abuosba.net · 14. W. Phillips Davison "Political Communication as an Instrument of Foreign Policy" In, The Theory & Practice of International Relation p. p. 214-215 15. Ibid p. p

3

منبدعمنشر

جامعة

2012

2012

4

2012

All rights reserved . No part of this part of this book may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meanswithout the prior written permission of the author.

16912012

302.2 –2012 16912012

9957 – 414 – 94 - 8 978ISBN

ألردنا/ عمان11947 ـ1432ب .ص

+- تلیفاكس 962 - 6 - 5054540+962-77-5054540-وال ــــج+ ـوالـــج 962 - 79 - 5527822

E. Mall: [email protected]

5

7 8

1 9 40 2 41 62 3 63 72

4

73 112

5 113 147 6

149 180

7 181 222 8 223 285

9

287 316

10 317 356 11

357 374

12 375 398

8

11 11 2011

–

10

ج

11

PropagandaAdvertising

12

Propaganda1622Congregatio de

Propaganda Fide1

Propaganda

13

Propaganda

Leslie John

Martin

2

Leonard Doob

3 J. A. C. Brown

4 Lasswell

5

Jacque EllulAntonio Miotto

6

14

7

1 Psychological Action

2 Psychological Warefare

3 Re-Education & Brain washing

4 Public & Human Relations

Ellul

8

15

9

ج

10

Doob

Qualter1962

16

11

Action

12

17

13

14 1 2

3

15

1

18

2

3

4

Jacques Ellul

16 1

2

19

3

4

Rational Propaganda

Rational Propaganda

Ellul

20

لھا17

ج

1 Political Propaganda

21

18

2 SociologicalPropaganda

19 3

22

4 Psychological Warfare

Brown

20 5 Brain Washing

21

23

ج

6

22

23 1978

24

24

7

1 Vertical Propaganda

25

25

2 Horizontal Propaganda Ellul

26

20 15

26 27

1

2

1 Propaganda of Agitation

27

28

2011

2 Integration Propaganda

29

28

3

Direct Propaganda

Overt PropagandaWhite Propaganda

30

Indirect Propaganda

31Covert Propaganda

Black Propaganda

29

Lazarsfeld & Merton

1 Monopolization 2 Canalization 3 Suplementation

1

32

2

33

30

3

34 4

Aldus Huxley

35

31

Bryant Wedge

36 1

2

2011

3 –

32

1989 1991

4

5

6

33

Individualist SocietyMass Society

1

37

34

38

2

35

39 40

3

41

36

Total Propaganda42

37

43

1

44 2

45 3

لھا

38

4 Raymond Aron

39

1. Paul Kecskemeti, "Propaganda" in Handbook of Communication. (Eds)Ithiel de Sola Pool et. al (Chicago: Rand McWally College Publishing Co.1973) p. 8442. Leslie John Martin, "International Propaganda in Retrospect &Prospect" C. Merrill (New York: Hastings House, 1970) P. 183.3. Leonard W. Doob: Public Opinion & Propaganda. 2nd edition(Harnden, Connecticnt: Archon Books, 1966) p. 2404. 4-J.A.c. Brown; Techniques of Persuasion. (Harmondsworth, Middesey;Penguin Books: 1977) p. 255. 5.Quated by Jacques Eilul: Propaganda: The Formatting of Men'sAttitudes. (New York: Vintage Book: 1973) p. xi-xii6. 6.Ibid p. xii7. 7.Ibid p. xiii8. 8.Eilul ,Ibid p. 259.

19856710. 72 71 -1011. 11- Quoted in Paul Kecskemeti Or. cit p. 84512. Ibid13. Jacque: Eilul Or. cit p.6114. W. Phillips Davison "Political Communication as an Instrument ofForeign Policy" In, The Theory & Practice of International Relation p. p. 214-21515. Ibid p. p. 214-21516. Jacques Eilul Or. cit p. p. 4-517. Ibid p. p. 86-8718. Ibid p.6219. Ibid p. p. 63-6420. Brown Techniques of Persuasion21. Ibid22. _198012 - 2223. 12 - 2324. Doug Newsom & Bob Carrell: Public Relation Writing: Form & Style2nd Edition. (Belmont, Cal.Wadsworth Publishing Co.: 1986) p.425. l.A.C. Brow Techniques of Persuasion (Harmonsworth, MiddesexEngland; Penguin Books:1977)p. 8226. Eilul Op. Cit p. p. 311-31227. Ibid p. p. 79-80

40

28. Ibid p. p. 80-8229. Ibid p. p. 82-8330. Ibid p. p. 70-7231. Ibid p.p.75-7632. Ibid p. p. 15-1633. Paul F. Lazarsfeld & Robert K. Merton "Requisite Condition forPropaganda Success" in Voice of the People. Or. cit, p. p. 34034. Ibid p. p. 340-34135. Aldos Huxley "Notes on Propaganda" in Voice of the People (p. p. 327-328)36. Bryant Wedge "International Propaganda and Statecraft" in, The Theory& Practice of International Relations. (4the edition) (eds.). David S. McLellan,William C. Olson, Fred A. Sondermann. (Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall, Inc,: 1974) p. 22037. Ibid p. p. 221-22238. Ibid p..22239. Ibid p. 22240. Ibid p. p. 90-91 41- Ibid p. p. 93-94 42- Ibid p. p. 95-96 43-lbid p. p.99-10041. -lbid p. 10042. -Ibid p.1O1-1O2-1O343. Ibid p. p. 105-10944. Ibid p.p.I13-11745. J.A.C. Brown, Techniques of Persuasion p. p. 26-2846. -47. James J. Asher, Propaganda Techniques: (San Jose, Car: The LansfordPublishing Co.)p.P. 2-1048. Charles A. Siepmann "Propaganda Techniques" in Voice of the People

