(1.3)Impact of Human Upon the Environmen

8/3/2019 (1.3)Impact of Human Upon the Environmen

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/13impact-of-human-upon-the-environmen 1/50

[email protected], copyright 2007 1

1.0 - SKOP PERMASALAHAN ALAM SEKITAR

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 3103




GREEN PEACE






Risk to swim, drink in polluted lake?

WARNING SIGNPOST:“Lake water contains

high level of arsenic.

Public is stronglyadvised not to fish,swim and bathe inthe lake or to use

lake water fordrinking or otherpurposes”




“Arkitek , pemaju & ahli politik seumpama raksaksa yang lapar akan tanah” lukisan oleh Malcom Wells




SEBAGAI RENUNGAN..

Alam sekitar: Wajarkah pemaju sahaja dihukum?utusan.com.my 21/3/2005

Saudara Pengarang, APAKAH semuanya telah beres apabila beberapa pemaju telah dijatuhkan hukuman denda beratus ribu ringgit dalam kes melibatkanpembangunan sehingga merosakkan alam sekitar begitu teruk di kawasan Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam di Shah Alam, Selangor?

Diharapkan banyak lagi kes-kes sedemikian di tempat lain turut diambil tindakan serupa. Janganlah kerana kes kerakusan pemaju tidak mematuhi undang-undangtetapi tidak didedahkan pihak media maka pemaju tamak berkenaan boleh lepas bebas sambil mengaut keuntungan ratusan juta ringgit dalam sekelip mata.

Apakah pihak pemaju sahaja yang patut menerima hukuman sekiranya terdapat kes projek pembangunan dilaksanakan pihak pemaju yang tidak mematuhiundang-undang?

Bagaimana dengan pihak lain umpama pihak berkuasa sendiri. Tidakkah setiap pihak berkuasa mempunyai tanggungjawab dalam memastikan setiap projekdijalankan mesti mematuhi peraturan, undang-undang dan syarat ditetapkan pihak berkuasa?

Bukankah telah menjadi amalan setiap projek pembangunan dijalankan adalah wajib diawasi sepanjang masa sehingga projek siap oleh pihak berkuasa dan

jabatan berkaitan?Adalah difahamkan setiap pihak berkuasa jabatan berkaitan wajib (menerusi jawatankuasa projek) menyediakan laporan kemajuan projek dan minit mesyuaratkemajuan projek. Laporan mesti dibentangkan dalam mesyuarat setiap minggu atau bulanan.

Dengan keadaan tersebut, jika pegawai dan kakitangan pihak berkuasa jabatan berkaitan benar-benar menjalankan tanggungjawab menerusi peraturan danamalan seperti membincang, mengkaji secara bersungguh-sungguh dalam setiap mesyuarat mingguan atau bulanan, rasanya amat sukar untuk pemaju bertindakmacam kes di Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam yang sewenang-wenangnya boleh menarah bukit, malah boleh menjalankan kerja tanah tanpa mendapat kelulusan.

Pihak berkuasa termasuk Ketua Setiausaha Negara diharap dapat mengambil tindakan dan mengenakan hukuman berat termasuk buang kerja kepada kalanganpegawai dan kakitangan pihak berkuasa, jabatan jika terbukti kes penyelewengan, cuai dan menjalankan tugas sambil lewa sehingga pemaju boleh sewenang-wenang melaksanakan projek secara haram seperti di Shah Alam.

Sungguh tidak munasabah apabila timbul sesuatu isu melanggar peraturan dan undang-undang hanya pihak pemaju atau kontraktor sahaja yang dikenakanhukuman sementara pegawai dan kakitangan pihak berkuasa boleh lepas tangan begitu sahaja.

Tidak lojik langsung apabila pihak berkuasa boleh menuding jari kononnya tidak sedar, tidak cukup kakitangan penguat kuasa dan sebagai apabila sesuatu projek

yang terang-terang melanggar undang-undang didedahkan oleh pihak media.

