14 Presenting Qualitative Data

For 2004: consider starting with the Crowd warmer up, that is telling theBiggest lie you have ever heardThen do the writing on the board of What makes a good and bad presentationIdeas for making sure your presentation is good

What makes a good presentation?

What makes a bad presentation?

philosophy of communicationtell them what you are going to say

say it clearly

summarize what you have said

Effective Communication: "Make them laugh, make them cry, make them think."

Presentation PlanTopic (clear in your mind)

Audience (their backgrounds, interest, knowing terminology) Skagit Leadership tomorrow

Expectations/Outcomes

CAN YOU SAY IN ONE SENTENCE WHAT YOU WANT THEM TO COME AWAY WITH?

Time Frame (15 minutes 5-8 main points)

Presentation PlanLearning Principles

– Motivation (content relevant to audience's experience, or to important issues)

– Association (associate material to ideas, concepts, experiences they already have)

– Repetition (hear things over and over)

– Senses (appealing to more may get more retention

Presenter FunctionsSet tone or mood early

Objectives stated clearly, early

ExplanationExamples

Alternative view of same idea

Indicate your mastery of material

Active involvement of audience

Bridging/transitions between ideas

Summarizing

Frame Presentation: Learning Objectives Step 1:

Describe the – information, – skills, – behaviors, or – perspectives

that participants in the session will acquire through attendance and participation.

Learning Objectives Step 2 : Clearly identify the

– outcomes or – actions

participants can expect to demonstrate as a result of the educational experience.

Use the action words

Learning Objectives Step 3: Write the learning objectives that relate to these

outcomes and that reflect the content of the session.

Objectives describe the behavior of the learner, and a. are stated clearly; b. define or describe an action; c. are measurable, in terms of time, space, amount, and / or frequency.

Write learning objectives in realizable language:

Analyze Apply Articulate Assess

Construct Create Define Describe

Develop Discuss Enumerate Evaluate

Identify List Prioritize Recognize

Learning Objectives for this classdescribe different methods of presenting

qualitative data, and their applicability to answering research questions posed

list factors to consider in making a good presentation

Display of data is crucial:

“a visual format that presents information systematically, so user can draw valid conclusions and take needed action”

Required reading in Bernard Ch 16, is good here

Miles and Huberman: Qualitative Data Analysis is excellent resource

QuotationsSimple Tables Matrices Maps

Diagrams Scales(Single...MDS)

Conceptual BehavioralConceptual-Behavioral

FORMS OF DATA PRESENTATION

ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELS

TYPE OF QUALITATIVEDATA COLLECTION

UnstrucutredDirectObservations

StructuredDirectObservations

Key InformantInterviews

Focus Groups

PRA GroupTechniques

Free Lists

Pile SortsTriads

PairedComparisons

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PRESENTING QUALITATIVE DATA

* less useful most useful *****

less complex more complex

Choice of Forms of Presentationmode of presentation: from simpler to more

complex forms– start with quotes

complexity– don’t want to lose people by complex arguments

data sufficiency & reliability– describe triangulation if used, ie all methods

produce same information (or didn't)

Choice of Forms of Presentation

select forms of presentation which best explain the data

be creative: these are not the only forms available, they are modifiable

know your audience – do you have to explain terms/concepts you use?

if so, do it well

Use of visualsBest speeches ever, except perhaps one of the

first, were made without visual enhancements

One of the earliest used two stone tablets

Quotesquotes should support themes

balance between excessive analysis, and lengthy quotes without any analysis– "analysis is the search for patterns in data

and for ideas that help explain why those patterns are there in the first place" Bernard

“smoking is a handicap. Other handicapped people get ramps and such things. Smokers get kicked out."

Quotesquotes are memorable, may be the only

aspect of your paper/presentation people remember

your EXAMPLES…….

