel Oone %oundaries

T(+ + (+ )+ ,+ 0+

?%S'"=C'I?< O?


96/232


Blearance criteria are chosen separately for &ain and @iversity Antenna"9#o values of -factor are involved % for normal conditions Tmedian value

8:$U and minimum T060-070U("

+iCed provision for vegetation gro#th can be entered as #ell?$tion availa!le in Con5igure / ntenna height / ?$eration SetClearance Criteria.

'y$ical antenna characteristics 2standard; G/$olar4


97/232


'owers and Masts

P l % %t i t ll ti


98/232


P#les %#r r##%t#& installati#ns.el%*su&rted Lattice t#wers /2 15 -,u!e t#wers /1 4 -uyed Masts /1 1 - u& t# 3 - %#r , trans-itters

!ccessoriesC Leaders> Plat%#r-s> M#unting Brackets>

(!structi#n Lig'ts> ircra%t Aarning Lig'ts

.#il !earing s'all !e -easured during c#-&re'ensive site survey and test

drilling s'all !e &er%#r-ed t# deter-ine #&ti-u- sie #% t'e t#wer !ase8

Microwave Installation Dround %ased 'ower


99/232


Microwave Installation "oo5to$ Structures


100/232


Shelters and Containers

Bricked technologyhouses e0&ensive !ut &r#vides -#st suita!le envir#n-ent %#r

tec'n#l#gy


101/232


tec'n#l#gy"helters c#st*e%%ective> less est'etic> requires air*c#nditi#ning

Cont&iners* %#r sites wit' li-ited tec'n#l#gy require-ents /e8g8 re-#te B,.

"'#sen tec'n#l#gy '#using s'all re%lect t'e radi# ty&e> require-ents %#r e0&ansi#n

and wer !ack*u& ti-es8

ccessories2


102/232


%ranching Connection

Pressure indows

aveguide Connector

allJ"oo5 #eed/'hru or PlateJ%oot

Drounding Lit

&ehydrator

Clam$s

aveguide

Ca!le J aveguide %ridge

Drounding %ar

?utdoor Container 5or S$lit System

Standard Shelter %S Integration


103/232


uBiliary Equi$ment

&ehydrator


104/232


ntenna Center/line Calculation


105/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved15?$tion in Module ntenna 9eight

Path Calculations

8 3 0J,# 3 +.-


106/232


2=0

$$0

$ D9

830J,

Path Clearance Criteria

9EVFA "?='E!out - D9 and a!ove in

6ID9'A "?='E!out ) D9 and !elow in all areas and


107/232


!out - D9 and a!ove inmoderate to heavy 5ade areas

!out ) D9 and !elow in all areas; andall $aths in good to average 5ade areas

06 +) 8:$

06 +) 2:$ %min(

and

+) 8:$

MI< P'92'o$ &ishes4

06 +) 8:$

V$m Blose-In

+or tree gro#th" etc

typically )0-)2m

belo# main dish

&IVE"SI'F P'92'o$/'o/%ottom &ishes4

4o Special Allo#ance/ver a *0m

Surface @ucting .ayer"

grazing ):2

&=C'I


108/232


System @escription

Site @escription and .ayoutAntenna and 9o#er Heightsath rofile+resnel Qone @ra#ing and @iffraction

Balculationhotographs of the siteanorama photographs

&aps in scale )*0 000 or better@igital camerainocularBompassarometric altimeters %pair(Signaling mirrors" He-filled balloon+lash light9ape measure

Hand-held radio or Bell phoneHand-held GS receiver@GS set %2 receivers(9heodolite #ith tripod.aptop #ith @9& and planning S'Spectrum analyzer #ith accessories

9est antennae9est transmitter

Site Selection Considerations

System "elated: Distance t# t'e cust#-er /B,. searc' ring


109/232


Distance t# t'e cust#-er /B,. searc' ring

L(. t# t'e e0isting and ssi!le %uture neig'!#rsL#cal cli-atic c#nditi#nsegetati#n> clutter /!uildings> c'i-neys in t'e vicinity"urrently installed tec'n#l#gy in t'e vicinity

