14812 Biodiversity

8/8/2019 14812 Biodiversity

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THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY

IN CHHATTISGARH REGION

Prof. M. L. NAIK

AND

Dr. SANJU SINHA

(paper presented at Sym posium in Raipur on 8th November 2009)


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"Biodiversity"was coined as a contraction of"biological diversity" in 1985,


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THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF EARTH IS

THE EXISTANCE OF LIFE, AND THE MOST

STRIKING FEATURE OF LIFE IS ITS

DIVERSITY.

HUMAN DOMINATION OF EARTHSECOSYSTEMS IS MARKEDLY REDUCING THE

DIVERSITY OF SPECIES WITHIN MANY

HABITATS WORLDWIDE, AND IS

ACCELERATING EXTINCTION.


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THE WORLD THAT WILL EXIST IN 100 AND

1,000 YEARS WILL, UNAVOIDABLY, BE OF

HUMAM DESIGN, WHETHER DELIBERATE ORHAPHAZARD.

THE EARTH WILL RETAIN ITS MOST

STRIKING FEATURES, ITS BIODIVERSITY,

ONLY IF HUMANNS HAVE THE PRESCIENCE

TO DO SO.


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FLORA & FAUNA

FLORA : From Roman goddess of flowers.

The plant life that is present in a particular

region or habitat or at a particular time.

FAUNA : The animal life that is present in aparticular region or habitat or at a

particular time.


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DIVERSITY

Diversity is a reality created by individuals andgroups from a broad spectrum of demographic

and philosophical differences. Diversity is "otherness," or those human

qualities that are different from our own andoutside the groups to which we belong, yet are

present in other individuals and groups.

Diversity is each of us and all of us
http://www2.kumc.edu/hr/diversity/DefFiles/DivPoem.htmhttp://www2.kumc.edu/hr/diversity/DefFiles/DivPoem.htm


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DIVERSITY ALPHA: DIVERSITY WITHIN

A SITE

GAMMA: DIVERSITY

BETWEEN SITES

BETA: DIVERSITY OVER A LARGE AREA.


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BIODIVERSITY

(DEFINITION BY: CBD)

THE VARIABILITY AMONG LIVINGORGANISMS FROM ALL SOURCES.

THIS INCLUDES THE GENETIC

DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES,

DIVERSITY BETWEEN SPECIES OF

FAUNA AND FLORA AND THEDIVERSITY OF ECOSYSTEMS


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Group Number of Described SpeciesBacteria and blue-green algae 4,760

Fungi 46,983

Algae 26,900Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) 17,000Gymnosperms (conifers) 750Angiosperms (flowering plants) 250,000

Protozoans 30,800Sponges 5,000Corals and Jellyfish 9,000

Roundworms and earthworms 24,000Crustaceans 38,000

Insects 751,000Other Arthropods and minor invertebrates 132,461

Mollusks 50,000Starfish 6,100

Fishes (teleosts) 19,056Amphibians 4,184Reptiles 6,300Birds 9,198Mammals 4,170

Total 1,435,662


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RECORDED No OF SP INDIA AND WORLD


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RECORDED No. OF SP. INDIA AND WORLD

(ESTIMATED No. RANGES FROM 2 15 MILLION)

GROUP No. OF SP.(INDIA)

No. OF SP.(WORLD)

% INDIA

MAMMALS 350 4629 7.6BIRDS 1224 9702 12.6

REPTILES 408 6550 6.2AMPHIBIANS 197 4522 4.4

FISHES

ARTHROPODA

2546

68389

27730

987949

11.7

6.90

FLOWERING

PLANTS

15000 250000 6.6


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No. OF ANIMAL & PLANT SP. ENDEMIC TO INDIA

MOLLUSCALAND

FRSHWATER

878

89INSECTA 16,214

AMPHIBIA 110REPTILES 214

AVES 69MAMMALIA 38

PTERIDOPHYTA 200ANGIOSPERMS 4950


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RECORDED PLANT SP. : INDIA AND WORLD

TAXA INDIA WORLD % OF INDIABACTERIA 850 4000 21.25

VIRUSES UNKNOWN 4000 -ALGAE 6,500 40,000 16.25

FUNGI 14,500 72,000 20.14LICHENS 2,000 17,000 11.80

BRYOPHYTES 2,850 16,000 17.80PTERIDOPHYTES 1,100 13,000 8.46

GYMNOSPERMS 64 750 8.53

ANGIOSPERMS 17,500 250,000 7.00

WILD RELATIVES OF CROPS AND DOMESTIC


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WILD RELATIVES OF CROPS AND DOMESTICANIMALS, INDIA

CROP WILDREL.