42

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

43

Courtland Bovee & William Arens

1

Dunn et.al

2

44

PromotionAdvertizing

3 StanlyUlanoff

4 AdvertizingPublicity

46

2

3

4

47

Edmund McGarry

5 1 2

3

4

5 6

7

48

James Webb Young

6 1

2

3

4

5

49

Lavidge&Steiner7

Palda

50

8

Frye9

51

10

11

12

52

VictorSchwab

1

2

3

53

4

5

6

7

54

8

13

9012

55

16

56

17

59

1994

2011

60

20

62

1- Bovee & Arens Contemporary Advertising , (1986) (2nd edition)(Homewood, Illinois.: IrwinP.5.2- S.W.. Dunn, AM. Burban(1978) : Advertising: Its Role In ModemMarketing (Hinsdale, Illinois The Dryden Press P.83- Ibid P.P 8 - 94- Stanly Ulanoff, (1979) Advertising in America (New York , Hastings House:P.l75- Edmund McGarry "The Propaganda Function in Marketing" in Voice of thepeople.(eds) Christenson & Mc Williams. P. 5216- Victor Schwab, Quoted by Edmund D. Mc Garry, "The Propaganda FunctioninMarketing" op. cit P. 5237- R. J Lavidge & G.A Steiner. Quoted in George Comstock et al(1978)"Television & H man Behavior) New York Colombia University Press P. 317.8- Ibid P. 318.

: القاھرة .(ترجمة ابراھیم إمام. الحدیث والمجتمععالموسائل اإل) 1975.(ولیام لز ریفرز ورفیقاه -9.302. 301ص -ص . دار المعرفة

.302المصدر نفسھ ص -10303المصدر نفسھ ص -11.305، 304ر نفسھ ص المصد-12

13- Victor Schwab Op.cit P. 523.14- S.R. Bernstein (1982)"What Is Advertising? in Warren Agee et.al. Perspectives onMass Communication. (New York: Harper & Row, P. 256

) (1998(و اصبعصالح أب : ي ترجمة عالمروجرز ویمیر وجوزیف دومینیك مناھج البحث اإل -11.317. ص1989دار آرام للدراسات والنشر :

16- Albert Book & Norman Cary .( 1978) The Radio & Television Commercial(Chicago:Grain Books P. ll17 -Gene Sheafer & Jack Laemnar . (1959 )Successful Television and RadioAdvertising (New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. P.P. 18-20

64

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15

65

1 1 The Use of Stereotypes

66

2 Downright Lying

1990 3 The Substitution of Names

67

4 Repetition

Assertion

5 Pinpointing the Enemy

68

6 The Appeal

to Authority

7

Bandwagon Technique

8 NameCalling

69

Glittering Generalities

9 Plain Folks

70

10 Transfer

11 Testinonial

Ashar Magical Cause - effect thinking

71

12 Insistent Exaggeration

13 Card Stacking

Selection

14 Identification

.

72

ج

15 False Association

1- -J.A.c. Brown; Techniques of Persuasion. (Harmondsworth, Middesey;Penguin Books: 1977) p. p. p. 26-282- James J. Asher, Propaganda Techniques: (San Jose, Car: The LansfordPublishing Co.)p.P. 2-103- Charles A. Siepmann "Propaganda Techniques" Voice of The People .(eds) Christenson & McWilliams (New York : McGraw-Hill, 1967) P p.332

74

--

75

Pendleton Herring

1 Davison

2 HennessyBernard

76

3

Mores

1 – 2 Public

3 Complex of Preferences

4

77

5

6

Walter Lipman

78

4

Doop5

Herbert Blumer

ج

ھ

79

6

7

ج

Kimball Young

8 1 2 3

80

9

1

2

3

4

81

198052

ABCNight Line

America Held Hostage

1992

1992109

82

2000

2003

2010

2011

83

10 1

2

20002003

3

84

4

5

1

85

2

––20012003

FM2002

1422004

86

Shils

11

–

87

وكأنھا12

1 415

19921218

88

2

3

1991 4

5

13

1 Object Appraisal

89

2 Social Adjustment

3–Externalization

Projection &

Displacement

90

Avery Leiserson

14

1

2

3

91

Richard Fagen

15 1

2 3

Waltzer

16

2004

92

2003

1 2 3

42

2011

Bernard

Berelson

17

93

18

1

Personalism

94

19

–

2

20 3

95

21 وال

4

96

22 5

97

194823

Leo Bogart

2000

98

24

ج

100

19912003

27

: Thomas L. McPhail

28

Alwin Bruck

29

101

1

2

1977

Hobes

1671

30

102

31

32 1

2

3

4

5

103

33

34

1918

104

1

2

105

3

4

5

35

1

106

2

3 4

Erie1940Lazarsfeld et.al

36

Warner

37

107

Survey Research37

1

2 3

38

108

ج

109

2011

110

1.Pendleton Herring.The Value of Public Opinion as a Social Myth in Voice ofThe People . (eds) Christenson & McWilliams (New York : McGraw-Hill,1967) P. 47.2.W. Phillips Davison "Public Opinion" in , International Encyclopedia of theSocial Sciences Vol. 13, (Crowell Collier & Macmillian : 1968) P.1883. Bernard C. Hennessy . Public Opinion . 3rd. Edition (North Scituate,Massachus : Duxbury Press . 1975) P.P.5-9

.)48م، ص1985ریا یوسف حمزة، مقدمة في الصحافة، البحرین، . (45.Leonard W. Doob. Public Opinion & Propaganda ( Hamden, Connecticut,Archon Books : 1966) P. P. 39-406.Herbert Blumer " Public Opinion & Public Opinion Polling" in " PublicOpinion & Propoganda " editors Daniel Katz et. al. (New York Holt, Rinehart &Winston : 1954) P. 72-73

