1450-1750The World Shrinks

Six things to Remember

Americas are included in world trade for the first time.Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology continuesPopulations are in transitionNew social structures/labor systems emerge based on race and genderTraditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but reinforced in ChinaEmpires are both land-based and cross oceanic

The Bookends

1450- Beginning of European Atlantic empires1450-Beginning of Global trade1492- End of Islam in Europe1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions1750- beginning of industrialization1750-western hemisphere colonization peaks

Details- Going Global

Trade is extended through all parts of the world.Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- failEurope uses American raw materials- especially silver- to trade with AsiaColumbian Exchange

Global artistic influences led Global artistic influences led to new European industries.to new European industries.

Ottoman and Persian Ottoman and Persian ceramics led to Holland’s ceramics led to Holland’s Delft stoneware industry.Delft stoneware industry.

Chinese influence led English Chinese influence led English manufacturers to try to make manufacturers to try to make “china” after they found the “china” after they found the right clay.right clay.

Trade & Trade & ManufacturingManufacturing

Chinese silks and Indian cottons Chinese silks and Indian cottons led to building of English and led to building of English and French textile factories.French textile factories.

Details- Technology

Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the crusades and experiments by Henry the NavigatorImprovements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons.

Details- Demography

Disease killed millions of native AmericansAfricans were forcibly transported to the new world for work in plantation agriculturePopulations grew as new calorie-rich foods were brought from the new worldPopulations migrated to harsher climates as food crops became availablePopulations migrated from the old world to the new world

Details- Social and Gender structures

Americas- encomienda systemMuslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals) Women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenesChina- power struggle between the Eunuchs and the Scholar Gentry

Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions

Europe- Renaissance and reformation reduces the power of the Catholic church and challenges old beliefsChina ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates.

Details- Structure and Function of State

Empire remains the predominant political structure. It is a coercive tribute systemEuropean states such as Spain and Portugal, but also France, England and the Dutch perfect overseas empires by claiming territory in the western hemisphereQuing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are powerful land-based empires.

Trade- Can’t live without it!Global trade is THE thing this time period!Core-periphery theory:

Core states are manufacturing states.Periphery states provide raw materials.Semi-periphery supply both.

Three core zones: ChinaIndiaWest

Africa – shift from Trans-Saharan Arab/Local trade to Trans-Atlantic trade dominated by Europeans

Ottomans getting kicked out of Global trade – fight back by trying to extend into Mediterranean – stopped at Lepanto

Changes and Continuities

Change: The Americas are added to world trade networkChange: Europe becomes a Maritime areaContinuity: Trade is really importantContinuity: Religions continue to adapt to new times, but very importantContinuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as people come into contact with each other.

Inca Empire 1438-1525Andes MountainsHighly centralized governmentDiverse ethnic groupsExtensive irrigationState religion/ancestor cultArchitectural achievements Destroyed by civil war (caused by political vacuum left with death of leader by European germs); then Pizarro

Inca EmpireRope suspension bridgesMetallurgy – copper and bronzeNo use of wheelCapac Nan = roads allowed for tax, labor, and courier systemTerrace FarmingQuipu

Aztec Empire 1325-1520

Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven” By 1519, Metropolis of 150.000-five

square milesIsland location - chinampasTribute empire based on agricultureScientific contributions – calendar;

pyramidsMontezuma II – peakCortes destroys by horse, guns,

germs, and using Aztec neighbors

Major European Developments

Transition out of feudalismRenaissance

HumanismDecline in power of Catholic ChurchArt & Architecture

C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

Medieval entirely religiousFlat and stiff

Renaissance both religious and secularRealisticSponsored by growing bourgeoisie (Medici – Lorenzo for Brunelleschi’s dome, DaVinci, Raphel, etc)

Major European Developments

Gutenberg’s Printing PressProtestant Reformation

Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis (sale of indulgences)John CalvinKing Henry VIII

Counter Revolution—Council of Trent End investitureJesuits establishedIndex of Banned BooksInquisition (Isabella – Reconquista of Spain)

Protestant Reformation

Previous skirmishes were about papal political authorityLuther’s was about theological and the pope’s religious rolePaved the way for revolutions in politics (end divine right, rise of Enlightenment – 1700s) and science (rise of Scientific Revolution – 1550s)

Major European Developments

Scientific RevolutionCopernicusGalileoScientific Method - Bacon

Deism

Major European Developments

EnlightenmentRole of the mankind in relation to the governmentGreatly influenced the framers of the US ConstitutionChallenge divine rightSocial contract

Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally evilneed absolute monarchy as long as benevolent (social contract)John Locke — 1688 (English Bill of Rights) optimistic view of mankind; born free w/inalienable rights; govt should rule in the interest of people; bad government should be replaced (Two Treaties of Government)

