14-1 Greenhouse Effect - USRAsti.usra.edu/.../ess_energy_budget_files/greenhouse_effect.pdf · 14-1 Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect ... factories and cars--by 5.2 ... The indirect

Climate and Global Change Notes

14-1

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect• U.S. tops in 2004 greenhouse gas emissionsBy Reuters; story last modified Fri Jun 02 17:28:42 PDT 2006

Many rich nations' emissions of greenhouse gases rose in 2004, led by a U.S. rebound to record highs aftera dip since President George W. Bush took office in 2001, according to data released on Friday.

The figures, submitted by 33 governments to the U.N. Climate Secretariat in Bonn, Germany, showed thatemissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide, widely blamed for global warming, rose to 15.1 billion tons in2004 from 14.5 billion in 1990.

Several nations, especially Russia, where smokestack emissions have plunged since the collapse of theSoviet Union, have yet to submit figures for 2004 so a full overview of industrial nations' emissions is notyet possible.

Still, the data indicate that many nations will struggle to meet goals set by the United Nations' KyotoProtocol to cut emissions of heat-trapping gases--mainly from power plants, factories and cars--by 5.2percent below 1990 levels by 2008-12.

Emissions by the United States, the world's main source of greenhouse gases but which did not agree tothe Kyoto Protocol, rose by 1.7 percent in 2004 from 2003 to 7.07 billion tons and eclipsed a previous peakof 6.98 billion in 2000.

http://news.com.com/U.S.+tops+in+2004+greenhouse+gas+emissions/2100-11395_3-6079611.html


14-2

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect• U.S. tops in 2004 greenhouse gas emissions (Con’t)"Total U.S. emissions have risen by 15.8 percent from 1990 to 2004," the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency said in its submission.

Bush pulled out of Kyoto in 2001, saying it would cost U.S. jobs and wrongly excluded developing nationsfrom its 2012 target. But the United States is a party to the U.N.'s broader 1992 climate convention, whichaims to limit global warming.

Many scientists say that a build-up of emissions is raising temperatures and could bring catastrophicchanges including more heat waves, droughts, and melting ice caps that could raise world sea levels byalmost a meter by 2100.

Of the Kyoto backers, 17 of 30 industrialized countries were exceeding their targets by just over 300 milliontons in 2004.

On the positive side, however, the other 13 were ahead by more than 600 million tons--highlighting whatsome analysts say was a flaw in the green pact, giving over-generous targets to former communist states.

Among Kyoto supporters, Spain was about 48 percent above 1990 levels and Portugal, Greece, Canadaand Ireland were all at least 20 percent higher.



14-3

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect• U.S. tops in 2004 greenhouse gas emissions (Con’t)Overall emissions in the 15 longest-standing members of the European Union edged up 0.2 percent in2004 overall from 2003 to 4.24 billion tons. Overall, they were 1.1 percent below 1990 levels.

At U.N. climate talks in Montreal last year, U.S. climate negotiator Harlan Watson had pointed toWashington's success in cracking down under Bush."Look at the data--the United States has done better inthe first three years of the Bush administration in addressing greenhouse gas emissions than the EU...theU.K., France, Germany," he said.

Canada's new conservative government said last month that its Kyoto goal was "unachievable" since thecountry was 35 percent above target and 27 percent above 1990 levels.Japan was 7 percent above its1990 emissions levels in 2004, a difference of 83 million tons compared to its Kyoto target of a 6 percentfall.



