14: European states in the inter-war years …...14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939) •This section deals with domestic developments in certain key European states

14:Europeanstatesintheinter-waryears(1918–1939)• ThissectiondealswithdomesticdevelopmentsincertainkeyEuropeanstatesintheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwars.ItrequiresthestudyoffourEuropeancountries:Germany,Italy,Spainandanyoneothercountry.ThesectionconsiderstheimpactoftheendoftheFirstWorldWar,thenexaminestheeconomic,socialandculturalchangesineachcountryduringthe1920sand1930s.• WeimarGermany:constitutional,political,economic/financialandsocialissues(1918–1933);initialchallenges(1918–1923);“GoldenEra”underStresemann(1924–1929);thecrisisyearsandtheriseofHitler(1929–1933)• Hitler’sGermany(1933–1939):consolidationofpower;Hitler’spre-wardomesticpolicies,includingeconomic,socialandpoliticalpolicies;natureoftheNazistate;theextentofresistancetotheNazis• Italy(1918–1939):riseofMussolini;consolidationofpower;Mussolini’spre-wardomesticpolicies,includingeconomic,socialandpoliticalpolicies;natureofthefasciststate• Spain (1918–1939):political,socialandeconomic conditions inSpain;thePrimodeRiveraregime;polarizationandpoliticalpartiesundertheSecondRepublic;Azaña andGilRobles;causesoftheCivilWar;foreigninvolvement;reasonsfornationalistvictoryunderFranco• Casestudyofdomesticpolitical,economicandsocialdevelopmentsinoneEuropeancountry(otherthanGermany,ItalyorSpain)intheinter-waryears.

Lesson3a– Domesticpolicies

Essential QuestionEvaluate the successes and failures of Mussolini´s domestic policies between 1922 and 1939 (May 2019)

LearningOutcomes:Studentswill•What:learnaboutMussolini´seconomicpolicies•Why:howcanyoudetermineifaneconomicpolicyissuccessful

Success CriteriaI can add to my timeline for Mussolini´s domestic policies

Vocab

• Battle for the Lira (1926)• Corporate State (1926)• Vidoni Palace Pact (1925)• Labour Charter (1927)• Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (1933)• Autarky• Battle over the Southern Problem (1924)• Battle for Grain (1925)

EconomicPolicies- Industry• 1926– Battle for the Lira

– maketheLiraastrongcurrency• Mussolini– “Iwilldefendthelira

tomylastbreath”• Impact– thevalueincreased,but

hadanegativeimpactontheeconomy• Valueincreased(ex.1927– 90

lire=£)• ExportsdecreasedasItalian

productsbecamemoreexpensive• ex.Fiatexportedlesscarsin

1930svs.1920s

EconomicPolicies– CorporateState• 1926- Corporate State – bringemployeesandemployersunderoneFascist-ledconfederation• 1934– 22corporationswereestablished• Impact– Businesses gained morepower over workers

• 1925– Vidoni Palace Pact – socialistandCatholictradeunionsarebannedandreplacedbyFascistrun

• employeeswereforbiddentostrikeandalwayslostappealsforraise

• Labour Charter (1927)- ¨privateownershipofbusinesswasdeclaredthemostefficientmethodofrunninganeconomy¨

• Wagesdecreased20%(1927),10%(1934)• Unemploymentdecreasedfrom2million(1920)to500,000

(1928)• Workersdidwinincreasedsickpayandpaidnationalholidays

(1938)• TheDepressioncausedItalytoabandontheCorporateStatefor

moregovernmentintervention• Unemploymentrosefrom500,000(1928)to2million(1933)andCar

productionfell50%,numberofbanksdroppedby46%from1929to1936

• 1933- Institute for Industrial Reconstruction – governmentorganizationthatbailedoutbusinessesandbecametheownerofmanyofthetopcompanies• Impact– thegovernmentofItalyownedthesecondmostbusinesses,

onlybehindtheUSSR• 1934– Mussolinistated- "Three-fourthsoftheItalianeconomy,

industrialandagricultural,isinthehandsofthestate".• Publicexpenditurerose75%comparedtotheGDPwhiletaxrate

remainedunchanged• By1938,totalproductionincreased154%since1913,comparedto

150%inGermanyand109%inFrance

• Perspective– Farrell– Economicpolicieswereasuccess• Perspective- Tannenbaum– EconomicpolicieswereafailureastheCorporatestatedidnotreduceclassantagonismsorimproveeconomicconditions

EconomicPolicies- Autarky• Autarky – Italyshouldbeself-sufficientincaseofwar

• gov’ttookcontrolof80%ofshipbuildingand50%ofsteelproduction

• Tariffsgrewfrom4.5%in1920sto17%in1930s• Impact– Italyisnotclearlypreparedforwar