.)77، ص1984االتصال ووسائلھ في الخدمة االجتماعیة، اإلسكندریة، : محمد بھجت . 78.Kimball Young "Comments on the Nature of Public & Public Opinion inPublic Opinion & Propaganda . P. 65

.110م، ص1981، االتصال والرأي العام، دار المعرفة الجامعیة، )1981(إسماعیل علي سعد. د.9منشورات عویدات، بیروت، باریس، . عیسى عصفور: ، ترجمة)1982(جان ستوتزل واالن جیرار. 10.م97، م، ص2ط

11.Shils" (1966) Mass Society and its Culture, In , Reader in Public Opinion &communication (eds) Berelson & Janowitz (New York; The Free Press , P. 50512.Bernard Berelson (1975) "Communications & Public Opinion" in MassCommunications . 2nd edition . (edited) by Wilbur Schramm (Urbana, Chicago :University of Illinois Press P. 53113 M. Brewster Smith, Jerome S. Bruner & Robert W. White "The AdjustieFunctions of Opinion" in Voice of the People Op. cit P.P. 33-3614.Avery Leiserson "Political Opinion" in International Encyclopedia of theSocial Sciences. P.P. 203-204 15.Op.cit16. Richard R. Fagen (1966), Politics and Communication (Canada : Little,Brown 17. Herbert Waltzer (1971) "Political Ideology : Belief &Action in theArenas of Politics" In Ideologies & Modern Politics. (eds) Reo N. Christersonet. al (New York : dodd, Meaf & Company : P. 6118. 18. Ibid P.P 535-53619.Bernard Berelson "Communications & Public Opinion" in MassCommunications . 2nd edition . (edited) by Wilbur Schramm (Urbana,Chicago : University of Illinois Press 1975) P. 54220. Phillips Davison "The Public Opinion Process" in Voice of the PeopleOp. Cit P.P 26-2721. Ibid P.P 537-53822. Ibid P.P 538-539

111

23. Ibid P.P 541-54224 Ibid P. 54225.Bernard Berelson "Communications & Public Opinion" in MassCommunications . 2nd edition . (edited) by Wilbur Schramm (Urbana, Chicago :University of Illinois Press 1975) p.54226. Leo Bogart27. Mustapha Masmoudi "Information is a Social Necessity" In Toward a NewWorld Information Order : Consequences for Development Policy . EditorDieter Bielenstien (Bonn, Germany : Institute for International Policy 1979) P.49

28. . Thomas L. McPhail)2002.(اإل ..32-دار الكتاب الجامعي ص : عبد اهللا الكندي العین .حسني محمد نصر د.والملكیة ترجمة د

29. Alwin Bruck "The International Information Order Consequences forDevelopment Cooperation - Contribution & Questions in The German View"Ibid P.66

302 198222 21

31227 226

321998

10 9 3335

3448 38

35.W. Phillips Davison "Public Opinion" Op. cit P. 188

36 37163 201 38 39174 167

114

o o o o

115

2000

116

WesternizationAmericanization

CNN1

1

2

3

4

117

CNNBBC

1

2

FM

118

BBC

20112010

47026444و733

243.490و

906159

377

7555797

10320

119

.2

- -

--

-----

120

3

1999

121

4 2004

5

David Croteau & William Hoynes (2003)6

122

CNNBBCMTVCNBC

mbc3mbc4

123

Discovery&Animals , National Geography

20102011141.93757

–

lbcMBC

2011

124

12010 8

126

Hard wareSoft ware

2011

127

1977

128

AnalogInteractive

DigitalNon-Linear

Global

129

9

130

1

131

2

3

4

2008

10

132

11

–

133

–

60

1 2 3

134

4

5

67

Telecomasia

12(David Prior )2000

13

135

14

Marshall McluhanThe Global VillageGutenberg GalaxyThe

15

–

136

–

16

137

17 1

2

138

3

4

1978

18 5

6

139

7

271985

19

8

9

140

1

.

2

141

.

3

4

global public goodPublic Domain Information

20 5

142

6

143

7

8

9

.

144

10

145

11

146

11

––200035 233=mrub&5=mcat?asp.doc/ar/www/net.asbu.www://http

342007

4199967

52004 220047

6. David Croteau & William Hoynes (2003) Media Society 3rd editionPublicationsSage p.p338-239

733=mrub&5=mcat?asp.doc/ar/www/net.asbu.www://http833=mrub&5=mcat?asp.doc/ar/www/net.asbu.www://http9Chip: Feb,2001,p.42

101982 17 19

11 1981 356 366

12. Telecomasia)2000August ( p.p: 21-2513. Telecomasia 2000 ,Augst P:21

14 1998 100 101

15. Marshall Mcluhan (1989): The Gutenberg Galaxy. (New York: TheNew American Library).

161997

6 891997

147

171999––91 94

18197851985

195198519 20

20. Elizabeth Longworth ,2000:p.1

150

- --------

151

––

153

Thomas Mcphail1

Schatz & Winter2––

(3)JacquesEllul

154

RobertBlum–

–

155

4

The Plain TruthRaymond McNair

1982

5

Antony Smith6

156

(s-v1)2301

1

2

157

3 –––––

4 5 6 7

Al Haster

7

–

–

158

––

159

12009

1192001

19941996

160

20082004

2420062007200272009

–

Nordenstreng & Vsris1974298

161

CDDVD

–

162

–

The InternetCorporation for Assigned Names and NumbersICANN

comorgnet

ICANN

13 Servers

Root Servers

)Domain names(www.