DOMESTICANIMAL

No. OFBREEDS

MILLETS 51 CATTLE 27

FRUITS 104 SHEEP 40

SPICES AND CONDIMENTS 27 GOATS 22

VEGETABLE & PULSES 55 CAMELS 8

FIBRE CROPS 24 HORSES 6

OIL SEEDS, TEA, COFFEE,TOBACCO, SUGARCANE

12 DONKEYS 2

MEDICINAL PLANTS 3000 POULTRY 18BUFFALO 8


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"Hot-spots" are biologically rich areas withhigh diversity and a large percentage of

endemic species. For example, 20% of theworld's plants are found on 0.5% of the earth'ssurface.

A leading environmental conservationorganization has identified 24 places around

the world, calls biodiversity "hot spots."

"HOT-SPOTS"


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1. The Tropical Andes (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia)2. Madagascar3. Brazil's Atlantic Forest Region4. The Philippines5. Meso-American forests6. Wallacea (eastern Indonesia)7. Western Sunda (in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei)8. South Africa's Cape floristic region9. The Antilles

10. Brazil's Cerrado11. The Darin and Choc of Panama, Colombia, and Western Ecuador12. Polynesia and Micronesian Island complex, including Hawaii13. Southwestern Australia

14. The Eastern Mediterranean region15. The Western Ghats of India and the island of Sri Lanka16. The Guinean forests of West Africa17. New Caledonia18. Eastern Himalayas

19. Southeastern Australia and Tasmania

Global Biodiversity Hotspots


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SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

RELATIVELY RECENTLYDISCOVERED

MICHAEL ZASLOFF 1986:

AFRICAN CLAWED FROG UNDERGONE

SURGERY PUT IN TO MURKY, BACTENAFILLED WATER ALMOST NEVER GOT

INFECTIONS.SKIN SECRETES PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN

ANTIBIOTIC NAMED MAGAININS(HEBREW = SHIELD)


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TAXOL FOR BREAST AND OVARIAN

CANCER FROM PACIFIC YEW TREE TAXUS SP.

SQUALAMINE FROM DOGFISH LIVER. A

STEROID TO FIGHT CANCER BYCUTTING OFF BLOOD FLOW TO TUMER.

A SIMILAR MOLECULE IN HOLARRHENA

ANTIDYSENTERICA AND CHONEMORPHA.


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INSTITUTO NACIONAL de BIODIVERSIDAD

de COSTA RICA (INBio) & MERCK & Co. Inc.In Bio, A GROUP OF SCIENTISTS

MERCK WILL PAY $ 1 MILLION IN 2 YEARS (1991-1993) FOR SEARCHING NEW MOLECULES

(MEDICINES) FROM PLANTS, INSECTS AND

MICROBES FROM PROTECTED FORESTS.

INBio WILL RECEIVE 5% OF ROYALTIES OF THE

SALE FROM SAMPLES.GOVT. WILL GET 10% OF $ 1M AND 50% OF THE

ROYALTIES.


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ANTIBIOTICS

(about 1,000 now known)Antibiotic Source

Penicillin

Cephalosporin CGriseofulvin

Bacitracin

chloromycinerythromycin

streptomycin

tetracyclinemimosamycin

Penicillium chrysogenum

Cephalosporium acremoniumPenicillium griseofulvum

Bacteria

BacteriaBacteria

Bacteria

BacteriaNudibranch, Sponge


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ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

Service Organism

Pollination

BiodegradationSoil aeration

Fertilization

CO2

- 02

exchange

Water storage

bees, bats

micro - organismsearthworms

soil bacteria

plants

plants


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POTENTIAL NEW CROPS FROM TROPICAL AMERICA

Crop Product

Uvilla FruitLulo Fruit

Pupunha Fruit

Guanabana Fruit

Buriti palmVitamin C-rich fruit, palm hearts,

oil, starch, wine, fiber.

Quinoa High-protein cereal

Amaranto High-protein cereal

MEDICINES FROM WILDLIFE(from a list of 117)


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Purpose Drug Source Traditional use

Immunosuppressant Cyclosporin Fungus, Tolypocladium

inflatumContraceptives Steroids Fungus, Rhizopus ni gr i cans

Anti-inflammatory Cortisone and prednisone Fungus, Rhizopus ni gr i cans

Cholesterol lowering Lovastatin Fungus, Aspergillus

terreus

Painkillers Aspirin

Codeine

Morphine

Cocaine

Tetrodotoxin

Willow

Opium poppy

Opium poppy

Erthroxylum coca

Central American frog

+

+

+

+

+ (trance-inducer)

Antimalarial Quinine Cinchona (coffee

family)

+ (Indian fever bark)

Amebicide Emetine Cephaelis

ipecacuanha

+

Heart stimulants DigitalisOuabain

FoxgloveStrophanthus gratus

++ (arrow poison)

Pupil dilator Atropine Nightshade

(Belladonna)

+

Antispasmodics for

intestinal disorders

Scopolamine, Hyoscyamine Nightshade

(Belladonna)

+

Muscle relaxant Tubocurarine Chondrodendron

tomentosum

+ (arrow poison)