14-4

Greenhouse Gases & ClimateGreenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Effect

ChangesWater VaporCarbon DioxideMethaneNitrous OxideCFCsOzone

Science Concepts

DefinitionRadiation Budget

Shortwave TransmissionLongwave Absorption

The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane)• Chap. 1 (pp. 2, 4-5, 41-42, 44, 46-48)


14-5

Greenhouse Effect

http://www.igpp.lanl.gov/Climate_Images/Climate13.gif


14-6

Greenhouse EffectSolar and Earth-Emitted Radiation Absorption by AtmosphericGases

100

50

0.3 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.015.00

Wavelength (microns)

O2, CO2,H2OO3

O3

CO2

H2O

H2O

CO2,H2O

Far InfraredNear IRUV

Vis-ible

Abso

rptio

n (%

)

95% ofEarth’s

Radiation

95% ofSolar

Radiation

Atmosphere istransparent tomost of Sun’s

emitted radiationwavelengths

Atmosphereabsorbs most ofEarth’s emitted

radiationwavelengths


14-7

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect• Earth's atmosphere is transparent to solar shortwave radiation, i.e., allows

most of solar radiation to penetrate to the surface

• Earth's atmosphere is opaque to Earth's longwave radiation, i.e., absorbs mostlongwave radiation

Result of Greenhouse EffectVenus Earth Mars

Surface Pressure(Relative to Earth) 90 1.0 0.007

Main Greenhouse >90% CO2 ~0.04% CO2 >80% CO2Gases ~1.4% H2O

Temperature(No Greenhouse) -46°C -18°C -57°C(Greenhouse) 477°C 15°C -47°CDifference 523°C 33°C 10°C


14-8

Changes in Greenhouse GasesSince 1850• Concentrations of greenhouse

gases in the atmosphere haverisen dramatically in this century

Greenhouse Gases

EOS, 1999: Climate Change and GreenhouseGases.T.S. Ledley, E.T. Sundquist, S.E.Schwartz, D.K. Hall, J.D. Fellows and T.L.Killeen. 80, p. 453.


14-9

Greenhouse Gases

Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States 2004. U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Analysis andForecasting. DOE/EIA-0573(2004) -ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057304.pdf

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2004• U.S. greenhouse gas emissions

in 2004 (million metric tons andpercentage)

- Metric tonne (abbreviated as ton)is a weight equivalent of 1000 kg> About 2205 lbs

• Other CO2 are from non-combustionsources


14-10

U.S. Greenhouse Gas EmissionsChanges• CO2 emissions changes from

1990 to 2004 indexed using 1990

• CO2 emissions per unit GrossDomestic Product have fallenrelative to 1990

• CO2 emissions per capita are above1990 levels. Increasing populationgrowth and rising CO2 emissions percapita have resulted in increasedaggregate CO2 emissions per yearfrom 1990 to 2004.

Greenhouse Gases

Emissions of greenhouse gases in the UnitedStates 2004. U.S. Department of Energy, Officeof Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.DOE/EIA-0573(2004) -ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057304.pdf


14-11

U.S. Greenhouse Gas EmissionsChanges (Con’t)• CO2 emissions changes from

1990 to 2004 indexed using 1990

• All sector CO2 emissions haveincreased since 1990 except for1990-1991 when transportation andindustrial sectors decreased becauseof an economic recession and higher oilprices following Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

• Industrial sector has decreased since1998

• Decrease in residential sector is ascribed mainly to a 3.5% drop in natural gasuse because of warmer weather that reduced heating degree-days by 5.9%

Greenhouse Gases

Emissions of greenhouse gases in the UnitedStates 2004. U.S. Department of Energy, Officeof Integrated Analysis and Forecasting.DOE/EIA-0573(2004) -ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057304.pdf


14-12

Greenhouse Gases

Global Warming Potentials (GWP; 100 Year Time Horizon)Gas Lifetime GWPCO2 50-200 1CH4 9-15 21*

N2O 120 310HFC-23 264 11,700HFC-32 5.6 650HFC-125 32.6 2,800HFC-134a 14.6 1,300HFC-143a 48.3 3,800HFC-152a 1.5 140HFC-227ea 36.5 26,300HFC-4310mee 17.1 1,300

http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/

RAMR69V528/$File/05executivesummary.pdf

* The methane GWP includes thedirect effects and those indirecteffects due to the production oftropospheric/stratospheric watervapor. The indirect effect due to theproduction of CO2 is not included.

Not All Greenhouse Gases Are Equal• The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a greenhouse gas is defined as theratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kgof that substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas. The reference gas usedis CO2.