• 11.8%ofnationalincomewasspentonarmedforces,lessthanGermany,butmorethanBritainandFrance• Industrialoutputrose15%(1937)afterlarge

militaryorders• Airforceonlyhad1000inferiorplanes

• after1929,Importsdecreased36%andexports50%• Relianceoncoloniesincreasedfrom3%ofexports

(1920s)to25%by1939• Keymaterials,suchasoilandcoalhadtobeimported,

whichwasmadeworsebytheLeagueofNationsSanctions

• CostoflivingroseforItalians• Wineincreasedalmost30%whilewoolincreased

400%• Priceofpastawasactuallyreduced(1932vs.1938)

• Governmentfundedexpensiveforeignpolicyendeavors• Italyspent12.5%ofitsbudgetonEastAfrica• HistorianClark- “EthiopiabledItalydry”

• Perspective- DeGrand– FascismdidnotcreateitsowneconomicsystembutjustaddedbureaucratictissueonItaliancapitalism

• Perspective– Whittam– Businessmenbegantofeeluneasy(withpoliciesofautarky)…newtaxes,price controls andimport controls were regarded with dismay

EconomicPolicies- Agriculture• 1924- Battle over the Southern Problem -Attemptedrapidurbanizationandlandredistribution• Impact– failedtoredistributeland

• 87%ofpeasantsownedjut13%ofland• Italywas18th indailycalorieintake,withlowest

amountintheSouth• 500,000peopleleftthecountryside,whilethe

populationofRomedoubled,howeverthisismoreasaresultoftheUSreducingthatamountofItaliansallowed

• 1925- Battle for Grain - goalwastomakeItalyself-sufficientagriculturally,specificallywithwheat• Impact– productionrose, butatacost

• 1931– Italybecameself-sufficientwithwheat• Ex.1920s– 5.5miltons;1930s– 7miltons• Ex,Importsdecreased75%1925-35

• Landconverted(C&SItaly)couldnotgrowwheatandtraditionalproducts(oliveandcitrus)decreased

• Perspective– MackSmith- ¨successinthisbattlewasanotherillusionarypropagandavictory…thosewhogainedweretheowners¨


Lesson3b– Domesticpolicies


LearningOutcomes:Studentswill• What:learnaboutMussolini´ssocialpolicies• Why:howcanyoudetermineifsocialpoliciesweresuccessful

Success CriteriaI can add to my timeline for Mussolini´s domestic policies

KeyFactsQuiz– 16questions•When – Battle for the Lira•What – Battle for the Lira•What- value ofthe Lira1927•What– Corporate State•What – Vidoni Palace Pact •How much – wage decrease forworkers•What– Institute for Industrial Reconstruction•Howmuch– amount ofbusinesses the governmentowned•How much – production increaseofItaly compared toothercountries

• Perspective – Farell(right-wing)– success?Why?• What – Autarky• How much – descrease inexports or imports• How much – rise ofcost ofliving(name one pricechange)• What – Battle over the

Southern Problem• What – Battle for Grain• Perspective – Smith(left-wing)– success?Why?

Vocab

•Battle for Births (1927)•Fascisation•Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) •Dopolavoro (1925) •Education Act (1923)•Lateran Pact (1929)•Populari•Catholic Action (1931)

SocialPolicies- Women• Mussolini- ¨Awomen´splaceisinthehome¨• 1927– Battle for Births – goalwastoincreasethepopulationfrom37milto60millionby1950withagoalof12childrenperfamily• Womennotallowedtowearmake-up• MarriageLoans– foreachchild,theloanrepayment

wasreduced• Marriedmenwith6childrenwereexemptfromtax• Bachelorswereheavilytaxed(1939– 230millionlire)• Jobsinthecivilservicetoonlymarriedmenwith

children• Staterailwaycompanyfiredallwomen• 1933– quotasystemforpublicsector– 10%

• Success• Populationincreasedfrom37.5to44million(1941)

• Failure• Birthratedecreased(1911– 147birthsper1000

women;1936– 102per1000• 1950– 47.5millionpopulation• 1936– womenmadeup33%ofindustrialworkforce,

adecreaseof3%since1921

SocialPolicies- Youth• Fascisation - transformtheItaliancharacterandsociety• 1926- Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) formedtotransformthe“bodyandsoul”ofItalyforallchildren• 1937– 7millionmembers• Boysweregivenmilitarytraining,Fascistideology,sportsandfitnesstraining

• Girlswereshownactivitiessuchassewingandchildcare

• Teachers• 1925– anti-fascistteachersremoved• 1937– allteacher´srequiredtojoinFascistTeacher´sAssociation

• Education• PicturesofMussoliniwereplacedintheclassrooms• Studentsrecited,“IbelieveinthegeniusofMussolini,inourHolyFatherFascism…intheresurrectionoftheEmpire”

• Textbook:“Whatisthedutyofachild?Obedience!Thesecond?Obedience!Third?Obedience!”

