14 A New Industrial Age QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Expansion of Industry 1

14 A New Industrial Age

QUIT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION The Expansion of Industry 1

SECTION The Age of the Railroads 2

SECTION Big Business and Labor 3

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GRAPH

14 A New Industrial Age

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses

14W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion? Examine the Issues

The year is 1863 and railroad construction is booming. In six years, the United States will be linked by rail from coast to coast. Central Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive spikes, all for low wages. You are a journalist assigned to describe this monumental construction project for your readers.

• How will businesses and the general public benefit from the transcontinental railroad?

• What dangers do the railroad workers encounter?

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• How might railroad construction affect the environment?

A New Industrial Age

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The United States The World

1869 Central Pacific and Union Pacific complete the transcontinental railroad.

1870 Franco-Prussian War breaks out.

1875 British labor unions win right to strike.

1879 Thomas A. Edison invents a workable light bulb.

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1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1877 Munn v. Illinois establishes government regulation of railroads. Mother Jones supports the Great Strike of 1877.

continued . . .

1882 United States restricts Chinese immigration.


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The United States The World

1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president.

1900 William McKinley is reelected.

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1890 Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.

1890 Colonization of sub-Saharan Africa peaks.

1893 Women in New Zealand gain voting rights.

1894 President Cleveland sends federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike. William McKinley is elected president.

1896 First modern Olympic Games are held in Athens, Greece.

1883 Germany becomes the first nation to provide national health insurance.

1886 Haymarket riot turns public sentiment against unions.


1The Expansion of Industry

Industry booms as natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fuel technological development.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

HOMEMAP


OVERVIEW

At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial boom.

Technological developments of the late 19th century paved the way for the continued growth of American industry.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Thomas Alva Edison

• Christopher Sholes

• Alexander Graham Bell• Bessemer process

• Edwin L. Drake

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List resources, ideas, and markets that affected the industrial boom of the 19th century. Then note how each item contributed to industrialization.

continued . . .

Bessemer process

Oil boom, wealthOil drill

Steel

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Resources, Ideas, Markets Impact

Electrical power

Telephone

Bridge construction, more railroads

Frame buildings

Artificial light widely available

Faster communications

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ASSESSMENT


2. Do you think that consumers gained power as industry expanded in the late 19th century?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• Yes. Availability of products; more leisure time

• No. low wages; less skill and craft

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. If the United States had been poor in natural resources, how would industrialization have been affected?

ANSWERANSWER

Less wealth; less industry; slower growth

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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4. Which invention or development described in this section had the greatest impact on society? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Electricity: changed business and home environments

Telephone: sped up communication, faster service, faster growth

Bessemer process: steel used for buildings, machines, factories, bridges, railroads

• the applications of inventions

• the impact of inventions on people’s daily lives

• the effect of inventions on the workplace

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

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2The Age of the Railroads

The growth and consolidation of the railroads benefit the nation but lead to corruption and regulation.


KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

The growth and consolidation of railroads benefited the nation but also led to corruption and required government regulation.

Railroads made possible the expansion of industry across the United States.




• transcontinental railroad

• George M. Pullman

• Interstate Commerce Act • Crédit Mobilier

• Munn v. Illinois


1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five effects of the rapid growth of railroads.

continued . . .

Rapid Growth of Railroads

Regulation of industry

Creation of nationwide

market

Corruption

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ASSESSMENT

Growth of towns and cities

Consolidation of railroads


2. Do you think the government and private citizens could have done more to curb the corruption and power of the railroads? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:

• Yes. Consumer boycotts; more regulation; better prosecution of corrupt officials

• No. Munn v. Illinois broke new ground for regulation; more regulation would have slowed industrial growth.

• why the railroads had power

• the rights of railroad customers and workers

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

• the scope of government regulations


3. The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?

ANSWERANSWER

Railroads increased United States settlement and built up United States commerce.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Why do you think that some Americans disliked the railroad as a new means of transportation?

ANSWERANSWER

Pollution and social changes brought on by railroads impeded freedoms. Some feared change because of unknown consequences.

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2

3Big Business and Labor

The expansion of industry in the North results in the growth of big business and in the formation of unions by laborers seeking to better their working conditions and pay.


KEY IDEA

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• John D. Rockefeller

• Mary Harris Jones

• Social Darwinism

• Andrew Carnegie

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Sherman Antitrust Act

• Samuel Gompers

• Eugene V. Debs

• vertical and horizontal integration


OVERVIEW

The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form unions to better their lives.

Many of the strategies used today in industry and in the labor movement, such as consolidation and the strike, have their origins in the late 19th century.


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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four notable achievements and setbacks of the labor movement between 1876 and 1911.

continued . . .

1877:The Great Strike

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ASSESSMENT

1886:The Haymarket Affair

1892:The Steel Strike

1911: Triangle Fire

Event One

Event Two

Event Three

Event Four

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2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th century are best described as ruthless robber barons or as effective captains of industry? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

“Barons”—exploitation of workers; greed; personal gain

“Captains”—philanthropy; national commerce; jobs

continued . . .

• their management tactics and business strategies

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ASSESSMENT

• their contributions to the economy • their attitude toward competition

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3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or counter the philosophy of Social Darwinism?

ANSWERANSWER

Support: Carnegie well-suited to his society; caused his success

Counter: advantages beyond Carnegie’s personal qualities

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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4. If the government had supported unions instead of management in the late 19th century, how might the lives of workers have been different?

ANSWERANSWER

Labor relations more peaceful; larger unions; higher wages; safer working conditions; lower profits

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

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Documents

14 A New Industrial Age QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Expansion of Industry 1