14-13

Greenhouse GasesWater Vapor (H2O)• Primary greenhouse gas

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)• Increased 10% since 1958; 25% since early 19th century

• Sources

- 80% of emissions from fossil fuel

- 20% from burning and decay in deforestation process


14-14

Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide (CO2)• Temperature and CO2

300280260240220200180

2

-2-4-6-8

-10

0

0 40 80 120 160Age (kyrs BP)

300280260240220200180

2

-2-4-6-8

-10

0

Derived from Antarctic Ice Cores

CO2 (

ppm

)

Loca

l (An

tarc

tic)

Tem

pera

ture

Diffe

renc

e fro

m M

oder

nTe

mpe

ratu

re (°

C)


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Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide (CO2)• Atmospheric CO2

0-25000-50000-75000-100000-125000-150000-175000175

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

375Vostok, AntarcticaSiple Station, West AntarcticaMauna Loa (Annual)

Year

Carb

on D

ioxi

deCo

ncen

tratio

n(p

pm)

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/slides/slideset/15/15_300_slide.ht

ml


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Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide (CO2)• Atmospheric CO2

200019751950192519001875185018251800177517501725260

280

300

320

340

360Siple Station, West AntarcticaMauna Loa (Annual)

Year

Carb

on D

ioxi

deCo

ncen

tratio

n(p

pm)


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Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide (CO2)• Mauna Loa, HI

19° 32' N, 155° 34' W, 3,397 altitudeCO2 Concentration (ppmv)

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

Jan-

58

Jan-

60

Jan-

62

Jan-

64

Jan-

66

Jan-

68

Jan-

70

Jan-

72

Jan-

74

Jan-

76

Jan-

78

Jan-

80

Jan-

82

Jan-

84

Jan-

86

Jan-

88

Jan-

90

Jan-

92

Jan-

94

Jan-

96

Jan-

98

Jan-

00

Jan-

02

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

Jan-

02

Feb-

02

Mar-

02

Apr-

02

May-

02

Jun-

02

Jul-

02

Aug-

02

Sep-

02

Oct-

02

Nov-

02

Dec-

02

2002http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm


14-18

Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide (CO2)• Note change in time - annual cycle

• Notelatitudinalvariation

Latitude

Year

ppm370

1984

2000

80°S

80°N340

http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html

EQ

370335


14-19

Greenhouse GasesAVHRR VegetationIndex• Global distribution

of vegetation

- Red and near-infrared -combined forsingle image

- Healthyvegetation appearsgreen and aridareas look brown.

February 1992

September 1992http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/LAND_BIO/Ed_Autumn_Illustration.html


14-20

Greenhouse GasesAVHRR Vegetation Index• Global 1982-1998 Vegetation Index

http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Observatory/


14-21

Greenhouse GasesPhytoplankton Bloom• Chlorophyll - Red most; Blue least

http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/level3.pl?DAY=20Oct2004&PER=&TYP=machl&RRW=16

Jan 2004 Apr 2004

Jul 2004 Oct 2004


14-22

Greenhouse Gases

http://www.epa.gov/reg3artd/images/warm.jpg

CO2 National/Region Emissions• 1995 versus projected 2035

• Note change in distribution

• Note almost doubling of total release

U.S. CO2 Emissions and Source


14-23

Greenhouse Gases

http://eetd.lbl.gov/newsletter/cbs_nl/nl15/ghg.html

CO2 Per Capita Emissions• Note

- USA is largest- House heating and automobile travel are a large portion of emissions- USA reduced per capita emissions between 1973 and 1991; slight

increase between 1991 and 1997

Carbon emissions per capita 1973 versus1991 by major end use


14-24

Greenhouse GasesCO2 Per Units of Economic Output (Gross National Product)