Construction "elated:.ite accessi!ility /distance t# t'e r#adsvaila!le electric wer s#urce /PE"> .unny Days.#il !earingEndergr#und water level

?ther:,y&e #% land #wners'i&.ecurity /guard neededMilitary area c#nsiderati#ns


110/232

&igitied Ma$s


111/232


Denerating Pro5ile "e$ort


112/232


rint rofile eport in &odule option for ./S 3erification

Microwave or8sheet

4et athloss Bomponents

+ree Space .oss and Absorption


113/232


&ultipath ropagation eliability rediction &odels3igants-arnet &odel

? +actor

I95- *$0-6

I95- *$0-=

I95- *$0-


114/232


Calculated net $ath loss com$onents in Module o$tion Microwave wor8sheet

6oss J ttenuation Calculations'he lossJattenuation calculations are com$osed o5 three maincontri!utions :


115/232


ropagation losses%@ue to !arthMs atmosphere and terrain(

ranching losses

%Bomes from the hard#are used to deliver the transmitter:receiveroutput to:from the antenna(

&iscellaneous %other( losses

%unpredictable and sporadic in character li1e fog" moving ob;ectscrossing the path" poor equipment installation and less than perfectantenna alignment etc(

9his contribution is not calculated but is considered in the planning

process as an additional loss

6in8 %udget Calculation

Path/loss equation used 5or M 2, / , D94


116/232


dB! +++= l#g2l#g24582'here 5 + frequency in GHz & ropagation distance in 1m a Attenuation due to the air and #ater vapor in

d:1m %9ypically 0) P 08(

-isc./T/T0T/T0./Tot !11!!!! +++=

here A9. 9ransmission line losses and branching circuit losses on C and 9C side G Antenna gain on C and 9C side

A&isc &iscellaneous losses %eg antenna misalignment" 9C po#er variations(

#ade Margin

8S

8?A&

?S


117/232


P)0

-2

R----

P(+/, R----

P)0-8 R----

P)0-* R----

P(+/- R--

--P)0-= R----

P)0-7 R----

P)0-< R----

P)0-)0 R----

P)0-)) R

----

P)0-)2 R* )0 )* 20 2* $0 $* 80

CJ< or CJI "atio; d%

R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R- - - - R

%E"

R----R----R----R----R----R----R----R

2?='DE4

S

?S

9xl%e

F9 /i"#

Gai"

2S''IC4

from Poer !udgetequation" and

!)0-$threshold of the receiver system

9his difference has to account for

stochastic propagation phenomena" that

can compromise system reliability

'hese $henomena are:Attenuation due to rainIntersystem interference&ultipath fading-factor variation@ucting

#ading and #ade Margins

"ain #ading

ain attenuates the signal caused by the scattering and


118/232


absorption of electromagnetic #aves by rain dropsIt is significant for long paths %,)0m(

It starts increasing at about )0GHz and for frequenciesabove )* GHz" rain fading is the dominant fadingmechanism

ain outage increases dramatically #ith frequency andthen #ith path length

9he specific attenuation of rain is dependent on manyparameters such as the form and size of distribution of

the raindrops" polarization" rain intensity and frequency

"ecommendation 5or "ain #ading

&icro#ave path lengths must be reduced in areas #hererain outages are severe


119/232


9he available rainfall data is usually in the form of astatistical description of the amount of rain that falls at agiven measurement point over a period of time 9he totalannual rainfall in an area has little relation to the rainattenuation for the area

Hence a margin is included to compensate for the effects ofrain at a given level of availability Increased fade margin%margins as high as 8* to 60d( is of some help in rainfallattenuation fading

9ow "educing the E55ects o5 "ain

&ultipath fading is at its minimum during periods of heavyrainfall #ith #ell aligned dishes" so entire path fade margin is


120/232


g " p g

available to combat the rain attenuation %#et-radome losseffects are minimum #ith shrouded antennas(

oute diversity #ith paths separated by more than about 7 mcan be used successfully

adios #ith Automatic 9ransmitter o#er Bontrol have beenused in some highly vulnerable lin1s