163

2003

)16-182005

’

ICANN

Spam

9

164

Dot-eu10

11

(12)

165

Roberts13

–

–

166

50

––MBCMBC Action

1-

167

2-

CDDVD

CDDVD

–

–Comstock et .al14

1 23

Six Million Dollar Man–

168

15

1

169

2

3

4

5

BBC

ABCNBCوCBSCNN

172

2010

–

2011 )

2000 2011

1,302,275,670 26.8 % 301.4 % 43.4 % 565,004,126

1,372,226,042 24.2 % 1,478.7 % 37.2 % 509,965,013

423,085,806 7.8 % 807.4 % 39.0 % 164,968,742

126,475,664 4.7 % 110.7 % 78.4 % 99,182,000

253,947,594 3.9 % 990.1 % 32.5 % 82,586,600

94,842,656 3.6 % 174.1 % 79.5 % 75,422,674

347,002,991 3.3 % 2,501.2 % 18.8 % 65,365,400

347,932,305 3.0 % 398.2 % 17.2 % 59,779,525

139,390,205 3.0 % 1,825.8 % 42.8 % 59,700,000

71,393,343 2.0 % 107.1 % 55.2 % 39,440,000

4,442,056,069 82.2 % 421.2 % 36.4 % 1,615,957,333

2,403,553,891 17.8 % 588.5 % 14.6 % 350,557,483

6,930,055,154 100.0 % 481.7 % 30.3 % 2,099,926,965

Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm

173

2011

1

2 Lerner16

174

3

4

5

6

Nathilede Neil1966336 335

––

175

17

–

–

1

2

176

3

4

5 6 7

8 9

10 11

12 13

14 730

2010 15

16

177

2011

1 ,487,517322,739,435,7,230435 75,7671,95,67513

4,476853

2,297,16913,305,636,62,55086 1299,779,1341,923179

3,315,05014,231,475,53,46464 4191,252968,28743

4,4327621,374,908,967,98325166,6554053

5 ,0577602,366,170,013,86040100,009585,47083

6,0687251,916,377,277,2723663,794481,65976

7,4036923,113,832,553,54045140,628,68910

8,0496642,486,564,000,5882333,865813,9536

9,1196631,586,485,534,8772365,36735921

10,3006432,261,082,517,1823293,547594,380110

11,5083811,115,836,883,71713102,3632050

12,6403381,174,754,981,5071576,273938,30226

13,169301712,081,936,666623,44776,1636

14 Norwegi

an)Bokmål(

,647285694,248,661,527869,142183625

15,457258699,658,847,851947,619166,09226

16Ukrainian,440251792,737,658,668519,15189,33144

17,443182475,933,424,284628,3901342

18,019180607,684,007,288936,260158,45937

19,438154668,642,225,167525,188168,17228

178

2011

20,392153743,197,092,312925,930319,87324

21,646151464,553 ,778,783626,725136,7258

22,679146491,476,258,768321,107210,49613

23,033145535,921,891,510414,713215,79922

24,573140373,474,489,729443,4021207

25,276140806,476,744,419722 ,540339 ,0259 http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA

179

1- McPhail, Thomas L. (1981) Electronic Colonialism: The Future of InternationalBroadcasting and Communication Beverly Hills-London: Sage Publication .p-202- - Schatz, Oskar & Ernest Florian Winter, (1966) Alienation, Marxism, and Humanis(A Christian viewpoint) in Socialist Humanism. (ed) Erich Fromm, Garden CityNew York: Doubleday & Co. Anchor Books.p-3193- - ElIul, Jacques, (1973) Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. New York:Random House, Vintage Books.p-1694- Blum, Robert (ed) (1963) Cultural Affairs and Foreign Relations. Englewood Cliffs,N.J. U.S.A. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p-305- - MeN air, Raymond (1982) «The International Language» in The Plain Truth. Vol47 No. 2 February 1982.6- - Smith Anthony (1980) The Geopolitics of Information: How Western CultureDominates the World. New York Oxford University Press.p-277- - Haster, AI (1974) «International News Agencies» in Mass Communications: AWorld View. (ed.) Alan Wells. Palo Alto, California: Mayfield Publishing Co. p.p-208-2098- - Nordesntreng, Kaarle and TapicVaris (1974) Television Traffica One Way Street?Paris: UNESCO .p29

)2005- 11- 28العربیة(BBC) فیروز زیاني نتائج قمة تونس-910- http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1961924,00.html11- http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1701258,00.html12- http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/9799/0,,1701258,00.html13- - Roberts, Donald F. (1977) «The Nature of Communication Effect» in the Processand Effects of Mass Communication. (ed.) Schramn and Roberts. Urbana, Chicago,London: University of Illinois Press. P-379-38414- - Comstock, George, et al (1978) Television and Human Behavior. New York; Columbia University Press. P-385

15- )97–96ص ص : 1977(توفیق فرح Farah, Tawfic (1977) »Political Socialization OfPalestinian Children in Kuwait» in Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. VI, No. 4 Summer

1977 issue 24 PP. 90-102- Lerner, Daniel (1964) The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle

East, London: Collier-Macmillan Limited, The Free Press of Glencoe.16- - Niel, Mathile (1966) «The Phenomenon of Technology: Liberation or AlienationofMan» in Socialist Humanism. (ed) Erich Fromm. Garden City, New York: Doubleday& Co., Anchor Books.

183

2001

2003 1991

cnn

2011

184

2011

185

–

2003

186

2000

2003

–

187

–

1

2

3

188

4

5

6 7 8

1 2 345

189

730 20101

190

2

(3

(Elihu Katz : 1955 p.p 321-)

191

4

5

Information Seeking Paradigm

6 Uses & Gratification Approach

192

7

Dependency Model

.8

193

:

Ball- Rokeach & Defleur: 1979-p.p229-242 )

9 Agenda Setting

10

194

1 2 3-

(Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann)1973

11

1

2

3

195

12 1974

13The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion

Tocqueville

14"

15

..

