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8/19/2019 1.4 Model Building
1/20
Model Building
Damodar Suar
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur 721302 (WB)
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Disciplinary Context of Methodological Paradigms
History: urrently! "ethodological #eha$iouris" has #eco"e the do"inant paradig" and the %&has turned into the synony" of scientific! o#'ecti$e! and dependa#le source of noledge*
%ualitati$e "ethods e"ploy case studies! historical "ethods! in+depth inter$ie! participanto#ser$ation! participatory rural appraisal! grounded theory! and narrati$es*
%&s e"ploy "athe"atics! "odelling! "eta+analysis! true and ,uasi e-peri"ents! o#'ecti$eassess"ents! sa"ple sur$eys! and statistical data analyses*
Both "ethods ha$e their assets! lia#ilities and standards of practice* The shortco"ings can #e upsetadopting triangulated or "i-ed "ethod*
.till there is another called action research! e-ecution of pro'ects! "odifying noledge gettingfeed#ac fro" field*
The "ethods differ in reasoning! defining reality! e"phasis! research o#'ecti$e! focus! types of,uestions! nature of o#ser$ation! sa"ple! nature of data! data collection "ethods! analysis and report
preparation* Both %ualitati$e and %&s are co"pli"entary* / ,uantitati$e study is also ,ualitati$e
#ecause interpretation is co""on to #oth* %&s are fa$oured #ecause of positi$ist scientific approach! "ore precision! large sa"ple and
generalisation! a$aila#ility of co"puter softare*
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.teps in .ur$ey esearch
.election of topic
Objectives,Hypotheses,
If statements,Research questions
onstructs!
aria#les
%uestionnaire!
Inter$ie schedule
.a"pling ata collection
&aster+sheet
re+test!
ilot sur$ey
.tatistical analysis!
&athe"atical
"odelsInterpretation
eport riting
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APPLICATI! " #Ms
$e%ie& of Literature
If the concern of the re$ie is integration and synthesis of studiese-a"ining si"ilar research ,uestions or hypotheses for ad$ance"ent ofnoledge and theory! statistical "ethods to analyse research literatureoffer a #etter choice than the traditional re$ie* The ,uantitati$ere$ie or integration of research literature is non as 4"eta+analysis5*
/ "eta+analyst can announce in a re$ie topic hether further researchis needed #y calculating 4 fail safe 65*
e "eta+analytic study: .ri$asta$a! 2002! utta !2008! 6o "eta+analytic study up+to 2003 in I/*
Suggested Methods that demand minimum assumption about data :'( )n&eighted and &eighted Stouffer method for com*iningindependent studies( +( ,ffect-si.e
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Construct/ 0aria*le/ and perationalisation
0aria*le in used in psychology can *e : ategorical $aria#le
(/)!ontinuous (,uantitati$e) $aria#le(9)! Independent $aria#le
(I)! ependent $aria#le ()! -traneous $aria#le ()! &oderator
$aria#le (&9)! &ediator (inter$ening) $aria#le (&)! /cti$e $aria#le
(/)! /ttri#ute $aria#le (/T)*&ost of the studies ha$e tested the i"pact of I on the association a"ong
$aria#les* esearchers ha$e fre,uently incorporated attri#ute $aria#les depicting
psychological characteristics along ith socio+de"ographic $aria#les*
9perationalisation states ho a $aria#le is o#ser$ed! counted or "easured* It pro$ides
"eaning #y specifying the operations or acti$ities necessary to "easure the
$aria#le;construct* It states: do such+and+such in so+and+so "anner* re,uently used
"easure"ent+oriented operationalisation* o"ple- 9perationalisation: uclidean
distance! identification! inde-! adding standardi
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Conceptual Model
/ "odel is a proposed a#straction of reality* It represents the principles ith
essential characteristics of #eha$iour or pheno"enon in the real orld in a