3ertical polarization is far less susceptible to rainfallattenuation %80 to 60>( than are horizontal polarizationfrequencies

"e5raction &i55raction #ading

Also 1no#n as -type fading

+or lo# 1 values" the !arthMs surface becomes curved


121/232


and terrain irregularities" man-made structures and otherob;ects may intercept the +resnel Qone

+or high 1 values" the !arthMs surface gets close to aplane surface and better ./S %lo#er antenna height( isobtained

9he probability of refraction-diffraction fading is thereforeindirectly connected to obstruction attenuation for a givenvalue of !arth Pradius factor

Since the !arth-radius factor is not constant" theprobability of refraction-diffraction fading is calculatedbased on cumulative distributions of the !arth-radiusfactor

Dround "e5lection

eflection on the !arthMs surface may give rise to multipathpropagation


122/232


9he direct ray at the receiver may interfered #ith by theground-reflected ray and the reflection loss can be significant

Since the refraction properties of the atmosphere areconstantly changing the reflection loss varies

9he loss due to reflection on the ground is dependent on thetotal reflection coefficient of the ground and the phase shift

9he highest value of signal strength is obtained for a phaseangle of 0o and the lo#est value is for a phase angle of )70o

Dround "e5lection

9he reflection coefficient is dependent on the frequency"grazing angle %angle bet#een the ray beam and the horizontalplane( polarization and ground properties


123/232


plane(" polarization and ground properties

9he grazing angle of radio-relay paths is very small P usuallyless than )o

It is recommended to avoid ground reflection by shielding thepath against the indirect ray

9he contribution resulting from reflection loss is notautomatically included in the lin1 budget 'hen reflectioncannot be avoided" the fade margin may be ad;usted byincluding this contribution as Nadditional lossO in the lin1budget

#ade Margin vs =navaila!ility


124/232


Causes o5 =navaila!ility

Predicta!le rain #utage in l#cal*grade links a!#ve a!#ut 1*12 es&ecially in tr#&ical equat#rial areas and c#stal regi#ns>


125/232


Dual equi&-ent %ailure wit'in t'e M,,) &eri#d>

Maintenance err#r #r -anual interventi#n /e8g8 %ailure #% a l#cked*#n-#dule #r &at' and err#r in switc'ing t'e -#dule>

$n%rastructure %ailure /e8g8 antenna> !atteries>

L#w %ade -argin in n#n*diversity links>P#wer %ade /l#ng*ter- l#ss #% %ade -argin in l#wer clearance &at's a!#ve

a!#ut 6 #r wit' antenna -isalign-ent>

Ducting /su!re%ractive> su&erre%ractive and !lack*#ut %ading8


126/232


127/232

Vector Sums

Constructive sum:&estructive sum:


128/232


Signal envelo$e variations:

vaila!ility and Per5ormance "ecs

Per5ormance "ecommendations derived 5rom I'=/' D.)(:$,E*) F8 54 /Para-eters and de%initi#ns$,E*) F8 634 /&&licati#n t#


129/232


$,E*) F8 66 /&&licati#n t# Mediu- rade rti#n !el#w P)$ rate$,E*) F8 6+ /&&licati#n t# L#cal rade rti#n !el#w P)$ rate

Per5ormance "ecommendations derived 5rom I'=/' D.)-J):$,E) F812 Quality )ec8 %#r t'e ?$nternati#nal@ )e%erence circuit * #!s#lete$,E) F811 Quality )ec8 %#r t'e ?Nati#nal@ )e%erence circuit * #!s#lete

$,E) F813+ Quality )ec8 %#r t'e ?$nternati#nal@ )e%erence circuit real '#&8

$,E) F8141 Quality )ec8 %#r t'e ?Nati#nal@ )e%erence circuit real '#&8$,E*) F8 166 Quality (!ectives %#r real digital %i0ed wireless links

vaila!ility "ecommendations:$,E*) F855+ vaila!ility (!ective %#r )adi# )elay .yste-s$,E*) F865 vaila!ility (!ective %#r )eal )adi# )elay .yste-s

vaila!ility "ecommendations derived 5rom I'=/' D.)*:

$,E) F8 142 &&licati#n #% 2+ t# t'e ?internati#nal@ rti#n$,E) F8 143 &&licati#n #% 2+ t# t'e?nati#nal@ rti#n$,E*) F81+3 vaila!ility (!ectives %#r real digital %i0ed wireless links

Vigants/%arnet Model

In 3igants-arnet model the 5ading occurrence 5actor0is a function of the

ath length and location" the terrain roughness and frequency band used


130/232


'here

Ba - climatic factor

5P frequency TGHzUdP path length T1mU!P oughness factorC#M/Bomposite +ade &argin

Sis the standard deviation %&S( of the terrain elevations" measured

#ith ) 1m step along the path" eCcluding the radio sites 9he value islimited #ithin 6 m W S W 82 m

3812815

="

%

118

CF-

oPP

=nnual outage $ro!a!ility:3

54

38

=

d#%/P

V/% Climatic "egions


131/232


EBam$le Vigants %arnett

P


132/232


3 +.+++(+0)'here

P


133/232


Cari!!ean; c 3 0

las8acoast% c ;


134/232


1#lat terrain 2w 3 )+W; c 3-4in this climate area.

9awaii;B 3 ) Cari!!ean;

B 3 )

L. #actor

P


135/232


'here %similar to 4A path(

P


136/232


'here

LP a geo-climatic factor 2or8sheet/Path $ro5ile/Deoclim45P frequency TGHzUdP path length T1mUE$P path inclination Tm radU

theta - average grazing angle corresponding to 8:$ TmradUh(; h)P antenna heights above mean sea level TmU

=

d

hh&rctg2$

11

21

frequency band used

orst month outage $ro!a!ility: 118

CF-

oPP

=

( ) 18128138383 1 += $2#d+P

I'=/" P.7,+/*

9he I95- *$0-= model is applicable from fmin )*:d TGHzU

9he fading occurrence factor $0is a function of Deo/climatic 5actor L%iepath location(" path length and inclination" as #ell as frequency band used


137/232


118CF-

oPP

=orst month outage $ro!a!ility:

"#ere$

:P a geo-climatic factor from tables belo#

P frequency TGHzU

P path length T1mU

9'P path inclination TmradU

1 2P antenna heights above mean sea level TmU

( ) 4818683 1

+= $2#d+P

=

d

hh&rctg2$

11

21

Deo/climatic #actor I'=/" P.7,+/*

6 i th t f ti f hi h th f ti it di t i th l t

( ) 58118+ 1185 0CCC

P+ 0on0&t =


138/232


P6is the percentage of time for #hich the average refractivity gradient in the lo#est)00 m of the atmosphere is lo#er than P)00 4-units:1m

ContRDeo/climatic #actor


139/232



140/232

I'=/" P.7,+/>


141/232


Sa-the area terrain roughness

d(


142/232



143/232

"ain "ate Values@rizzle 02* mm:hour

.ight rain )0 mm:hour

&oderate rain 80 mm:hour

Heavy rain )6 0 mm:hour


144/232


Heavy rain )60 mm:hour

9hunderstorm $*0 mm:hour

Intense thunderstorm )000 mm:hour

egion olar taiga %moderate(

egion B &oderate maritimeegion @) &oderate continental %dry(

egion @2 &oderate continental %mid(

egion @$ &oderate continental %#et(

egion ! Sub-tropical %#et(

egion + Sub-tropical %arid(

ContRCrane ModelC 2las8a; Paci5ic Coast4


145/232


E 29awaii4E 2Cari!!ean4

"ain ttenuation I'=/" P.7,+/*

+.+(U3a"+.+(U!& Y(J2( T &Jd4Z TdU

'here +.+(U

- ain attenuation eCceeded W00)> of the time" d


146/232


"+.+(U - ain rate W00)> of the time" mm:hr" from table

a- &ultiplier" f %frequency:polarization(" from table bello#

!- !Cponent" f %frequency:polarization(" from table bello#

&- ath length" 1md- !ffective path length" 1m

d 3 ,7 eB$ 2/+.+(7"+.+(U4

"ain ?utage:

Coe55icients 5or Estimating ttenuation due to the "ain


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h subscript stands for horizontal polarizationvsubscript stands for vertical polarization

"ain vaila!ility EBam$le +.+(U3 a"+.+(U

!& Y(J2( T &Jd4Z" d

- ain attenuation eCceeded W00)> of the time" d

- equired path fade margin" d


148/232


"+.+(U- ain rate eCceeded W00)> of the time %)8* mm:hr" region(

Pa8istan in L/"egion 20) mmJhr4.