Sehubungan itu rasanya banyak juga projek pembangunan pihak berkuasa tempatan (PBT) diawasi oleh jururunding yang dilantik PBT. Jadi, bagaimana dan kemana perginya jururunding termasuk kakitangan teknikal PBT sendiri dalam mengawasi setiap projek yang sedang dilaksanakan di kawasan mereka.

Suka ditegaskan di sini bahawa memang menjadi amalan wajib bahawa setiap PBT dan jabatan kerajaan berkaitan mesti mengadakan mesyuaratmingguan/bulanan dan dalam mesyuarat berkenaan tentunya laporan kemajuan/kemunduran/kegagalan, melanggar syarat kelulusan setiap projek mesti dibentangdan dibincangkan.

Jika tidak, bagaimana nanti projek yang dilaporkan oleh pihak pemaju/kontraktor itu siap sepenuh hendak dinilai oleh PBT bagi memberi kelulusan Sijil LayakMenduduki (CF) - AZIZ MAJID, Gerik, Perak.




Activity: ask students for theirunderstanding..

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING?




ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Environmental engineering is manifestby sound engineering thought andpractice in the solution of problems of

environmental sanitation (cleanliness),notably in the provision of safe, palatable(pleasant), and ample of environmental

fields.




Major Global Meetings Issues

1972 Stockholm United NationsConference on the Human Environment

Pollution, rates of depletion of nonrenewable fossil fuels and populationgrowth

1987 World Commission on Environment

and Development (WCED), Brundtlandreport: Our Common Future

1987 Montreal Protocol

Idea of sustainable development

Substances that deplete the ozone layer

1992 Rio Summit in Brazil (Earth Summit):Agenda 21

Ozone depletion, tropical deforestation,loss of biodiversity, and global warming

1997 Kyoto Protocol Controlling the emissions of greenhousegases

2001 Johannesburg Earth Summit Energy, freshwater, food security andhealth

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGENCEOF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS




ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

SOILS

FORESTSOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

AIR

SEA

WATER

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS




SOLID WASTE




WATER POLLUTION




Freshwater…

Freshwater makes up a very small fraction of allwater on the planet. While nearly 70 % of theworld is covered by water, only 2.5 % of it is

fresh. The rest is saline and ocean-based.Even then, just 1% of our freshwater is easilyaccessible, with much of it trapped in glaciersand snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 % of

the planet's water is available to fuel andfeed its 6.8 billion people.




continues….

According to the United Nations, wateruse has grown at more than twice therate of population increase in the last

century. By 2025, an estimated 1.8billion people will live in areas plaguedby water scarcity, with two-thirds of theworld's population living in water-

stressed regions as a result of use,growth, and climate change.




continues…

The challenge we face now is how toeffectively conserve, manage, anddistribute the water we have.

Learn where freshwater resources exist;how they are used; and how climate,technology, policy, and people play a

role in both creating obstacles andfinding solutions




continues…

Freshwater ecosystems are essential forhuman survival, providing the majority ofpeople's drinking water.

The ecosystems are home to more than 40percent of the world's fish species. Despitetheir value and importance, many lakes, rivers,and wetlands around the world are beingseverely damaged by human activities and aredeclining at a much faster rate thanterrestrial/global ecosystems.




Threats

The creation of dams and water-diversion systemsblocks migration routes for fish and disrupts habitats.

Water withdrawal for human use shrinks and degradeshabitats.

Runoff from agricultural and urban areas hurts waterquality. Draining of wetlands for development depletes

habitats. Overexploitation and pollution threaten groundwater

supplies. Invasion of exotic species can harm native animals

and plants. Global warming may lead to devastating floods and

droughts.




Solutions

Restrict the construction of dams.

Provide incentives for farming businessto reduce the use of pesticides.

Establish protected wetlands areas.

Regulate water withdrawal for human

use.




AIR POLLUTION




Greenhouse..

One of the first things scientists learned is that thereare several greenhouse gases responsible forwarming, and humans emit them in a variety of ways.

Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels incars, factories and electricity production. The gasresponsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,also called CO2.

Other contributors include methane released fromlandfills and agriculture (especially from thedigestive systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide

from fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration andindustrial processes, and the loss of forests thatwould otherwise store CO2.




continues…

Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-trapping abilities.

Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. Amolecule of methane produces more than 20 timesthe warming of a molecule of CO2.

Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful thanCO2.

Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (whichhave been banned in much of the world because theyalso degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trappingpotential thousands of times greater than CO2. Butbecause their concentrations are much lower thanCO2, none of these gases adds as much warmth tothe atmosphere as CO2 does.




Impacts…

Some impacts from increasing temperatures arealready happening. Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s

poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheetscovering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arcticsea ice.

Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of theAdélie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbershave fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30years.

Sea level rise became faster over the last century. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved

farther north or to higher, cooler areas. Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across

the globe, on average.




Other effects could happen later thiscentury, if warming continues….

Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the endof the century, and continued melting at thepoles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to

20 centimeters). storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and droughts will become more

common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts

are already common, could decline by 10percent over the next 50 years.




Other effects could happen later thiscentury, if warming continues….

Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya icecap in Peru continues to melt at its current rate, it willbe gone by 2100, leaving thousands of people whorely on it for drinking water and electricity without asource of either.

Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried bymosquitoes.

Ecosystems will change—some species will movefarther north or become more successful; others won’tbe able to move and could become extinct. Wildlife

research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that sincethe mid-1980s, with less ice on which to live and fishfor food, polar bears have gotten considerablyskinnier.




Solution?

The evidence that humans are causing global warmingis strong, but the question of what to do about itremains controversial. Economics, sociology, andpolitics are all important factors in planning for the

future. Even if we stopped emitting greenhouse gases

(GHGs) today, the Earth would still warm by anotherdegree Fahrenheit or so. But what we do from todayforward makes a big difference. Depending on our

choices, scientists predict that the Earth couldeventually warm by as little as 2.5 degrees or as muchas 10 degrees Fahrenheit.




continues..

A commonly cited goal is to stabilize GHGconcentrations around 450-550 parts permillion (ppm), or about twice pre-industriallevels.

This is the point at which many believe themost damaging impacts of climate change canbe avoided.

Current concentrations are about 380 ppm,

which means there isn't much time tolose. We'd have to reduce GHG emissions by50% to 80% of what they're on track to be inthe next century to reach this level.




Is this possible?

Many people and governments are already workinghard to cut greenhouse gases, and everyone can help.

Researchers Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow atPrinceton University have suggested one approachthat they call "stabilization wedges." This means

reducing GHG emissions from a variety of sourceswith technologies available in the next few decades,rather than relying on an enormous change in a singlearea.

They suggest 7 wedges that could each reduce

emissions, and all of them together could holdemissions at approximately current levels for the next50 years, putting us on a potential path to stabilizearound 500 ppm.




continues…

There are many possible wedges, includingimprovements to energy efficiency andvehicle fuel economy (so less energy has tobe produced), and increases in wind andsolar power, hydrogen produced fromrenewable sources, biofuels (produced fromcrops), natural gas, and nuclear power.

There is also the potential to capture thecarbon dioxide emitted from fossil fuelsand store it underground—a process called"carbon sequestration."




continues…

In addition to reducing the gases we emit tothe atmosphere, we can also increase theamount of gases we take out of the

atmosphere. Plants and trees absorb CO2 as they grow,

"sequestering" carbon naturally.

Increasing forestlands and making changes tothe way we farm could increase the amountof carbon we're storing.

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION




ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONAND REGULATION IN MALAYSIA

Managed by Ministry of Science,Technology And The EnvironmentMalaysia

Concept of the National Policy Of The Environment

MALAYSIA POLICY ON THE




MALAYSIA POLICY ON THEENVIRONMENT

The objectives are to achieve :

1. A clean, safe, healthy and productiveenvironment for present and future

generations2. Conservation of the country’s unique and

diverse cultural and natural heritage witheffective participation by all sectors of society

3. Sustainable lifestyles and patterns ofconsumption and production






The National Policy on the environment is based on 8 principlesthat harmonies economic development goals withenvironmental imperatives. These interrelated and mutuallysupporting principles are:

1. Stewardship of the Environment

Exercise respect and care for the environment in accordancewith the highest moral and ethical standards.