Emissions GNP Emissions/GNP RatioCountry (metric tons CO2/year) (billions of $/year) (metric tons CO2/year)China 2,236.3 372.3a 6.01bSouth Africa 284.2 79.0 3.60Romania 220.7 79.8a 2.77bPoland 459.4 172.4 2.66India 600.6 237.9 2.52East Germany 327.4 159.5a 2.05aCzechoslovakia 233.6 123.2a 1.90bMexico 306.9 176.7 1.74U.S.S.R. 3,982.0 2,659.5a 1.50bSouth Korea 204.6 171.3 1.19Canada 437.8 435.9 1.00United States 4,804.1 4,880.1 0.98Australia 241.3 246.0 0.98United Kingdom 559.2 702.4 0.80Brazil 202.4 323.6 0.63West Germany 669.9 1,201.8 0.56Spain 187.7 340.3 0.55Italy 359.7 828.9 0.43Japan 989.3 2,843.7 0.35France 320.1 949.4 0.34a Estimates of GNP for centrally planned economies are subject to large margins of error. These estimates are as much 100 times larger thanthose from other sources that correct for availability of goods or use free-market exchange rates.

b The emissions/GNP is also likely to be underestimated for centrally planned economies. Source: National Academy of Sciences, PolicyImplications of Global Warming (Washington, D.C.: 1991).

NationalAcademy ofSciences,1992:PolicyImplications ofGreenhouseWarming:Mitigation,Adaptation,and theScience Base


14-25

Greenhouse GasesNumber of pounds of carbon dioxide emitted into the air for each mile driven in apassenger car that gets 22 mpg: 0.9

Number of pounds of carbon dioxide produced by burning 1 gallon of gasoline: 19

Gasoline is a hydrocarbon such as “heptane” or C7H16. “Burning” gasoline means tooxidize or to chemically combine it with oxygen. Ideally when gasoline combines withoxygen it produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Heptane + Oxygen => Carbon Dioxide + WaterC7H16 + 11 O2 => 7 CO2 + 8 H2O

Carbon (C) “weighs” 12 atomic units; hydrogen (H) 1 atomic unit; and oxygen (O) 16atomic units. So

C7H16 + 11 O2 => 7 CO2 + 8 H2O(7)(12)+(16)(1) (22)(16) (7)(12)+(14)(16) (16)(1)+(8)(16)100 units + 352 units => 308 units + 144 units

Gasoline weighs ~ 5.666 lb per gal. Thus,

C7H16 + 11 O2 => 7 CO2 + 8 H2O5.666 lb + 19.94 lb => 17.45 lb + 8.15 lb


14-26

Greenhouse Gases• In the United States, transportation consumes 67% of petroleum used, over half

of which is imported.

• Over three-quarters of transportation energy use is by highway vehicles—60%by cars and light trucks (including minivans and SUVs) and 16% by heavytrucks. Transportation energy consumption is increasing by 1.8% per year,faster than any other major category of energy use.

http://www.aceee.org/energy/cafe.htm

• Motor vehicles are responsiblefor about 31% of all carbondioxide emission in the U.S.

• Worldwide the percentage isabout 15%

Lyman, Francesca, 1990: The GreenhouseTrap. Beacon Press, Boston. pp. xiii-xiv.

Lyman, Francesca, 1990: The GreenhouseTrap. Beacon Press, Boston. p. 38.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1980 1990 2001 2002

MMTCO

2

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

Transportation

Source: 1980, 1990, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/appendixe.html2002, preliminary estimate calculated for the flash estimate.


14-27

Greenhouse GasesNote Changes (1975, 1987, 1997, 2006)• Combined mpg

13.1, 22.1, 20.9,21.0 mpg

• Light truck & SUVpercentage 19, 28,42, 50%

• Combined weight4060, 3220, 3727,4142 lbs

• Combined horsepower137, 118, 169, 219 hp

• Examples (2006):

Honda & Toyota Hybrid~60 mpg

GM K1500 Sierra AWD15 mpg

Best SUV Ford Escape Hydrid FWD 33.3 mpg

Heavenrich, R.M., 2006: Light-Duty AutomotiveTechnology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975Through 2006, EPA420-R-06-011http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm


14-28

Greenhouse GasesNBC’s Today Show• May 13, 2005 - Will this summer's travel plans become a pain in the pump? As

part of an NBC News series looking at increasing gas prices, "Today" sentthree families driving from L.A. to N.Y. in six days, using three differentvehicles, for its "Today's Great American Gas Challenge." "Today" touchesbase with the families as they report back live about their experiences from thatday's destination.