Maps/Diagramspatient’s home

social map of area– Slides or photographs

body map

CARTOONSVery culture dependent, if you use, know your

audience and the effect it will have

Examples– Following cartoon, I use for my tourism and health

of local populations talk, at the end

PHOTOGRAPHSA thousand words

Concern about exploiting people financially by showing their photographs

Ethical issues

Cultural issues as well in sense that photograph steals the soul

Permission and model release

Matrix DisplaysNot everyone is visually oriented to them

Trying to produce good ones help you understand your data, – is analysis

Involves information crossing two dimensions to see how they interact

Matrices

Reasons to Smoke Outside the Workplace

Method Type of Informationobtained

Conclusion Next Investigative Step

Key Informantinterview

Direct Observation

Free Lists

Pile Sorts

Paired Comparisons

Focus GroupDiscussions

Plan an intervention to helpthose smoking outside buildings to stop

Smoking outside buildings has increased exposure of people to side stream smokeNOT born out by our small sample size, but warrantsfurther investigation

Changes in locations of where people smokeas a result of the ban

Confirmation by Focus Groups, and considerationof cessation attempts

Observation of the activity

clearer understanding ofreasons people smoke outside the Workplace

Relative frequency ofwhere people smoke

People smoke more in confined locations than before and expose others and themselves to side streasmoke

names for places wherepeople smoke

varied appearance ofthe activity, not clearly seen as relaxing when hurriedly done outsidethe workplace

confirms addictivebehavior

some people clearly see theyare addicted, others claimnaiveity

general informationregarding people'sperception of smokingoutside the workplace

gather more informationon places people smoke besides outside the workplace

obtain information on howmuch people smoke in different locations

See how the frequencyof cigarettes smokedhas changed as a resultof the ban

Figure 3

TAXONOMIES

How people – Divide up domains– Connect domains

taxonomies of illness (lexicon)could derive from informant interviews, or from

successive pile sorts

Tree structure

Lend themselves to multi-dimensional scaling (MDS)– e.g. Pain Descriptors for Anglo-American Dentists

Other visual help

POPULATION

individual

cardiac muscle cell

POPULATION health, INDIVIDUAL health, CELL health

Ethnographic Models

Types of EthnographicModels

Conceptual

Behavorial

MixedConceptualBehavior

What the model represents

What goes on insidepeople's heads--cognitive processes

What people do

What goes on insideof people's heads ANDwhat people do

Types of datacollection usedto generatemodel

Key informantFocus groupsPile SortsFree lists

Direct observationReported Behavior

All of the above

Examples

Individual explanatorymodels of illness

Group ethnomedicalmodels of illness

Treatment seeking for aparticular illness

Patterns of intrahouseholdfood allocation

Decision-making models

CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELS

Box and Arrow Model Causal Flow Charts

– takes a long time to get right, – if do it the night before, connect arrows between

everything

Box

and

Arr

ow M

odel

Presenting

Show business

Presentation HandoutsPart of syllabus obtained beforehandDistributed before or afterwardsContent: Essential elements

– Graphics– References– Contact info– Note space

Brief or expanded?NOT THE BULLET POINT SLIDESIf you don't have enough for everyone?

-Distribute to every 2nd or 3rd person-Offer to send to everyone who gives address

Presenting as a group

harder to do well if people have varying capabilities

tell audience how the presentation will flow

use the strengths of the individual presenters well

Data for Communication: words

-psychoneurolinguistics

pictures

feelings

emotions

understanding

Words, feelings emotions:microphone

Don't use if can project voice and all can hear easily

Can be a hindrance, especially if have to hold it and use hands as well

Can be booming and obtrusive

best is a lavalier clipped to you, especially if you move around (get right volume level) – wired or wireless?

microphone

if have a microphone on a stand,– if it is cardiod (directional), then it will sound

very boomy/bassy if you are close (3-4 inches), so stand back

– if it is omnidirectional, then it will feed back (howl), if the gain is turned up• better you speak close to it, and not so loud

with any microphone find out where the gain control is

PICTURESvisual information presented

slides, overheads, – don't talk and expect people to read material that isn't

spoken out

FONT, font, font, font, FONT, font, font

Font: serif (text) sans-serif (visuals)

visual displays should reinforce what you are presenting orally

Passing out material (photos, cards), maybe in small group and only if few (1-2) materials

35 mm slide projectorcan do with large and small audiences

– less intimate

problem in putting too much on slides so they are illegible -7 lines max– Should be able to read content without loupe

modern computer graphics can distract from content, keep it simple

35 mm slide projectorif put up quotes and have a large audience far from

screen, read the quote– always read or not?

pointerpoint out stuff, don't wave it around

use it sparingly for effect

overheadsmore intimacy

useful to write on during session, if interacting

you may stand in the way for some in the audience

image may be too low, or too small

image not centered, or focused

small movements of transparency get magnified

blackboard

less popular these days (UBC health sciences)

takes more time, audience may appreciate the more relaxed style

good way to interact and present material

more common in most parts of the worldoften just a board painted black

+chalk-semblance material

Poor handwriting: WRITE LARGE

white marker boardmore modern, easy use of colors

can be harder to read because of reflections

don't use permanent markers

easel with paper that is folded over FLIP CHARTS (NGT)

have a record of what went on

especially useful if it involves audience

WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE?