196

.Asch

.quasi-statistical16

.

17

18

197

1quasi-statistical organ,"

2

3

19

20 1

2

198

3

4 5

-spiral-the/org.communicationtheory://http/theory-silence-fo

21

o o

o

o

o o

o

o

199

o

o o o o

CuLtivation Analysis

GeorgeGerbner

20' '

Gerbner (1992: 100)

internalising

200

'homogenising22

George Gerbner

'' '

'

'2324

Postman

Postman(1985: 144)

'

25

201

26

behaviourism

Gerbner and his colleagues

'

27

Gauntlett, 1998; Wober, 199828

Barker 1998)''heavy viewer'

''Barker

''heavy viewers

202

29

30(Ruddock, 2001: 108).

31

203

32

1

1999

204

2

205

3

4

206

33(

34

6

35

207

36

37

208

–

38

1 2

209

3 4 5

210

–

212

1

2

3

213

4–

214

5

6 –

7

216

8

9

217

10

11

12

13

14

218

15

1

219

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

10

220

12011 201047026444733

243490.

75557

3=bmru&5=mcat?asp.doc/ar/www/net.asbu.www://http 2. Hardly Cantril1940, 1966), The Invasion From Mars. (New York: Harper & Row;

3. Elihu Katz & Paul Lazarsfeld1955); Personal Influence: The Part Played byPeople in the Flow of Mass Communication, (New York, The Free Press,

4. Everett Rogers & F. Floyd Shoemaker1971), Second edition, (New York, The Free Press, 218,-19.5. Werner Severin & James Tankard1979), Communication Theories: Oqines,Methods, Uses, (New York, Hastings House Publishers, p. 249.

6. Charles Atkin1973), “Instrumental Utilities and Information Seeking” in NewModels for Mass COMMUNICATION Research. ed. Peter Clarke. (Beverly Hills: SagePublications; pp. 205-42 Lewis Donohew & Leonard Tipton1973),”A ConceptualModel of Information Seeking, Avoiding, & Processing” in New Models for MassCommunication Research . ed. Peter Clarke . (Beverly Hills: Sage Publication; pp. 243-268.

7. Elihu Katz, Jay Blumler & Michael Gurevitch(1974), “Uses of MassCommunication by the Individual”, in Mass Communication Research: Major Issues &Future Directions,ed. Philips Davidson & Frederich Yu, (New York: Praeger Publisher(1974) P.P. 1-18

8. S. J. Ball-Rokeach & Melvin Defleur(1979)”A Dependency Model of Mass MediaEffects” in Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communication in a Media Word, eds. Gary pert& Robers Cathcart, (New York Oxford University Press, PP. 229-242.

919921992430 431

221

10. Ronald Shaw & Maxwell McCombs(1977), The Emergence of American PoliticalIssues :The Agenda-Setting Function of the Press., St. Paul. : West Publisher Co., P. 5. McCombs & Shaw (1972), PublicOpinion Quarterly, 36, Summer (1972), PP. 176-87.

11. Noelle-Neuman (1979) Quoted in Communication Theories: Origins. Methods & Uses. By W. Severin & J. W.Tankard (N. Y. Hasting House, PP. 257-58.12. Noelle-Neumann(1978), Quoted in The Media Society: Evidence about MassCommunication in America. Everette Dennis (Dubuque, Iowa WMC. BrownCOMPANY Pub. 8-9.Noelle-Neumann(1980), “Mass Media & Social Change in Developed Societies“ inMass Communication Review Yearbook Vol. 1, 1980. eds. G.Cleveland Wihoit, (Beverly Hills: Sage Pub. P. 676.

13 Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann :Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion Journalof Communication, Spring 1974 p-p43-51

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann The spiral of silence

1974Arnold Gehlen.Zum 70. Geburtstag am 29.1.1974. Frankfurt am Main: Athenaum, 1974.

The Spiral of Silence A Theory ofPublic OpinionJournal of Communication, Spring 1974 p-p43-51

1984 The spiral of silence. A theory of public opinion – Our social skin, Chicago:University

of Chicago Press,14 . Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann :Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion

Journal of Communication, Spring 1974 p 4315 .ibid p 4316. ibid 4417. ibid 4418.http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/sPIRAL_OF_SILENCE.DOC/

19http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Mass%20Media/spiral_of_silence.doc/.

20. http://communicationtheory.org/the-spiral-of-silence-theory/

21, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_of_silence

222

22.Gerbner, G. (1992) Violence and terror in and by the media, in Raboy, M. andDagenais, B. (eds) Media, CririJ ana Demoaaq: London: Sage (p: 100)23 .Ruddock, A. (2001) [Understanding Audience, Theory and Method. London: Sage.24. Gauntlett, D. (1998) Ten things wrong with the 'effects model', in Dickinson, R.,Harindranath, R. and Linne, O. (eds) Approaches to Audiences. London: Arnold.p-10225 .Gerbner, G., Gross, 1., Morgan, M. and Signorielli, N. (1982) The 'main streaming'of America: violence profile No 11, 10-29.Postman, Neil. (1985) Amusing Ourselves to Death . London: Methuen London:Methuen.p-14426 Morgan, M. (1989) Television and democracy, in Angus, I. and Jhally, S. (eds)Cultural Politics in Contemporary America. London: Routledge. Postman, Neil. (1985)Amusing Ourselves to Death . op.cit p-155