si"plified ay* Though the co"ple- co$ert ("ental processes) and o$ert
#eha$iour of the organis" are not easy to "odel ,uantitati$ely! higher le$el ofa#straction is necessary for the construction of conceptual "odels* &odels are
"ore precise than $er#al descriptions and offer greater "anipula#ility*
.uar (1==2)! studying the polarisation pheno"enon! deri$ed that: > (?c+?f) ;
(?s+?f )* ?sing graph theory concepts of nodes or vertices, edges, and
ambisidigraph! /charya and @oshi (200A) ha$e rationalised the $ariousco"#inations of attraction! repulsion! and indifference a"ong "e"#ers in s"all
social groups*
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Sampling
The poer of a sa"ple to produce a close appro-i"ation to the population depends on (a) the sa"plesi
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Methods of Data Collection
,xperimental $esearch: -ternal $alidity
resence+a#sence! a"ount! type techni,ues are folloed in pure e-peri"ental deign*
/ close perusal of the reports of these studies indicates se$eralfeatures* irst! attrition of e-peri"ental su#'ects caused due
to nonco"pliance! dropout! and other reasons is not"entioned* .econd! researchers ha$e fre,uently rando"i
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Methods of Data Collection
ou#le+#lind control! co"puter+#ased e-peri"ents! conducte-peri"ents $ia Internet* .e"i+ or ,uasi+e-peri"ents to
understand reality*!on-experimental research: (a) co"parati$e research! and
(#) correlational research*
/ self+reported ,uestionnaire has #eco"e an u#i,uitous tool
for such research* heclist! "ultiple choice! raning,uestions are rare* elia#ility and $alidity poor*
I! +9/! .caling response categories! dolls! ladder! $isuals!conte-tual "easuring tools! secondary data use*9ne "ain
source of "easure"ent error in #eha$ioural in$estigation isthe 4co""on "ethod #ias5! $ariance attri#uta#le to"easure"ent "ethod rather than to the construct of interest*It includes the contents of specific ite"s! scale+type!response for"at! and the general conte-t! or the response
#iases as hallo effects! social desira#ility! ac,uiescence! andlenienc effects*
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Data Analysis/ Assessment and Indigenous Psychology
Data Analysis
Data ,ntry/
-a"ine a ata: -a"ining the data statistically orgraphically has three #asic purposes* irst! the researcher
gets insight into the #asic character of the data!relationships! and differences a"ong $aria#les* .econd!"issing $alues! illegal $alues! and outliers are identifiedand resol$ed* Third! the #asic assu"ptions of thestatistical "ethods are identified and co"piled ith*
The researcher can test the #asic assu"ption in datagraphically or statistically that statistical "ethodsde"and* The co""on a"ong the" are nor"ality!linearity! ho"oscedasticity! and "ulticollinearity*
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Data Analysis/ Assessment and Indigenous Psychology
.tatistical ata /nalysis: irst! hat the in$estigator is looing forin accordance ith o#'ecti$es! hypotheses! and research,uestionsH ifferent statistical "ethods ill #e used forunderstanding difference! relationship! prediction! and interaction*.econd! are the data fro" sa"e set of sa"ple or different sa"plesH
epending on sa"ple categories;groups! analyses differ* Third! inhich scale are the data of different $aria#les ("etric++inter$al andratio scale! non"etric++ ordinal and no"inal scale)H 9nce the,uestions are replied! appropriate statistical "ethods "ay #ee"ployed to anser the research ,uestions*
9ccasionally used "ulti$ariate statistics are "ultiple regressionith du""y $aria#les! canonical correlation! correspondenceanalysis! cluster analysis! principal co"ponent analysis!confir"atory factor analysis! and path analysis* .tate+of+art"ethod: .&
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/6 /6/ 9 ?T?