2. Conservation of Nature’s Vitality and Diversity

Conserve natural ecosystems to ensure integrity of biodiversityand life support systems.






3. Continuous Improvement in the Quality of the Environment

Ensure continuous improvement in the productivity and quality of theenvironment while pursuing economic growth and humandevelopment objectives.

4. Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

Manage natural resource utilization to sustain the resource base andprevent degradation of the environment.

5. Integrated Decision-Making

Integrate environmental dimensions in the planning andimplementation of the policies, objective and mandates of all sectors

to protect the environment.






6. Role of Private Sector

Strengthen the role of the private sector in environmental protectionand management.

7. Commitment and Accountability

Ensure the highest commitment to environmental protection and

accountability by all decision-makers in the public and private sectors,resource users, non-Governmental organizations and the generalpublic, in formulating, planning and implementing their activities

8. Active participation in the International Community

Participate actively and effectively in regional and global efforts

towards environmental conservations and enhancement.

MALAYSIAN ENVIRONMENTAL




MALAYSIAN ENVIRONMENTALLAW

The regulatory and legal framework governingenvironmental issues is set out in theEnvironmental Quality Act 1974, commonlyreferred to as the EQA.

The EQA establishes the Director-General ofEnvironmental Quality who heads the DOE andthe Environmental Quality Council comprisingGovernment and industry representatives.

The EQA is designed to prevent and controlpollution.





MALAYSIAN ENVIRONMENTALLAW

To date, Minister has promulgated thirteen sets ofenvironmental regulations, governing specific industries, suchas the following:

1. Licensing regulations

2. Clean Air regulations3. Compounding of Offence rules4. Sewage and Industrial Effluents regulations

5. Motor Vehicle Noise regulations6. Environmental Impact Assessment List of Prescribed Activities7. Three sets of regulations pertaining to generation, treatment

and disposal of Scheduled Wastes8. Control of Smoke and Gas Emission rules

DEPARTMENT OF




DEPARTMENT OFENVIRONMENT (DOE)

The function of DOE is to administer andenforce the EQA and Section IV of theEconomic Exclusive Zone Act, 1984.

One of the DOE’s main objectives is to

preserve a healthy, clean and safeenvironment for the present and future

generations.





MALAYSIAN ENVIRONMENTALLAWS

Malaysia has many agencies and laws that are responsible forthe control of traffic on toxic and dangerous products andwastes. These include :

1. Petroleum Development Act 1974

2.Petroleum Mining Act 19663. Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984

4. Dangerous Trade Enactment

5. Poisons Act 19556. Poisons (Agricultural and Industrial) Ordinance7. Pesticides Act 1974

8. Explosives Act 19759. The Technical Instruction for Safe Transport of Dangerous

Goods by Air




1. AIR POLLUTION STANDARD

The air qualitystandards are set byDepartment of

EnvironmentMalaysia (DOE) withreference of theUnited States

EnvironmentalProtection Agency(US EPA).

R d d M l i Ai Q lit St d d




Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Standards

(At 25 degree Celsius and 101.13 kPa)

Pollutant Averaging

Time Malaysia Guideline

(ppm) (µg/m3)

Ozone

(O3)

1 Hour 0.10 200

8 Hour 0.06 120

Carbon Monoxide

(CO)#

1 Hour 30 35 mg/m3

8 Hour 9 10 mg/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2)

1 Hour 0.17 320

Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2)

10 Minute 0.19 500

1 Hour 0.13 350

24 Hour 0.04 105

Particles TSP

24 Hour 260

1 Year 90

Particulate Matter (PM10)

24 Hour 150

1 Year 50

Lead

(Pb) 3 Month 1.5

(Source: Department of Environmental Malaysia)




2. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

The objective of these standards is not onlyto give guidelines for continual quality ofwater supplied to public but also to ensure

effective protection of public health besidesto improve the management of the waterutilities