November 19, 1863• Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new

nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Gettysburg Cemetery Dedication

Abraham Lincoln

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Agenda

Met on battlefield (great) Dedicate portion of field - fitting! Unfinished work (great tasks)

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Not on Agenda!

Dedicate Consecrate Hallow

(in narrow sense) Add or detract Note or remember what we say

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Review of Key Objectives& Critical Success Factors

What makes nation unique– Conceived in Liberty– Men are equal

Shared vision– New birth of freedom– Gov’t of/for/by the people

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Organizational Overview

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

-87Years

Now

New Nations

b a c k n e x th o m e

11/19/1863

Summary

New nation Civil war Dedicate field Dedicated to unfinished work New birth of freedom Government not perish

computer presentation (Powerpoint)

• overhead screen• special LCD projector

– Have a backup until/even if you are confident

• people may focus on the colors, other sidelights, rather than on the material– Limited colors with high contrast, or none in case of

people being color blind

– How it looks on the computer screen is not how it will look projected

• POWERPOINTLESS PRESENTATION

Cognitive style of powerpointInhibits discussion

– Presenter-oriented, – NOT content oriented– NOT audience oriented

Replaces serious analysis with – Chartjunk– Over-produced layouts– Cheerleader logotypes– Branding– Corny clip art

Cognitive style of powerpointImpoverished space:

– Over-generalization– Imprecise statements– Slogans– Abrupt & thinly argued claims– Many true statements are too long to fit on a pp slide, so

many many slides are needed, "one damn slide after another",… "visual reasoning usually works more effectively when relevant information is shown adjacent in space within our eye span" (Tufte)

Cognitive style of powerpointBullet Outlines Dilute

Thoughtincreasingly seen in paper reports

encourages laziness

done instead of telling stories

Lists communicate: sequences, priority, simple membership in a set

Gives example of Columbia shuttle Jan 2003 reports made by Boeing engineers

Cognitive style of powerpointBullet Outlines Dilute

Thoughtincreasingly seen in paper reports

encourages laziness

done instead of telling stories

Lists communicate: sequences, priority, simple membership in a set

Gives example of Columbia shuttle Jan 2003 reports made by Boeing engineers

Cognitive style of powerpointData transmission speeds

talk: 100 to 160 spoken words per minute

picture worth thousand words

people read 300 to 1000 printed words a minute

printed map or 35 mm slide displays 5 to 40 MB

ppt slide shows ~ 40 words, 8 seconds-worth of silent reading

notes handouts simply reproduce those 40 words

the more intense the detail, the greater the clarity and understanding, less is a bore

Cognitive style of powerpointMetaphor for software corporation itself

big bureaucracy doing

computer programming: deeply hierarchical, nested, highly structured, relentlessly sequential, one-short-line-at-a-time

marketing: fast pace, misdirection, advocacy not analysis, slogan thinking, branding, exaggerated claims, marketplace ethics)

powerpoint cognitive style

Cognitive style of powerpointsets up dominance relationship between speaker &

audience (power points with bullets to followers)

POWER IN ROMAN STATE: impression, theatre, persuading those over whom authority is wielded to collude in their subjugation

"power is a matter of presentation"Elsner: Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The art of the Roman Empire AD 100-450

Metaphor of good teachingExplain something with credibility

– explanation, reasoning, finding things out, questioning, content, evidence, credible authority not patronizing authoritarianism

People learn from stories, and how well they're told

Introducing powerpoint cognitive style into schools

students no longer write in sentences, but learn how to make client pitches and info-mericals

10-20 words, + clip art

Improving presentationsDepend on quality, relevance and integrity of contentAudience boredom usually a result of content failure,

not decoration failureAvoid ready-made templates, elaborate bullet listsNever read aloud from the slidesUse powerpoint as projector for showing low-

resolution color images, graphics and videos that cannot be reproduced as printed handouts at a presentation

"PowerPoint allows speakers to pretend that they are giving a real talk, and audiences to pretend they are listening"