$e%amp the Course on $esearch Methodology
Contents need inclusion are 2uantitati%e re%ie&s3 sampling3 item-response theory/ andscale construction3 content analysis3 multi%ariate statistics of multiple regressionanalysis3 discriminate analysis3 con4oint analysis3 correspondence analysis3 canonical
correlation3 confirmatory factor analysis3 and path analysis( Psychologists treat thereal &orld phenomena as linear and simple &hich are nonlinear/ dynamic/ andcomplex( It is a challenge for us to determine &hether the methodologies that ha%e*een de%eloped to study dynamic/ non-linear/ and complex systems can fundamentallyad%ance our understanding of human *eha%iour(
Analytical and reflecti%e mindset1 Pedagogy- lecture and case study methods( Hands-on-experience and learning *y doing in SPSS/ S5STAT/ and AMS &ith hypotheticaldata/ analysis/ and interpretation can *oost the confidence of researchers
Training1 Allah*ad/ )t6al/ IIT/ IIM/ Delhi/ Calcutta )ni(
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$epresentati%e Sample/ Longitudinal Studies/ and !e& Methods of DataCollection
Fongitudinal studies are re,uired on the sa"e sa"ple or cohort groups o$er ane-tended period of ti"e repeatedly for understanding! and predicting ofindi$idualsG! groupsG! and co""unitiesG history! transitions! differences! futuree-pectations! and cu"ulati$e effects* It ould help testing or generating theories!and for"ulating pu#lic policy*
The tools of inter$ie schedule! se"i+pro'ecti$e tests! pro'ecti$e+in$entory! $isuals!and conte-tual "easuring "ethods can #e used and de$eloped to "easure $aria#les*
.ingle case study! hich has i"portant #earing in clinical in$estigation! alsodeser$es our attention*
)se of A%aila*le Secondary Data1 ensus reports! statistical hand#oos! nationalsa"ple sur$ey records! annual reports of co"panies! Internet! and intranet pro$ide aealth of data* The su#stance fro" the secondary 4hard data5 can and illdefinitely supple"ent to the #eha$ioural soft data*
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Data Documentation1/ data#an! created #y a nodal psychology
depart"ent of the country! ill eli"inate the collection of underused data! re$eal
the pheno"enon across ti"e! increase the electronic access to data! help doing
"eta+analysis! and guide policy for"ulation ith e$idence on i"portant social
issues of po$erty! health! education! e"ploy"ent! etc*
Theory-dri%en $esearch
Integrate #ualitati%e and #Ms/ and Multi-disciplinary
Perspecti%e1 &ore co"ple- the psychological issues under in$estigation!"ultiple "ethodologies are re,uired for co"prehending and in+depth pro#ing*
If the %&s can #e applied ith participant o#ser$ation! ethnography!
unstructured inter$ie! content analysis! and historical "ethods! the infor"ation #ase ill #e rich for ad$ance"ent of noledge* /n unidisciplinary outloo
pro$ides tunnel $ision* Integration of "ulti+disciplinary perspecti$es can
contri#ute to the fuller understanding of the pheno"enon under in$estigation*
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/ctual eality resu"ed eality Hypothesis
ResearchDesign
ata /nalysis
Evidence onObserved
Reality
/ssess"ent of the
orrespondence
#eteen 9#ser$edeality and
on'ectures a#out
resu"ed eality
eneration of an
"pirical act
(9#ser$ed eality)
Model Building
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&odel #uilding leading to hypothesis
specification is done at an early stage of research
(conceptual part of research! theory #uilding)To represent the reality: To hat e-tent o#ser$ed
results depict the reality( e"pirical part of
research! theory testing)
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Knoledge: /ctual noledge a#out reality
e-ists outside* The researcher for"ulates #eliefsa#out that reality*
The #elief state"ents a#out the happenings of
reality are the #asis ofcon'ectures;hypotheses;research ,uestions
Then these are tested collecting data!analysising data! and reporting results*
If the results supports the #eliefs! noledgegenerated is accepted*
.ocial science "odels are in fu
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TJ/6K9?