&- ath length" * 1m Tmi C )60>.>>U:

Pro!a!ility Scaling EBam$les


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p p "A00)> ain attenuation eCceeded 00)> of the time"d

p probability of outage" > )00 - availability" >

#or >>.>>7U availa!ility; $ 3 +.++7U 2)- minJyr outage4; same $ath

A000*> A00)> 0)2 %000*-%0*86 V 008$ log 000*((

A00)>

0)2 %000*-08*( A00)>C )27

$2 C )27 8) d %*) d if H-pol( required fade margin

Multi$lier 'a!le 2re$laces the a!ove multi$lier com$utation4

p )> 0)> 00*> 00)> 000*> 000)>Availability


150/232


% C & E # D 9 [ L 6 M < P

0) 2 $ * 7 6 7 )2 )0 20 )2 )* 22 $* 6*

00$ * 6 < )$ )2 )* 20 )7 27 2$ $$ 80 6*

+.+( () (7 (> )) ) ,+ ,) ,7 0) -+ -, >7 (07

000$ )8 2) 26 2< 8) *8 8* ** 8* =0 )0*


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EBcess Path ttenuation 5or "ain5all intensity eBceeded

I'=/' rain regions 2'a!le (4


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%

dB &.='here \ d% is the unit eCcess path attenuation #ith respect

to free-space loss eCceeded for the percentage of time Td:1mU

a; !are regression coefficients for given polarization % 9able 2("is rain rate eCceeded for specified percentage of time %9able )(

Coe55icients 5or estimating attenuation due to the rain


153/232


h subscript stands for horizontal polarizationvsubscript stands for vertical polarization

2'a!le )4

"ain ttenuation Curves

)+9 P?6

V P?6

(ain (ate#mm?hr&(78m


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#requency; D9

)++

(7+

(++

7+*7

)77

(+

++ (+ )+ ,+ 0+

(+tt

enuation;d%J8

I'=/" "ain "egions Ma$s


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Ma$ o5 verage 'em$erature

80

$020)00

-)0

-20 -80 -*0

-$0


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0+ 0B

-*0 -86

-80 -80

-$0 -$8

-20 -2oundary value shall be used if boundary limit is eCceeded

Ifdis limited to +

S$ace &iversity

%ase!and Switching:

1223 18881281

!

sd vsd

#3

=

HIdBv


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I# Com!ining:

2

HI

1

dBv

v=

( )1

4

223

181

816

881281

c!

sdv

v

sd

#

3 +=

+

++= 21

l#g82682

v

!! tc

'here sP C antenna separation TmU 5P frequency TGHzU dP path length T1mU vd%P difference bet#een main and diversity antenna gains TdU

cP combined thermal fade margin TdU tP greater of the main and diversity thermal fade margins TdU

S& Calculation EBam$le

(utage ,i-eC)S3;)=3?$S3

= Calculation2 $S3;x,


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G 42 /.D dis' se&arati#n s G 3 %t ; 81 -eter

,nd G E/8142 0 ..) / 0 1e6 0 vg8 ,e-&

G 34 .. ;yr

,.D G 34;42 G 7< S+S?*r

$)D-( Calculation2 $S3;,.7x,


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% g g g( ps1y#ay or one be ground #ave

'he E55ect can !e counteracted by applying some diversityscheme" for eCample /+@&A or by using t#o receivers #ith

separate antennas spaced a quarter-#avelength apart" or aspecially-designed diversity receivers #ith t#o antennas Sucha receiver continuously compares the signals arriving at the t#oantennas and presents the better signal