- "Today's Great American Gas Challenge" contestants were:

Riley family (Redding ,CA)Vehicle: Lincoln Navigator (SUV; 15 mpg) Fowler family (Long Beach, CA)Vehicle: Ford 500 (Midsize; 25 mpg) Pletcher family (Thousand Oaks, CA)Vehicle: Honda Civic Hybrid (40 mpg)

- Most expensive gas for trip - Ludlow, CA - $2.96/gallonCheapest gas for trip - Howe, IN - $1.91/gallon

- Gas Mileage and Total Amount Spent on Gas

Riley Family (SUV): 17 mpg - $459.27Fowler Family (Midsize): 26 mpg - $277.98Pletcher Family (Hybrid): 42 mpg - $172.67


14-29

Greenhouse GasesNew Hummer H1 2006 4X4Engine = 300-horsepower turbo-diesel V8

Curb Weight = 7,847 lbs

Full Capacity = 52.5 gal

Crusing Range = Nearly 600 miles

Why are gas prices so high?

“Who’s to blame? Americans pointfingers at the oil companies, foreignnations that control the oil supply, andpoliticians.”

Huntsville Times, Friday 22 April 2005, Front page

http://www.hummer.com/

“Everyone thinks of changing the world, but noone thinks of changing himself.”

Leo Tolstoy - Russian novelist (1828 - 1910)

“The basic question is this: given human nature,are any of us really capable of change?”

Sue Grafton - R is for Ricochet, p. 1


14-30

Greenhouse GasesSteps to Save Gas and Reduce Pollution• Never top off your tank. Expansion will cause your excess to spill out.• Keep your tires properly inflated. You lose 2% fuel efficiency for each pound of

pressure you're low.• Tighten your gas cap. Gas can evaporate, causing your check-engine light to

come on.• Make sure you are ready to go. Idling for 2 min uses enough fuel to drive one

mile.• Make sure your wheels are aligned. Poor alignment causes the engine to work

harder.• Drive 55 mph instead of 65. That can get you up to three more miles per gallon.• Keep steady pressure on the gas pedal and use cruise control when possible.• Remove bike racks, carriers, etc. They can increase fuel consumption by five

miles per gallon.• Use your air conditioner in town as little as possible. It uses 3 to 5% more fuel.

But opening windows on the highway can cost you 10% in fuel economy.• Travel light. Make sure you are not carrying extra weight that could be left out.

The lighter the car, the better gas mileage you get.• Make sure you car is properly maintained. Get a tuneup and get the car serviced

if the check-engine light comes on.• Plan trips so that you take the shortest, most direct routes and make trips in one

outing.Huntsville Times (Sunday March 13, 2005) Source: AAA Alabama


14-31

Greenhouse GasesMeat Grain Energy * Water

(per lb) (lbs) (gals of gasoline) (gallons)Pork 6.9 0.44 430Beef 4.8 0.25 390

Chicken 2.8 0.19 375Eggs 2.6 0.14 n/aMilk 0.1 0.02 n/a

* Energy equivalent of a gallon of gasoline is used for comparison, most of theenergy is natural gas used in fertilizer production for grain.

American’s annual consumption of red meat and poultry together is at an all-timehigh of 178 lbs per person for 1990, up from 137 lbs in 1955.

The average American consumed in 1990

65 lbs of beef and veal, 63 lbs of poultry,49 lbs of pork, 139 eggs,

products made from 70 gals of milk.

Durning, Alan B., 1991: Fat of the land. World-Watch. 4:3, pp. 11-17.


14-32

Greenhouse Gases• 40% of the world’s grain production, and more than 70% of the U.S. production,

is fed to livestock.