EnlightenmentJean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal and society should represent the general will (majority rule)Montesquieu —separation of powersVoltaire—freedom speech and religious tolerationAdam Smith – 1776 Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire economicsEnlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians

Major European Developments

Exploration & ExpansionPrince Henry the NavigatorVasco de GamaChristopher ColumbusTreaty of TordesillasConquistadors—Cortes (1521) and Pizzaro

Exploration & Expansion

Technology required:Sternpost rudder (Chinese)Lateen sailsAstrolabe (Arab)Magnetic Compass (Chinese)Three-Masted Caravels

C/C Expansion in the Americas v. Empire Building Elsewhere

Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either allowed existing cultural traditions or converted to their way of doing thingsAmerica the population was wiped out + moved in a large # of new people

Exploration & ExpansionEncomienda System—American Feudalism

Social hierarchy• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos• viceroys

African Slave Trade (Bart. de las Casas) —Middle Passage most to Brazil and Caribbean for SUGAR plantationsColumbian Exchange (N. American casava, potato and yam will lead to rising population in Europe, Africa and China)

Demographic Shifts

Aztecs and Incas wiped out (Guns, Germs, and Steel)Huge cities were depopulatedEuropeans moved by the hundreds of thousandsMillions of Africans were forced to migrateMiddle Class gets rich with trade

Commercial Revolution - Medici

Joint stock companyBanking & investingMonopoly on a trade good or areaMiddle class $$

MercantilismFavorable balance of tradeStamp Tax imposed to insure favorableNo factories built in colonies

EuropeSpain

Ferdinand & Isabella (exploration, reconquista)Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada (Europe’s largest empire)

EnglandHenry VIII— Act of SupremacyElizabeth—arts (Shakespeare), more religious tolerance, virgin queen, fight with Phillip IIJames I—English translation of Bible, Puritans leave to New World, Great Britain created (unified Ireland, Scotland, and England)Charles IOliver Cromwell (commonwealth)Charles IIJames II – Catholic heir will lead to Glorious Revolution (ends with bloodless coup by William and Mary with English Bill of Rights in 1688)

Europe

FranceHuguenots—French Protestants, Edict of Nantes (allowing Protestants to hold office)Absolutism - Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King” L’etat ce moi Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of) DividedThirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs. Catholics; Peace of Westphalia

Monarchs claimed Monarchs claimed absolute power.absolute power.

States & States & EmpiresEmpires

Louis XIVFrance

1643-1715

Catherine the Great Russia

1762-1796

Elizabeth IEngland

1558-1603

Philip IISpain

1556-1598

Xizong Ming China

1620-1627

Shah Abbas Persia

1587-1629

JahangirIndia

1605-1627

Süleyman Ottoman Empire

1520-1566

RussiaThird Rome—MoscowIvan III declared free of Mongol ruleIvan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and expand; St. BasilsCossacks—peasants to settle frontiersTime of TroublesMichael Romanov 1613Peter the Great—westernization & military (created St. Petersburg as “window to the west”, created Senat – not true democracy)Catherine the Great—increased serfdom & gained westward to the Med Sea

Ottoman Empire

1450-1922 – Gunpowder Empire1453 Fall of ConstantinopleJanissaries —enslaved Christian children and turned them into fighting warriorsMain expansion under Selim ISuleiman I (the Magnificent) didn’t focus on war, but on art (Golden Age) 1500s

India

Babur claimed descend from Genghis Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate and established Mughal EmpireUnited entire subcontinentAkbar—religious toleration —Golden AgeShah Jahan—Taj MahalReligious toleration ended (Aurungzeb) & Europeans arrived

Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta

China

Yuan—MongolsMing

Zheng He then isolation

Qing from ManchuriaAllowed European trade thru ports (Allowed some Jesuits across borders – Matteo Ricci and Francis Xavier)When felt threatened expelled them; CantonAbsolutism of Kangxi

JapanShoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head1542 traded with Europe to acquire gunsChristian missionaries1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took away power from daimyo; isolation, peace and prosperityCaste system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant)National Seclusion Act 1635

C/C India, China & Japan on European Aggression

Japan reacted most decisivelyChina & India both allowed trade and occupation of portsChina began to limit under the ManchusIndia was less suspecting and will pay dearly

What About the Non-European Culture? Why was their interaction with the West so varied?

China & Japan highly organized; fewer Europeans thereAfrica was fragmented, but not interested in running over b/c could trade easilyAmericas overwhelmed with disease and technologyOttoman Empire was limited b/c avoided overland trade routes

What about the Global Economy?

Sailing diminished need for Asian overland routesMercantilism required dependence on est of imperialism married economic and political developmentsJoint-stock companies took major economic motivation out of the hands of government; more people had a stake in trade routes and conquestsB/C the benefits of economic prosperity were diffused among a larger group of individuals the govt began to lose grip on control