27 .Ruddock, A. (2001) [Understanding Audience: theory and Method. London: Sage.P-10628 Gauntlett, D. (1998) Ten things wrong with the 'effects model', in Dickinson, R.,Harindranath, R. and Linne, O. (eds) ) Approaches to Audiences. London: Arnold.29 Wober, M. (1998) Cultural indicators: European reflections on a researchparadigm, in Dickinson, R., Harindranath, R. and Linne, O. (eds) Approaches toAudiences. London: Arnold.30 Barker, M. (1998) Critique: audiences or' us, in Dickinson, R, Harindranath, R andLinne, O. (eds) Approaches to Audiences. London: Arnold.31 Ruddock, A. (2001) [Understanding Audience, Theory and Method. London:Sage.p-10832 De Fleur, M. and Ball-Rokeach, S. (1989) 'I'heories of Mass Communication.London: Longman. P-263

33 Warner Severign & James Tankard,1979, (New York : Hastings House Publishers, p.248- 24934 C.N.Olin,C.A.Donohue ,and P.J.Tichnor(1978)”Community Structure and Media”Journalism Quarterly 55 ,Autumn 1978 p.p383-389& : 445-455

35 Elihu Katz, Jay Blumler & Michael Gurevitch(1974), “Uses of MassCommunication by the Individual”, in Mass Communication Research: Major Issues &Future ed. Philips Davidson & Frederich Yu, (New York: Praeger Publisher (1974)Directions, P.P. 11-12

36199219924133719921992428 382010 161 183

39 Saleh Abuosba:1982,Afro-Arab Centricity: A Mode For DevelopmentCommunication ( Canada, Ontario, Jerusalem International Publishing co.

224

3.1 3.2 3.3

1424 3444

5.1

5.2

225

1

19731967

227

–1987

20002000

2001

228

2006

2008 2009 2011

182010

1720102011

25/2011311/2011"17

/201115

229

/201120/201114/2011

2

2.1

Taylor

1

230

2

HerskovitsBascom1966

3)1987

4

1983––

5

231

6

2.2 1993

7

8

232

2007

Americaness

9

1999

10

2.3

1957

9 15

233

11

2000

234

12

2.4

235

––

13

14

2.5

236

o

o

o

o

237

o

o

John Hartley

15

238

CNNBBC

MTVCNBC

2.5.1

239

–

16

2004

17

2004…

240

–18

2.5.2

– 1999

1999Seattle20002000Prague2001Quebec

City2001 Genoa

19

offshore

241

''

20

2004

22

242

21

Reality TV

mbc3mbc4

243

Discovery Channels&Animals

, National Geography

Arab got talent

244

Higott

22

23

245

––24

2-6

1

2

3MBCART

4

5

6

7

8

246

CNNCNBCMUSIC BOX 1

BCCCNBC

2CNN34

1948

195619671973198220062008

2009

249

BBC

CNNBBC

– 2011 730––

25 40 50

250

- ---

251

3.1

1

2

ACTION

252

2

2011

3.2

253

–

254

4

-

-

--- Hiebert , Uugurait & Bohn(1978)26

255

12 3456

4.1

––

256

4.2

––

257

2000 2011

4.3

––

4.4

2007

258

27

CNNBBCTV5

–

259

––28

DavidCroteau& William Hoynes

260

29

30

5.1

262

Denis McQuail)2006(Anthony Smith

Walter Winston

31

263

Marshall McluhanTheGlobal VillageThe Gutenberg Galaxy…

32

264

ABCNBCوCBSCNNوFOX

730

265

33

1977Jon B. Alterman(1998)

2003

266

34

2005

–

35

5.3

268

1

––

TV0

60

1

269

–

2007

2001،1998Canagarajah1999

36 5.4

High CulturePopular Culture

Mass CultureElite Culture

270

–

271

Arthur Asa Berger (2007)

Gunther AndresT.W Adorno

37

–

272

38

5.5

1

2 –

3

4

5

273

MBC

POPS&TOPS1642000

لھاBig Brother

MBC2004

5.6

274

GateKeeper

ARTMBC

LBC

275

5.7

2001

276

2006

200620082009

5.8

–

277

MP3

sms

278

…

280

1981

–

39

6

283

11990

1990 19 219902131966–196622

4)198788

51983198326

62005 57

719931982003

215 92007––)

3422007( 21 23101999

19111957

9 151957293122000

2000–113

131997–133 134

141999201

284

15. John Hartley2002 Communication, Cultural And Media Studies :The KeyConcepts Third Edition New York, Routledge (p. 97 )

16Higott1998)9

172004 220047

18(2004 2200421

19. ) .John Hartley(2002) p. 720. David Croteau & William Hoynes p338-239 (2003) Media Society 3rdedition Publications Sage . (p-p.6-7)21. David Croteau& William Hoynes.- (2003) ibid p.34)22. 1998 )

4323. David Croteau& William Hoynes.- (2003p.343)

24––200447625. http://www.asbu.net/www/ar/doc.asp?mcat=5&mrub=326. Hiebert ، Uugurait & Bohn . (1978) Mass Media II (New York &London: Longman P. 351

27 15112007 28––2004470

29. David Croteau& William Hoynes.- (2003 –p. p. 342-343)30.2005–

246 25631. Denis McQuail(1995):" Mass Communication and the Public Interest:Towards Social Theory for Media Structure and Performance." InCommunication Theory Today: Edited by David Crowley and David Mitchell (Cambridge :Polity Press) pp– 225-22632. Marshall Mcluhan (1989): The Gutenberg Galaxy. (New York: The NewAmerican Library).

33 1997

6 891997

285

34. Jon B. Alterman(1998): New Media New Politics?From satelliteTelevision to the Internet in the Arab World . (Washington D.C.: TheWashington Institute For Near East Policy).

)2003–175

–176 35–2005)(425362007––)

(25737. Arthur Asa Berger (2007)Media & Society New York –Rowmaan&Littlefield Publishers p187

381998100 101

391981356 366

288

11 2 3 4 5 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 6 7 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4

8

289

1

291

2011

2010808.8348.2

15580

6062.4

72.14.610.0

29.513.