• 1936– singletextbookwascompulsorytoemphasizeItaliangreatness• Ex.ItalianvictoriesinWW1savedBritain,FranceandUSfromdefeat

• Success• Illiteracyratesdecreasedfrom30%(1921)to20%(1931)

• Failure• Manystudentsleftschoolat11,beforetheindoctrination• HeadofaFascistuniversityorganization– “themassesinthe

universitiesarenotyetwhattheDucewants…”

SocialPolicies– Workers• Fascisation - transformtheItaliancharacterandsociety• 1925– Dopolavoro – provideleisureactivitiestocompensateforthebanontrade-union-sponsoredclubs• Controlledallfootballclubs,1350theatres,8000libraries

• Success• 1926– 300,000members to1939– 4million• 1928– sickpayintroduced• 1938– endofyearbonuses,paidholidaysandredundancypay• HistorianFelice– ¨Fascismwaspopular¨

• Failure• Declineinthestandardoflivingastheaveragepercapitaincomereducedfrom3000lire(1929)to1800(1934)• Dopolavoro wasnotmeantforindoctrination• Ex.1938– theatreinRome(Carro diTepsi)noneofthe7playsthatyearwererelevanttofascistideology• HistorianSassoon– “Lifecontinuedtobeeasyordifficult,butpoliticshadlittletodowithit• Ex.Dopolavoro – highnumbers,butpeoplejust

wenttosocialize

SocialPolicies– Church• 1923– Education Act – restoredcompulsoryreligiouseducation• 1929– Lateran Agreement• Success– mutuallybeneficialagreements• 1923– Popewithdraws support for Populari removingparliamentary opposition• Exiled intellectual Borgese - ¨The Church became acollaboratot with athesitic tyranny andtyranny rewarded itby making it extremeinthe family¨• 1935-39– clergy supported invasion ofEthiopia andSpainas¨ChristianCrusaders¨

• Failure– Mussolini´sattempttoshapesocietylosthimChurchsupport• 1929- MussolinistatedItaly¨isCatholic…but above all Fascist¨• 1931– Church established Catholic Action,arivaltotheONB,which had 250,000members

• Church declared the creedofONB ¨blasphemous¨• RadioVatican continued tobroadcast alternative news andinformation

• 1938– PopePuis openly criticizes newanti-Semitic laws• 1939– alliance is over asPopePuis declares¨regret¨for itsearly support for Fascism


Lesson3c– Domesticpolicies


LearningOutcomes:Studentswill• What:writeyourAPALparagraphs• Why:organizeyourargumentsforthePaper3essays

Success CriteriaI can complete one APAL paragraph for domestic policies

KeyFactsQuiz– 17questions•What –Mussolini´s quote onwomen•What – Battle of Births•When – Battle of Births•Success– Battle of Births•Failure– Battle of Births•What – Fascisation•What– Opera NazionaleBalilla (ONB) •Howmany– members 1937•Failure – Fascisation ofyouth

• What – Dopolavoro• Success – workers• Failure - workers• Perspective – Sassoon(left-wing)• What – Education Act • What – Catholic Action• When – end ofalliance• Why – end ofalliance

APAL• Theclasswillbedividedinto3groupstoansweroneofthequestions

Evaluate the successes and failures of Mussolini´s domestic policies between 1922 and 1939 (May 2019)

Paper 3 – Discuss Mussolini´s social policies from 1922 to 1939Paper 3 – Discuss Mussolini´s economic policies from 1922 to 1939• Make sure your group agrees to a

concept to use throughout• Early Finishers – add to your

quizlet for this topic

• A– Argument• Evidence1• Evidence2• Explain(ifnecessary)

• P– Fromaperspective,(success/failure)• Evidence3• Explain(ifnecessary)

• A– Nevertheless,(success/failure)• Evidence4• Evidence5• Explain(ifnecessary)

• L– Therefore,

PossiblePerspectives• Ethnicity– German,Turkish,etc…• Political Ideology – Left-wing,

Conservative,Liberal,Monarchist,Republican

• People – Ataturk,Horthy• Historians – Geiss,Ferguson,Fischer,AJP

Taylor

Concepts• Change• Continuity• Significance• Cause• Consequence• Perspective

Documents

14: European states in the inter-war years …...14: European states in the inter-war years (1918–1939) •This section deals with domestic developments in certain key European states