Multi$ath ; =$5ade and &own5adeMulti$ath #ading is the dominant fading mechanism forfrequencies lo#er than )0GHz A reflected #ave causes amultipath" ie #hen a reflected #ave reaches the receiver as

the direct #ave that travels in a straight line from thetransmitter


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transmitter

If the t#o signals reach in phase then the signal amplifiesthis is called upfade

=$5ade maB3(+ log d +.+,d 2d%4 : d is $ath length inLmIf the t#o #aves reach the receiver out of phase they #ea1enthe overall signal A location #here a signal is canceled outby multipath is called null or do#nfade

s a thum! rule" multipath fading" for radio lin1s havingband#idths less than 80&Hz and path lengths less than$0m is described as flat instead of frequency selective

#lat #ading

A fade #here all frequencies in the channel are equally affected9here is barely noticeable variation of the amplitude of thesignal across the channel band#idth

"ecommendation 5or #lat #ading are flat fade margin of a lin1


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can be improved by using larger antennas" a higher-po#ermicro#ave transmitter" lo#er Ploss feed line and splitting alonger path into t#o shorter hops

/n #ater paths at frequencies above $ GHz" it is advantageousto choose vertical polarization

Calculating #requency Selective #ading

2

438

ms#Psel =

Pro!a!ility o5 outage due to the selective 5ading 2I'=/" "e$. *0/,4:

'here 5ading activity 5actor And ty$ical echo delay


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+=

o

m

B

N-

o

m

B

-sel

N--

WWP

2

2

2

2 111582

=4;3

128e0&1 oP

2;3

5+8

= d

m

&" 4&P minimum and non-minimum phase signature depth TdU

'&" '4&- minimum and non-minimum phase signature #idth TGHzUd P path length T1mU

In case the signature area is not available %more conservative result(

'here 5ading activity 5actor And ty$ical echo delay

Inter5erence #ade Margin+or each interfering transmitter" the receive po#er level indm is compared to the maCimum po#er level to determine#hether the interference is acceptable

Com$osite #ade Margin 2C#M4 is the fade margin applied tomultipath fade outage equations for a digital micro#ave radio


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multipath fade outage equations for a digital micro#ave radio

B+& 9+& V @+& V I+& V AI+&

C#M 3 /(+ log 2(+/'#MJ(+ T (+ MJ(+ T (+/I#MJ(+ T

(+/I#MJ(+ 4.@ispersive fade margin is provided by radioZs manufacturer"and is determined by the type of modulation" effectiveness ofany equalization in the receive path" and the multipath signalZstime delay @ispersive fade margin characterizes the radioZs

robustness to dispersive %spectrum-distortion( fades

ContRInter5erence #ade Marginhere

9+& +lat fade margin %the difference bet#eenthe normal %unfaded( S. and the !) C)0-$ digital

signal loss-of frame point(@+& @ispersive fade margin %contribution to outage that


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spe s e ade a g %co t but o to outage t ataccounts for in-band distortion that can at times cause adigital system to fail #hen the flat fade is less than thatrequired to reach the thermal noise threshold (

I+& Interference fade margin

AI+& Ad;acent-channel interference fade margin%contribution to system outage resulting from the broadtransmit spectra of digital systems that have sufficient energythat spills over into ad;acent channel digital receivers(

&is$ersive #ade Margin

7+

=0 *) d%

)nsec

77 d%

7+ d% 3 Minimum lin8 M 5or no ES

degradation due to dis$ersion

s@(+/

,%

E";d%


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6%2( )2%8( )7%6( 28%7( $0%)0( $6%)2(

)0

$0

7+

,+ d%

)7nsec

-.,nsec

2"ummlers

ModelA4 "equired antenna

discrimination2(T)(

Multi$ath &elay; nsecJ5eet 2m4

Link 3F' ; (adio 3F' E ntenna 3iscriminations to the 'ultipath (a* ; < dB min. for :ood +rror erformance

&is$ersive

#adeMargin

"adio/only M

0 118

F"

osel PP

=

= 4815l#g81681+ s#

F"

