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Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics. Introduction: Understanding the Different Flavors of IEEE 802.11. 14-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky. Outline. A brief history of 802.11 802.11 alphabet soup Chipsets and reference designs Emerging 802.11 technology. Brief History of Wireless. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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14-Jan-2013Fanny Mlinarsky
Introduction: Understanding the Different Flavors of IEEE
802.11
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Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics
Outline• A brief history of 802.11 • 802.11 alphabet soup • Chipsets and reference designs• Emerging 802.11 technology
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Wire
less
cap
acity
/ th
roug
hput
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
First cell phones
GSMCDMA
802.11a/b/g802.16e
LTE
Increasing throughput and capacityWCDMA/HSxPA2G2G
3G3G
4G4G
IEEE 802IEEE 802
Brief History of Wireless
3
TACS AMPS NMT
IS-54IS-136
GPRS
AnalogAnalog
G = generation
LTE-A802.11n/ac
5G5GKey wireless technologies
2015
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
• OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel– Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling
and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval)• OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including
– 802.11a, g and draft 802.11ac, ad– 802.16d,e; 802.22– DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB
• LTE is the first 3GPP standard to adopt OFDM
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Multiple orthogonal carriers
Frequency
Vol
tage
DVB = digital video broadcastingDVB-T = DVB terrestrialDVB-H = DVB handheldDAB = digital audio broadcastingLTE = long term evolutionOFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
History of IEEE 802.11• 1989: FCC authorizes ISM bands (900
MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz)• 1990: IEEE begins work on 802.11• 1994: 2.4 GHz products ship• 1997: 802.11 standard approved• 1998: FCC authorizes UNII Band, (5 GHz)• 1999: 802.11a, b ratified• 2003: 802.11g ratified• 2006: 802.11n draft 2 certification by
the Wi-Fi Alliance begins• 2009: 802.11n certification 2013: 802.11ac (up to 6.9 Gbps) and
802.11ad (up to 6.8 Gbps)
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ISM = Industrial, Scientific and MedicalUNII = Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
Key Unlicensed Bands
FCC spectrum allocation charthttp://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.PDF
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4.9 GHz public safety5.9 DSRC (connected vehicle)
MHz
3.1 GHz 10.6 GHz
DSRC = direct short range communications
700 MHz White Spaces
802.11 Channels in the 5GHz Band
140
136
132
128
124
120
116
112
108
104
100
165
161
157
153
149
6460565248444036IEEE channel #20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz
5170MHz
5330MHz
5490MHz
5710MHz
5735MHz
5835MHz
160 MHz
140
136
132
128
124
120
116
112
108
104
100
6460565248444036IEEE channel #20 MHz40 MHz80 MHz
5170MHz
5330MHz
5490MHz
5710MHz
160 MHz
US
Europe, Japan, Global
FCC just allowed channel 144, creating additional 20, 40 and 80 MHz channels in the
US
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IEEE 802.11a,b,g,n Data Rates
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SGI = short guard interval
IEEE 802.11 Very High Throughput• The goal of the 802.11 VHT effort
is to achieve 1 Gbps throughput at nomadic (walking speeds) to support HD video transmission and high speed data applications and to satisfy the IMT-Advanced requirements
• TGac and TGad• TGac
Under 6 GHz (2.4 and 5 GHz bands)Up to 6.9 Gbps Higher order MIMO (> 4x4)8 spatial streamsMulti-user (MU) MIMO
• TGad60 GHz bandUp to 6.8 Gbps Capitalize on work already done by 802.15.3c in the 60 GHz bandBeamforming
VHT = very high throughput
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TGac – Next Generation Wi-Fi• Up to 6.9 Gbps of PHY
data rate (draft 0.1)• Higher order MIMO (>
4x4)• 8 spatial streams• Multi-user (MU) MIMO
– Up to 4 users; up to 4 streams per user
• Higher bandwidth channels (20, 40, 80, 80+80 and 160 MHz)
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MU-MIMOMultiple beamformed streams in the same channel
802.11ad 60 GHz ChannelsChannel f c
(GHz)Country
1 58.32 US2 60.48 US, Japan, EU, Australia3 62.64 US, Japan, EU4 64.80 Japan, EU
EIRP: (40 dBm avg, 43 dBm peak in the US; 57 dBm in Europe, Japan and Australia
Channel 2 must be
supported
IEEE 802.11ad is the key standard; other specifications are: 802.15.3c, ECMA-387, WirelessHD
Channel spacing = 2160MHz
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Beamforming and Beam Steering• Beamforming is a feature
of 802.11ac and central to 802.11ad
• Optimizes the range by focusing the energy between transmitting and receiving nodes
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Source: www.youknowfunny.com/2010/11/wireless-technology.html
Sub 1 GHz Wi-Fi for Smart Grid
13
IEEE 802.24 Smart Grid ECSG
ECSG = executive committee study groupSDO = standards defining organization
• Serves as a single point of contact for questions regarding the use of 802 standards in Smart Grid applications
• Covers wired and wireless 802 protocols
• Acts as a liaison with regulatory agencies, industry organizations, other SDOs, government agencies, IEEE societies
• Acts as a resource for understanding 802 standards for certification efforts by industry bodies.