292

29.560.4

22.7

1

1

$

20102008

(PPP US$2008)

2010

2010

1,026.341,979.137,07780.3

29.7

42,37080.0

348.21,357.142,37080.0 808.8928.510.03,417 1,974.35,625.77,86169.1

410.33,414.56,40372.6 582.74,202.911,46269.5

1,719.11,469.610,64274.0 1,056.042,652.42,05052.7 1,052.48,552.437,22580.3 3,597.3 7,635.812,28672.6 1,099.0771.21,49056.0 854.7 T503.2 1,49056.0

6,908.7 T60,042.1 10,63169.3Human Development Report 2010- United Nations Development Programm

293

2

2

2010

2010

2001–2009

2001–2009

15

11.415.991.8 71.4

10.013.986.743.0

10.013.960.422.772.1 4.60.43629.55.562.4 5.710.862.620.9

7.211.582.154.297.5 9.213.672.536.791.1

7.913.742.012.862.4 4.59.091.770.8.. 11.315.974.943.292.3 8.313.857.017.680.7 4.18.230.96.061.2

4.18.230.85.459.9 7.412.360.225.7Human Development Report 2010- United Nations Development Programm

294

1

1

2

295

21982

296

3

3

4

297

4

298

5

299

1

5 2

5 3

5 4

5 5

300

5 6

5 7

5 8

302

6

HardwareSoftware

Stevenson & Shaw

303

5

304

1977

305

6

7

307

1 2

7 1

308

81995

7

309

8 7 2

CableTelevion

7 3

310

9

311

10

7 4

Siebert et.al

(Siebertet.al:1963)

11

312

12

13

313

14

8

316

1download/2011hdr/global/reports/en/org.undp.hdr://http

2011

21985 17 19

31981 356 366

4 51 535. Stevenson, Robert L & Donald L. Shaw, (editors).Foreign News & theNew World Information Order ( Ames: the Iowa State University Press: 1984).p: 8 -9

695711819958198139291985206 207

1011. Siebert, Fred S., Theodor Peterson & Wilbur Shramm:Four Theories of ThePress ( Urbana: University of Illinois Press: 1963). : 79-92

121995257 258

13. Rivers, William L. Wilbur Schramm & Clifforld Christians:Responsibility in Mass Communication ( New York: Harper & Row:1980).1980: 53-54)14. Smith, Anthony, The Politics of Information ( London, The Macmilian Press:1987 :134

319

11

2001

320

image stereotype

112001

321

112001

1

2

3

4

5

322

1

Hillier

Krieghbaum

2

,. ( 1967 )William Rivers

James Reston

323

3

Williard Oytboy

1967

4

325

5

2003

6

326

ElliotDeni

7

119

1978–

8

327

1

2

3

4

328

1982

9

–––

329

2001

10

330

BBC3517

CNN11

12

331

101

‘‘

’’‘‘’’CNN–

–

CNN

CNN‘‘

’’

CIA‘‘

’’

332

–

–

199113

‘‘

333

’’

14 (Yellow Times.Org)

‘‘

334

1

500.000

15 2000Dick Cheney

Leuis LebbyDonald Rumsfield

Paul Wolfowitz

119

Rumsfield14

2

Scott

335

Burchill -Counterspin2003

–

17 3

CIA

CIA

BlairBushHalabja

1988

336

BushBlairGeorge Bush SeniorCIA

4

Bush State of the Union

18

Garcia Diego

337

19 120

Mullah Kerkar

5

Waltz

20 Mearsheimer Walt

40.000

338

21

Rolf Ekeus

UNSCOM199119972000 22

23

24

339

Bush

6

Bush

Scott Burchil Counterspin

20 1998

Clinton

7 1981 16

Osirak Menachem

340

Begin YitzhakHofi

Dimona25

Bush Pre-

emption

Bush

26

341

242196714022002

Vetoed 22

27(

–

428

342

29

30 1991

33 1991162003

10

13 33

31

343

19892032

‘’

‘’

33

34

344

52

827

– –

345

1203729

46 2004

21 31

2004

1362004

– 12 50

21461849135

40 136

900

346

4

732

35

11

–

–

347

‘‘

’’

‘‘

’’

‘‘

’’ BBC

348

(AOL

Time Warner) Sports Illustrated ¤Life ¤Fortune ¤CNN ¤Comedy Central ¤Warner Brothers Pictures ¤Black Entertainment

Television

36

349

22

Kull

40

5

1 2 3

350

Fox News

NPRPBS

48 22 25

60

FOX CBSABCNBCCNN

NPR /PBS

20 303945453577

80716155554723

351

1990–

2000

37

352

1

38

2

353

39

354

1. Broder , David S. ( 1974 ) .” Politicians and Biased Political

Information.” In Richard lee (ed.) Politics and the Press . New York :The Free Press .. Pages 60-61

2. Krieghbaum , Hillier ( 1973 ) P.23. William L Rivers ,. ( 1967 ) P, 8-.94. Willard G. Oytoby , ( 1980 ) . Page 16.5. Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt( 2002), December 16, 2002New York

Times6. Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt ibid7. Deni Elliott. (1986). “Foundations of Press Responsibility,” in Deni

Elliott, (ed), Responsible Journalism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press.)