If all this grain were used to feed people, it would feed five times as manypeople as it does after being converted to meat, milk and eggs. It would alsouse less energy and produce less carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

• A one pound steak has about the same greenhouse-warming effect as a 25-miledrive in a typical American car.

Durning, Alan B., 1991: Fat of the land. World-Watch. 4:3, pp. 11-17.


14-33

El Niño Years

Greenhouse GasesGlobal Warming/CO2Effects??• From 1982 to 1999, in addition to

increased CO2, the climate grewwarmer, wetter and sunnier, andfor the most part, plants flourished(Green areas)

• Note global primary productivity(NPP) between 1982-199925% of Earth’s vegetated areaexperienced increased plantproductivity, totalincrease of ~6%

• Note El Niño years decreasedoverall plant growth

• Eruption of Mt. Pinatuboalso decreased NPP

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/GlobalGarden/


14-34

Greenhouse GasesCarbon Dioxide Effects• Increases in CO2 stimulate the growth of plants while

reducing their water requirements• As plants grow more, they remove more CO2 from the

atmosphere and contribute additional organic carbonto the food web

• Will benefits to plants help offset the deleteriouseffects of rising CO2 concentrations?

• Exposingportions ofecosystemsto elevatedCO2 inoutdoorchambers

` to test

http://www.serc.si.edu/SERC_web_html/resglobal.htm

http://www.serc.si.edu/SERC_web_html/research.htm


14-35

Methane (CH4)• 3.5 billion years ago, there was 1,000 times more CH4. Earliest CH4 formed by

volcanoes and ancient bacteria that converted H2 and CO2 into CH4 and H2O

• Makes up 96% of natural gas

• 50 million more tons per year into atmosphere

• Sources

- Rotting of organic matter in peat bogs- Wetlands, rice patties, landfills- Bacteria living in digestive tracks of farm

animals such as cattle- Termites

Greenhouse Gases

Pounds of GarbageProduced Per Person Per

Year

U.S. 1,637Norway 1,183Netherlands 1,100Germany 823Sweden 662France 572Italy 548Portugal 367

Recycling Advocate


14-36

Greenhouse GasesMethane (CH4)• Global CH4 change

since 1900

• U.S. CH4 source and changesince 1990

1996198419721960194819361924191219001550

1575

1600

1625

1650

1675

1700Methane Concentration

Year

Met

hane

Con

cent

ratio

n(p

pm)

Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States2004. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of IntegratedAnalysis and Forecasting. DOE/EIA-0573(2004) -ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057304.pdf


14-37

Greenhouse GasesNitrous Oxide (N2O)• Globally N2O increased

10% since 1880; 0.2-0.3%per year

• In stratosphere, helps destroyozone

• U.S. sources and change since1990

• Sources

- Coal burning

- Forest fires

- Bacterial action onchemical fertilizers

Emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States2004. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of IntegratedAnalysis and Forecasting. DOE/EIA-0573(2004) -ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/ggrpt/057304.pdf


14-38

Greenhouse GasesChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)• Sources

- Refrigeration and air conditioning

- Aerosols

- Blowing agent in plastic foams

- Solvent for cleaning electronic parts

- Some fire extinguishers


14-39

Greenhouse GasesOzone• 10% in troposphere;

90% in stratosphere

• Lifespan hours to days

• Sources

- Photochemicalchemistry

- Some manmadeStratosphere

Troposphere10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Temperature (°F)-120 -80 -40 0 40 80

50

100

150

200

250

300

Ozone Concentration

Heig

ht (k

m)

Heig

ht (k

ft)


14-40

Greenhouse GasesGrowth Rate of Greenhouse Gases• Growth rate is decreasing since high in 1980s

• Largely because of reductions in CFCs

http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/hansen_05/

Documents

14-1 Greenhouse Effect - USRAsti.usra.edu/.../ess_energy_budget_files/greenhouse_effect.pdf · 14-1 Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect ... factories and cars--by 5.2 ... The indirect