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• http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/
• http://summit.utc.org/
• http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/PAP02Wireless?sortcol=1;table=9;up=0
• http://osgug.ucaiug.org/default.aspx
• http://www.ieee-pes.org/
PES = power energy societyOpenSG = open smart gridUTC = utilities telecom councilIEC = international electrotechnical commission
Smart Metering at 915 MHz?• Lower frequency =
longer operating range• Internationally available
bands in the vicinity of 915 MHz supported by common radio chipsets
• Two emerging IEEE 802 wireless standards target this band for smart metering and industrial controls applications
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Region Unlicensed Band (MHz)
Europe 963-868.6Japan 915.9-928.1China 755-787Korea 917-923.5Singapore 920-925US 902-928
802.11ah802.15.4g
802.11ah Sub 1 GHz License-exempt• More than 100 kbps with coverage
of up to 1 km; 600 kHz to 20 MHz channel bandwidth
• Smart grid – extremely large number of stations (6000 stations per AP)
• Environmental and agricultural monitoring – moderately large number of stations (200 per AP)
• Healthcare and building automation – dozens of stations
• Outdoor application for extended range Wi-Fi – common ground with 802.11af White Spaces amendment
16
AP = access point
802.11af – Database• Fixed TVBDs require
geolocation capability and Internet access to a database of protected radio services.
• An 802.11af AP can use the 2.4 GHz band to get to the database and find out the available TVB channels and then switch operation to TVB
• IETF PAWS group is developing the database standard
17
Administrator 1 Administrator 2
Administrator 3DB 3
DB 2DB 1
Mode II Device
Mode I Device
GPS Satellite
Geolocation
Available channels Fixed
TVB = TV bandTVBD = TV band devicesDB = databaseIETF = internet engineering task forcePAWS = protocol to access white space
IETF PAWS
Commonality 802.11ac/af/ah
• 802.11af/ah derive their specifications from 802.11ac• Operation of 11af and 11ah is under 1 GHz• Support for longer delay spread outdoor deployments
18
802.11ac
802.11af 802.11ah Sub-1GHz (smart grid)UHF (TV band)
Very High Throughput (5 GHz)
Jan-2016Jun-2014
Feb-2014
Intelligent Transportation Systems• Crash avoidance
– Emergency electronic brake light– Forward collision warning– Blind spot warning / lane change warning– Do not pass warning– Left turn assist
• Safety assist– Remote diagnosis (EV battery monitoring)– Stopped vehicle or pedestrian warning– Road condition warning
• Convenience– Toll collection– Charging station guidance / info for EV– Mobile commerce / mobile advertisement– Web browsing, File (video, audio)
downloading
19
Do not pass
Good introduction here802.11p – 5.9 GHz
802.11p DSRC• 802.11p is the PHY for ITS• DSRC is the method for
vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to road-side unit communications to support…– Public safety, collision
avoidance, traffic awareness and management, traveler information, toll booth payments
• Under regulation of DoT
DSRC = dedicated short range communicationsDoT = department of transportationITS = intelligent transportation systems
IEEE 802.11 Active Task Groups• TGm – Maintenance • TGac – VHT below 6 GHz (very high throughput < 6 GHz)• TGad – VHT at 60 GHz• TGaf – TV Band operation• TGah – Operation in 900 MHz band• TGai – Fast initial link setup• TGaj – China Mili-Meter Wave• TGak – General Link• TGaq – Pre-Association Discovery • ARC SC – Architecture • REG SC – Regulatory • WNG SC – Wireless Next Generation