8. Daniel J. Boorstin(1978), The Image A Guide to Pseudo-Events inAmerica Atheneum: New York. p.p.11-12)

9. Patrick J. Sloyan (2003), “What I Saw Was a Bunch of Filled-inTrencheswith People’s Arms and Legs Sticking Out of Them” February 14,2003Guardian

10. Andrew Gumbel: Mood Changes as America Finds War Is Not aVideo GameIndependent March 25, 2003

11. Robert Fisk, The War of Misinformation has Begun, March 16, 2003Independent

12. Robert Fisk How the News Will Be Censored in This War , February25, 2003 Independent

13. Patrick J. Sloyan (2003), “What I Saw Was a Bunch of Filled-inTrenches with People’s Arms and Legs Sticking Out of Them”February 14, 2003Guardian

14. Andrew Gumbel: Mood Changes as America Finds War Is Not aVideo GameIndependent March 25, 2003

15. Reuters :Hackers Attack Al-Jazeera Website, Reuters March 28,2003Stephen Gowans(2003) Ex-Bush Speechwriter: I Was to Provide aJustification for War January 8, 2003What’s Left.

16. (Stephen Gowans, 2003) ibid17. Scott Burchill Counterspin(2003): Pro-War Mythology January 28,

2003Sydney Morning Herald)

355

18. Paul Lashmar and Raymond Whitaker(2003) Ordinary AmericansThink Bin Laden and Saddam Are the Same February 2, 2003,Independent)

19. Paul Lnshmar and Raymond Whitaker ibid20. (Waltz 1995 p.p 94-96)21. (Mearsheimer & Walt 2002, p.p 10-11)22. AP/8/16/200023. Mearsheimer & Walt 200024. Scott Burchill Counterspin, Pro-war Mythology January 28.2003)

ibid25. Scott Burchill Counterspin: Pro-war Mythology January 28.2003).26. (Miller 2002, p.8)27. Scott Burchill Counterspin: Pro-War Mythology January 28,

2003Sydney Morning Herald)28. (Scott Burchill Counterspin 2003)29. Matthew Riemer(2003), US Media Misleading Public on Iraq

Casualties July 23, 2003YellowTimes30. J. Victor Marshall The Lies We Are Told About Iraq Los Angeles

Times January 5, 200331. Matthew Riemer(2003), US Media Misleading Public on Iraq

Casualties July 23, 2003YellowTimes32. Scott Burchill Counterspin(2003): Pro-War Mythology January 28,

2003Sydney Morning Herald)33. . Norman Solomon, Playing the “Terrorism” Card February 13,

2003ZNet)

34. Norman Solomon, Playing the “Terrorism” Card February 13,2003ZNet

35304200411:1536. Gary Younge(2003), Now Dissent Is ‘Immoral’ , June 2, 2003,

Guardian37. Stephen Gowans(2003) Ex-Bush Speechwriter: I Was to Provide a

Justification for War January 8, 2003What’s Left.38. The Australian, 2 January, 200339. Leeman, R. (1991). The Rhetoric of Terrorism and Counterterrorism.

New York: Greenwood Press, p. 115.

357

2.

358

2.

- ---

---

359

1

51967

22619671967

3301970

360

5131974

19671973

Brockriede and Scott6

361

1973D. Ray Heisy

–The Rhetoric of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,Wayne E Brockriede

6

Heisy

Heisy

Relational Dimensions

Heisy

Power

Acceptance:

362

1973

261967

.. "

19671948

P.L.O

363

P.L.O

"

364

1967

365

25

Ideological Dimensions

367

5

368

'

25

1948

Situational Dimensions

Heisy7

369

Allies Situation

P.L.O

370

Neutral Situation

371

1300

19

1948

19561967

Hostile Situation

D. Ray Heisy

372

123

45

AlShaikhly

373

73105

1969

8

374

1. Wiliam Starosta "Roots for an Older Rhetoric On RhetoricalEffectiveness' in The Western journal of Speech Communication No. 43(Fall. 1979) pp 278-287.2. King Hussein "Jordan and the Arabs Want Peace with Justice" inMichael H. Prosser, ed sow the …… reap the whirlwind, part 2 of 2parts (New York: wm, Morrow & Co. 1970) pp. 1398 – 1405.3. AI Shaikhly. Speech in 1854th meeting, 30 Sept 1970, GeneralAssembly, 25th Session, Plenary Meetings, U.N., pp 13-16. 4. Yasser Arafat, "The United Nations Appeal for Peace" in HetemHussaini, ed Toward Peace in Palestine (Washington, D.C.: PalestineInformation Office).

5. Brockriede, Wayne and Scott Moments in the Rhetoric of the ColdWar. (New York. Random House, 1970), p. 76. Wayne E. Brockriede. "Dimensions of the Concept of Rhetoric" inthe Q. I. S. Vot. LIV No. 1, February 1968) p. 27. Heisy, op. Cit.8. James Marshall, Swords and Symbols, 3rd ed. (New York: Fund andWagnalls. 1969), p.41

376

1 2 3 4

5 6 - - - 7 8 9

377

1

378

Process

379

2

1 2

Gate Keeper

199927–29

380

2 2

1997 :98–83ص .ص

381

(

1999 :27ص.(

3 1 3

382

…

383

…

2 3

384

3-3

…

4 3

4

385

1 4

2 4

386

3 4

4 4

CNNBBC

387

Feed Back

5

388

1 5

…

…

2 5

389

3 5

4 5

1997154 6

390

Multi Media

1 6

2 6

3 6

391

…

1 2

3 13.5

150

392

7

1

2

…

393

…

Image

8

395

1997282 285

396

9

1997

231992000

397

–

–

– 11975

2012 21978 320014

2009520096 1

1985 222005 3

1989 462010 5 2

19982011 632008 7199981999922008

102001

11 2008

398

122009

133201014201115 11972 21975 31978 419925200162012

1198022005

Fax (962-6) 4799048

P. O. Box (1 ) Philadelphia, 19392 Jordane.Mail , sabuosba @ gmail.com

sabuosba2000 @ yahoo. com

Documents

abuosba.net · 14. W. Phillips Davison "Political Communication as an Instrument of Foreign Policy" In, The Theory & Practice of International Relation p. p. 214-215 15. Ibid p. p