Microwave 6in8 Multi$ath ?utage ModelsA ma;or concern for micro#ave system users is ho# often andfor ho# long a system might be out of service An outage in adigital micro#ave lin1 occurs #ith a loss of @igital Signal

frame sync for more than )0 sec @igital signal frame losstypically occurs #hen the ! increases beyond ) C )0-$


171/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved1+1


172/232

S& E55ect on Selective #ading

9he S@ improvement factor" for the dispersive %frequency selective( component of

the fade margin" is independent of the vertical antenna separation for values

greater then $m As the antenna separation is reduced bello# $m" the

improvement factor decreases rapidly

Com!ining Method


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Com!ining Method lcatel/"ichardson2

s3;8.m

'here IS&P S@ improvement factor for flat fading

%all previous formulae(

PP probability of flat fading %also 4@(

#MP thermal V interference fade margin

MP dispersive fade margin "&P correlation coefficient

11 119

+

"tot&ls

.s

P

sel"

sel

"

"tot&l3

P

3

PP

Y

+=

1Y 18

F-

sel"d

#

3 =


174/232

&i55raction lgorithms ?verview

@iffraction loss represents the deficiency" #ith respect to free space loss" in

electromagnetic energy of the radio beam that #as diffracted %bent( behind the

obstacle entering the area around the line of interconnection %line of sight(

bet#een receiver and transmitter

9here are t#o limiting cases that can be easily handled mathematically


175/232


9here are t#o limiting cases that can be easily handled mathematicallynife-edge li1e obstacle!arth bulge %ellipsoid li1e( obstacleractical case are some#hat Nin bet#eenO the above t#o cases and have to be

solved numerically

Pathloss contains 5ollowing numerical di55raction algorithms:Lni5e Edge; Isolated ?!stacle; 6ongley and "ice; Pathloss 2automatic selectiono5 the calculation algorithm4;


176/232


177/232

%ullington Model


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Bullingt#nKs -#del re&laces tw# kni%e edges wit' a single equivalent edge t# reducet'e nu-!er #% calculati#ns8

Multi$le Lni5e/Edges Methods

Model E$stein/Peterson; &eygout


179/232


9his model is used in most planning tools" including athloss algorithms It

resembles reality closely enough" but has a limited accuracy !g oval shaped

hills are not #ell modeled by multiple 1nife edges @eygout method is limitedto t#o 1nife-edges

&i55raction 6oss Conce$t


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&i55raction loss over 8ni5e/edge li8eA o!stacle; o$tion availa!le on Module / &i55raction / verage

&i55raction Parameters

@iffraction loss can also be calculated as

a function of frequency" -factor and

antenna height


181/232


All parameters used in these variable

calculations are local" eCcept polarization

?$tion is availa!le in Module/"e5lection/Varia!les


182/232

ntenna 9eight Variation


183/232


Choosing antenna heights 0 degrees o5 5reedom. ?$tion is availa!le in Module/"e5lection


184/232


185/232

&is$ersion nalysis


186/232


@uring dispersion analysis" athloss user can calculate.ocation of the reflection point on the path"@elay of the reflected ray relative to direct ray"

eflection loss relative to the +S. of a direct ray?$tion availa!le Module/"e5lection/&is$ersion

Modi5ying "e5lection Parameters


187/232


9errain roughness #ith reduce theoretical reflection coefficient 9he higher theroughness" the lo#er the magnitude of reflection coefficient"ny ground cover will contri!ute !y additional loss to the s$ecular re5lection

2water; desert: +/( d%H 5ields with grass: (/, d%H sage !rush and highgrass: ,/- d%H trees and 5orests: /(7 d%4;Antenna discrimination %#hich depends on the main-lobe beam#idth( helps to

discriminate the reflected signalay divergence ta1es into account the scattering effects cause by !arth curvature?$tion availa!le Module/"e5lection/Modi5y/Parameters.