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11
TG = task groupSG = study groupSC = standing committee
21
802.11 Past Task Groups TGma – Maintenance TGa – 5 GHz OFDM PHY TGb – 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps; DSSS PHY TGc – Bridging (part of 802.1) TGd – Additional regulatory domains TGe – Quality of Service TGf – Inter-AP protocol TGg – 2.4 GHz OFDM PHY TGh – Radar avoidance (DFS, TPC) TGi – Security TGk – Radio Resource
Measurements TGn – High Throughput; MIMO TGp – Vehicular ITS networks
TGr – Fast Roaming TGs – Mesh networking TGT – IEEE 802 Performance TGu – InterWorking with External
Networks TGv – Wireless network
management TGw – Protected Management
Frames TGy – 3650-3700 MHz Operation
in US TGz – Direct Link Setup TGaa – Robust streaming of AV
Transport Streams TGae – Prioritization of
management frames
22
OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexingDSSS = direct sequence spread spectrumITS = intelligent transportation systemsMIMO = multiple input multiple outputDFS = dynamic frequency selection TPC = transmit power control
IEEE 802.11 Timeline
23
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
802.11-1997 IEEE Standard
802.11-1999 IEEE Standard
July 1997
April 1999 802.11-2007 IEEE Standard
TGk TGma
TGn TGp
TGr TGs
TGT TGu
TGv TGw TGy
TGa TGb TGb-cor1
TGc TGd TGe
TGF TGg
TGh TGi
TGj
Part of 802.1
withdrawn
June 2007
TGmb
IEEE 802.11 Timeline (continued)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
TGah
TGadTGac
TGaeTGaf
TGaa
TGs Tgu TGv
TGz
TGp
802.11-2012 Mar 29, 2012
TGmb
TGai
TGm
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
24
802.11-2007802.11k-2008802.11r-2008802.11y-2008802.11w-2009802.11n-2009802.11p-2010802.11z-2010802.11v-2011802.11u-2011
802.11 Emerging Specifications
25
AmendmentSpecification
Transmissionrate
11ac
11ad
11af
11ah
11ai
Communicationrange
Expected completionUser
velocity
Dec/13
Oct/12 Done
Jun/14
Jan/16
Up to 5 km
802.11n/ac rates scaled to channel
Up to6.8 Gbps
Fast initialization (target 100 ms)
Up to 6.9 Gbps
10 m at 1 Gbps
> 100 kbps 1 km
Mar/14
Overview
Target: + 200 km/h
High Throughputw/ wider channelsHigh Throughputin 60 GHz band
Wi-Fi on TV White Space
Sub 1 GHz
Wi-Fi for mobile
11aqSelect AP that provides needed services ?
Pre-association Discovery
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
Future Additional Allocation of 5 GHz SpectrumNew FCC initiative
•Sec. 6406. UNLICENSED USE IN THE 5 GHZ BAND
– Allows unlicensed U–NII devices to operate in the 5350–5470 MHz band
– Adds 120 MHz for use by 802.11a/n/ac devices operating in the 5 GHz band
– Later to allow operation in the 5850–5925 MHz band, an additional 75 MHz
26
802.11a and 802.11n channels in the 5 GHz
bandchan # center
(MHz)36 518040 520044 522048 524052 526056 528060 530064 5320
100 5500104 5520108 5540112 5560116 5580120 5600124 5620128 5640132 5660136 5680140 5700149 5745153 5765157 5785161 5805
Summary of 802.11• High level of investment and focus• Most advanced technology
– First with OFDM and MIMO– Widest channels (80 and 160 MHz wide)
• Technology is spreading beyond LAN into MAN (802.11ah/af), NAN (smart grid),WAN (carrier networks) and PAN
• Greatest economies of scale bringing low cost of devices
27
LAN = local area networkingMAN = metropolitan area networkingPAN = personal area networkingNAN = neighborhood area networks
Next Session• Part II: MIMO or SISO? Wireless
Design Considerations and Trade-offs• Tuesday, January 15th 2013• 12 pm EST
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