Determines

ConformityAssessment

The Malaysian National Standard forDrinking Water Quality recommendslevels for both raw water quality and

drinking water quality

The standards ensure that the drinking wateris safe to drink and not hazardous to health orobjectionable to the physical senses ofconsumers

Physical,chemical,microbiological andradiologicalparameters

are includedwithfrequency of testing




WATER STANDARDQUALITY

Raw Water

(average)

Treated

Water

Parameters Unit

pH 5.8 -6.9 6.5 - 9

Iron < 1.0 < 0.3

Turbidity 300 < 5

DO 4 - 7 8 -10

Manganese < 0.2 < 0.1

Suspended Solid 100 -

Color < 15

Aluminium < 0.1 < 0.2

Fluoride < 1.5 0.5 – 0.7

-

mg/l

NTU

ppm

mg/l

mg/l

TCU

mg/l

ppm

Res. Chlorine - 1.5 – 2.5ppm

300

Ammonia - < 1.5ppm

Anak Syarikat Milik Penuh RANHILL UTILITIES BHD

S f ti iti All h f



44

Scope of activities: All phases of

drinking water quality

Controlling of pollution atsource

Supplying of

potable water

Testing of water

Surveillance

of drinkingwater quality

•Water Purveyorand Public Works

Department

•Ministry of Health

•ChemistryDepartmentLaboratory

•Departmentof

Environment




3. WASTEWATER STANDARD

The ultimate goal of waste watermanagement is the protection of theenvironment in a manner commensurate

with better waste quality, publics health,economic, social and political comments.

The effluents from industries andsewerage are required to be treated to acertain quality before they aredischarged into the water course.




Typical Connection




EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS TO MALAYSIA INLAND WATER

PARAMETERS (mg/l)

STANDARD A STANDARD B

Temperature ( o C) 40 40

pH 6.0 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0

BOD 5 at 20 o C 20 50

COD 50 100

Suspended Solids 50 100

Mercury 0.0 0.1

Cadmium 0.0 0.0

Chromium, hexavalent 0.1 0.1

Arsenic 0.1 0.1 Cyanide 0.1 0.1

Lead 0.1 0.5

Chromium, trivalent 0.2 1.0

Copper 0.2 1.0

Manganese 0.2 1.0

Nickel 0.2 1.0

Tin 0.2 1.0

Zinc 1.0 1.0

Boron 1.0 4.0

Iron 1.0 5.0

Phenol 0.0 1.0

Free Chlorine 1.0 2.0

Sulphide 0.5 0.5

Oil & Grease Not detectable 10.0

MAXIMUM PERMITTED VALUE • Third Schedule of Environmental Quality

Act, 1974 under the Environmental

Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluent)

Regulation, 1979, regulation 8(1), 8(2)and 8(3).

• Represent maximum or absolute values

which may not be exceeded.

• Measurement is taken using a single grab

sample rather than a time averaged

composite sample

• Standard A for discharge into inlandwaters in a catchment

• Standard B for discharges into other

inland waters

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT




ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT (EIA)

The aim of EIA is to assess the overall impact on theenvironment of development projects proposed bythe public and private sectors. The objectives of EIAare:

1. To examine and select the best from the projectoptions available

2. To identify and incorporate into the project planappropriate abatement and mitigation measures

3. To predict the significant residual environmental

impacts4. To identify the environmental costs and benefits of

the project to the community.




WHY IS EIA SO IMPORTANT?

EIA is essentially a planning tool forpreventing environmental problems dueto action. It seeks to avoid costly

mistakes in project implementation, ormodifications in order to make the actionenvironmentally acceptable. In Malaysia,

EIA is required under section 34A of theEQA.



CONCLUSION

Addressing environmental issues is imperative in thequest of making Malaysia an advanced nation. Lawand legal obligations must be considered obligationmust be considered when undertaking anydevelopment, which may impact the environment, nomatter how small. Professionals and people of variousbackgrounds play a major role in using their skills tomanage and control pollution. The oft-quoted nativeIndian proverb which was at the heart of the

Brundtland Report rings true:“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we owe it to our children.”

Documents

(1.3)Impact of Human Upon the Environmen