Constant Dradient 'race

"ays are straight8


188/232


Constant gradient ray trace used to determine re5lective characteristics. ngle!etween rays determined !y $rogram. ?$tion is availa!le in Module/Multi$ath

Varia!le Dradient 'race


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)ays are curved8tmos$heric &uct

Varia!le gradient ray trace used to determine ducting Q atmos$heric anomalies. ngle !etweenrays determined !y $rogram. ?$tion is availa!le in Module/Multi$ath


190/232


191/232


%ac8ground is generated 5rom the &'M installed; o$tion availa!le Module/


192/232


Can !e $rinted out as a s$ecial re$ort; o$tion availa!le Module/


193/232


"eview o5 the incor$orated BBB.$l0; o$tion availa!le Module/


194/232


+ins can (e i)*orted into site list$!y im$orting BBB.tBt 5ile!y im$orting BBB.csv 5ile

trans5ormed into teBt 5ileby importing &apinfo CCCmif files

athloss v80 eCports into CCCcsv file

#hich can be converted into &S !Ccel

CCCCls file

?$tion availa!le in Module/Ma$ grid/Site data/ Site 6ist/Im$ort/Site 'eBt#ile Q 6in8 5ile

Inter5erence Calculation Procedure

Interference analysis calculates

threshold degradations of all the

receivers in a specified net#or1" using

frequency plan defined by the athloss

user"

@igital Interference /b;ective ismaCimum allo#able C threshold

degradation"


195/232


Boordination @istance specifies the

maCimum length of interfering path"&aCimum +requency Separation

eCcludes all the interferers that falloutside of it"@efault &inimum Interference .evel is

used if 9:I data are not available for

the adio in its radio data file"Balculation &argin sets the limit for

reported interference cases?$tion in Module/


196/232

"e$eated nalysis Method

Error logindicating missing data in hop description file CCCCpl8" #hich prevented asuccessful calculation of C threshold degradation during interference analysis

?$tion is on Module/


197/232


A 9ransmission lanner repeatedly uses interference analysis to calculate

threshold degradations" and manually modifies the frequency plan to ensure" the

threshold degradations 5all !ellow tolera!le level%) d intrasystem" $ dintersystem(

Cross/re5erence "e$ort


198/232


9ighlighted case show the threshold degradation eBceeding$reset tolera!le value. ?$tion is on Module/


199/232


Con5iguration o5 Passive 6in8


200/232


3ie# from reflector site

3ie# from terminal site

&ou!le Plane "e$eater

ird-vie#


201/232


ird vie#

Plane "e5lector Passive "e$eater


202/232


/ption is available in &odule-'or1sheet-/perations-Breate assive epeater

Passive "e$eater &ata Plane "e5lector


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?$tion is availa!le in Module/or8sheet/"e$ort/ Passive

%ac8/to/!ac8 ntenna Passive "e$eater


204/232


?$tion is availa!le in Module/or8sheet/?$erations/Create Passive "e$eater

Passive "e$eater &ata %ac8/to/!ac8


205/232


?$tion is availa!le in Module/or8sheet/"e$ort/ Passive


206/232


Possi!ility o5 !ac8dro$ 5ile insertion; o$tion in module/networ8

%ac8dro$ Image in Pathloss v.0.+


207/232


?$tion is availa!le in Module/Ma$ grid/Site &ata/ %ac8dro$

Elevation View


208/232

Imran Siddiqui copy right reserved2?$tion is availa!le in Module/Ma$ grid/Site &ata/ Elevation View

%ac8dro$ Con5iguration

@irectory and IndeC +ile

has to be configured for

) ac1drop Image

2 9errain !levation @ata

$ Blutter Height @ata

ac1drop Image must be in 9I+


209/232


ac1drop Image must be in 9I+

format

@atum or !llipsoid as #ellAs 59& Qone must correspond

to that of the GIS source

?$tion is availa!le in Module/Ma$ grid/Site &ata/ %ac8dro$

Microwave ave "adio #ile &e5inition

+iles for #ell 1no#nradio manufacturers

are available on

athloss B@-/&"


210/232


athloss B@ /&"

in Equi$mentJmrsdirectory

Microwave ave ntenna #ile &e5inition


211/232


+iles for #ell 1no#n antenna manufacturers

are available on athloss B@-/&" inEqui$mentJmasdirectory

Ste$ !y Ste$ Procedure

Documents

135185413 MW Links Planning With Pathloss IV