Adapted to the

Physical Environment

Belief Systems

People change their ways of doing things

in response to physical

characteristics of places – like building

a house of logs, stone, or sod.

Include the beliefs and values shared by members of a racial,

ethnic, or social group as well as

those held by individuals – like religion, customs, values, attitudes, ideals and world

views.

Civic Participation

Command Economy

Being concerned with and involved

in the public affairs of a community, state, nation, or

world.

In a command system economic decisions

are made by a central governmental agency

or authority. Communism is one

example of a command economy.

Cultural Borrowing

Culture Regions

The process by which

a culture group adopts patterns of

speech, actions, and artifacts which are characteristic of another culture

group.

An area within which a particular culture system prevails –

marked by all of the characteristics of a culture including

ways people dress, what they eat, ways of earning a living,

building styles.

Culture Traits

Culture(s)

A single element of normal practice in a culture – like using

chopsticks or wearing a veil or

turban.

The total pattern of human behavior and

its products embodied in thought, speech, action, and

artifacts.

Direct Democracy

Representative

Democracy

A government in which citizens vote

directly on each issue.

A government in which people elect representatives to

manage the country and make laws.

Spatial Diffusion

Constitutional Democracy

The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another

across space.

A government which agrees to establish a limited government

through a constitution in order to protect individual rights and promote the common good.

Factors of Production

Frames of Reference

Resources needed to create products

including land, capital, labor and entrepreneurship.

People experience life from a variety of

vantage points. By understanding different

frames of reference, students gain a greater

understanding of history and how it relates to current

events.

Free Enterprise

System

Geographic Factors

A system in which individuals depend on supply, demand,

and prices to determine the

answers to economic questions.

The physical

characteristics that influence settlement

and development of a place, like vegetation, climate, and weather

patterns.

Human Migration

Limited

Government

The process of

people moving from one place and

relocating to another place intending to

stay permanently or at least for a long

period of time.

A government in which everyone,

including all authority figures,

must obey the laws.

Unlimited Government

Location of Economic Activities

A government where control is placed

solely with the ruler and his/her

appointees, and there are no limits imposed on his/her authority.

Factors that affect location include labor

costs, energy costs, and the availability of land and resources. Factors that tend to affect the

location of “high-tech” economic activities include access to

universities, research centers and a pool of

highly trained workers.

Market Economy

Non-Renewable Resources

An economy in

which individuals depend on supply,

demand, and prices to determine the answer

to economic questions.

Resources that are finite and cannot be replaced once they

are used – like fossil fuels and

minerals.

Physical Processes

Points of View

Physical processes are nature’s methods

of operation that produce, maintain, or alter Earth’s physical

systems. Physical processes shape the

physical environment producing landforms and other features of

Earth.

Social scientists

and historians strive to understand evidence by

identifying different interests, opinions,

and attitudes.

Level of

Development

Primary Sources

Countries with high levels of urbanization and industrialization that

enjoy high material stands of living are referred to as

developed countries. Countries with lower levels of progress and

prosperity are considered less developed or underdeveloped

countries.

Consists of

evidence produced by someone who participated in an

event or lived during the time being studied.

Secondary Sources

Thematic Maps

Include descriptions

or interpretations prepared by people

who were not involved in the

events described – like textbooks or

biographies.

Shows a specific

spatial distribution, theme, or topic such

as population density, cattle production,

climates of the world, or distribution of world religions.

Technological Innovations

Scarcity

New ways of doing things that are based in technology. For

example, travel became easier due to

improvements in transportation which began with systems of canals, roads, and

railroads.

The condition of not

being able to have all of the goods and services

one wants. Resources do not exist in sufficient

quantities to satisfy all desires to use them.

Rarely can one country or region satisfy all

demands.

Civic

Responsibilities

Ramadan

Obeying the law, respecting the rights of others, being informed

and attentive to the needs of the community,

communicating with representatives, voting, paying taxes, serving on juries, and serving in the armed forces.

The holy month in

the calendar of Islam. Muslims

fast between sunrise and sunset each day during

Ramadan.

Renewable Resources

Personal

Responsibilities

Resources that can be regenerated such as fish, timber, and

soil.

Taking care of

oneself, accepting responsibility for

one’s actions, taking advantage of the opportunity to be

educated, supporting one’s family.

Primary Economic

Activities

Secondary Economic Activities

Primary economic activities are those

that use natural resources directly

like fishing, forestry, agriculture, and

mining.

Secondary economic

activities use raw materials to produce

or manufacture something new and more valuable like steel, flour, iron,

plywood, or power.

Tertiary Economic

Activities

Quaternary Economic Activities

Tertiary economic activities are those

that provide services, like doctors, teachers,

dry cleaners, secretaries, store

clerks, truck drivers or restaurant personnel.

Quaternary economic activities are those in

which individuals process, administer,

and disseminate information like

education, government, information processing

and research.

Totalitarian

Traditional Economy

A type of unlimited

government that attempts to control all facets of the lives of

citizens. Independent associations are prohibited and

government resorts to intimidation to impose

rule.

A system in which the allocation of

resources and other economic activities

are affected by ritual, custom, or habit.

Transportation Corridor

Transportation

Barrier

Routes by which

people and freight move from one

place to another by automobile,

railroad, airplane, or ship.

Transportation becomes more

difficult as geographic, political,

and economic barriers force

changes in direction or method of

transportation – mountains,

boundaries, oceans.

World Regions

Standard of Living

Divisions of Earth’s

space that are similar or linked in some way. There

are political, climate, vegetation,

cultural regions.

Standard of Living is a function of the level of

development in a country, measured by factors such as the amount of personal

income, levels of education, food

consumption, life expectancy, availability

of health care, ways natural resources are

used, and level of technology.

Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah

Jewish holidays that include

atonement for sins and celebration of the Jewish New

Year.