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Monogamous Animals May Be MoreLikely To Die Out (May 27, 2003) --

New research reveals a surprising riskfactor for extinction: monogamy. Large

mammals that live in pairs or have small

harems are far more likely to die out than

those with big harems in reserves in
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030527084621.htm


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Earth Could Lose Thousands Of At-Risk

Species: Studies Indicate Extinctions Are

Not Random Events (April 14, 2000) --

Thousands of at-risk bird and mammal species

worldwide could eventually become extinct

due to the non-random nature of extinction
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/04/000413125329.htm


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Rainforest Birds Keep Dying Out Long

After Logging Stops (October 4, 1999) --

Fragmented rainforests can keep losing

biodiversity for a century, according to new

research in the October issue of Conservation

Biology. While the bad news is that many

more species are likely to

NORTH SOUTH CONTROVERSY
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991004070744.htm


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NORTH-SOUTH CONTROVERSY

NORTH

RICH COUNTRIES

North poor in

biodiversity

Superior intechnology

Globalisation of

biodiversity

Will sell biodiversity

to poor countries

SOUTH

POOR COUNTRIES

Rich in biodiversity

Poor in technology

Right on biodiversity Want free transfer of

technology and

benefits.

PEOPLES BIODIVERSITY REGISTER


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PEOPLES BIODIVERSITY REGISTER

LOCAL LEVEL DOCUMENTATION OFBIODIVERSITY AND ASSOCIATED

KNOWLEDGE WITH MANAGEMENT

ISSUES.

THROUGH DESIGNED AND LED BY

LOCALS CONTINUALLY UPDATED.

ORGANISED TO GENERATE A VARIETYOF PRODUCTS.


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CONVENTION ON BILOGICAL


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CONVENTION ON BILOGICAL

DIVERSITY (CBD)

INDIA SIGNED THE CONVENTION ON 5TH

JUNE 1992

RATIFIED ON 18TH FEB. 1994.

BROUGHT IN TO FORCE ON 19TH MAY 1994.

CONVENTION WILL PROVIDE FRAMEWORK

FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AND

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

RAMASAR (WETLANDS) CONVENTION


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RAMASAR (WETLANDS) CONVENTION

INDIA, A CONTRACTED PARTY SINCE 1ST FEB.

1982.

HAS SITES COVERING 192,973 ha. WETLANDS:

CHILKA LAKE

KEOLADEO (GHANA) NATIONAL PARK WULAR LAKE

HARIKE LAKE

LOKTAK LAKE

SAMBHAR LAKE

BIODIVERSITY BILL, INDIA, 2002


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, ,

MAIN INTENT OF THE LEGISLATION:

TO PROTECT INDIAS RICH BIODIVERSITY AND

ASSOCIATED KNOWLEDGE AGAINST THEIR USEBY FOREIGN INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT SHARING

BENEFITS, & CHECK BIOPIRACY.

SETTING UP OF :

A NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY(NBA).

STATE BIODIVERSITY BOARDS (SBBs). AND BIDIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES

(BMCs)

PATENTS OBTAINED IN OTHER COUNTRIES


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THE BIOPIRACY

Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Zingiber

officinale, Vitis vinifera, Phyllanthus niruri,

Brassica campestris, Cuminum cynimum,Momordica carantia, Artocarpus integrifolia,

Annona squamosa, Cassia fistula, Ricinuscommunis, Solanum nigrum, Centella asiatica,

Amaranthus spinosus, Impatiens balsamina,Terminalia chebula, Plantago ovata, Jatropha

curcas, Piper nigrum.

DIVERSITY LOSS


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THERE HAS BEEN PUNCTUATED

EXTINCTION AT INTERVALS OF 26 MILLION

YEARS DURING THE PAST 250 MILLIONYEARS.

NO PRECISE ESTIMATE OF SPECIES LOSSCAN BE MADE BECAUSE WE DO NOT KNOW

THE NUMBER OF SPECIES ORIGINALLY

PRESENT.

HOWEVER, EXTINCTION IS PROCEEDING

FASTER THAN IT DID PRIOR TO 1800.

CURRENT ESTIMATED EXTINCTION RATE


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ONE SPECIES OUT OF EVERY THOUSANDSPECIES PER YEAR.

EXTINCTION RATE IN PALEOZOIC AND

MESOZOIC OF MARINE FAUNA WAS ONE OUT

OF EVERY MILLION TO ONE OUT OF EVERY 10

MILLION PER YEAR.THUS THE RATE OF EXTINCTION IS 1,000 TO

10,000 TIMES THAT BEFORE HUMAM

INTERVENTION.

ON THE BASIS OF GLOBAL WARMING

SCENARIOS FOR 2050, 15 37% OF SPECISWILL BE COMITTED TO EXTINCTION

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY


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TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS ALTHOUGH COVER

ONLY 7% OF THE EARTH SURFACE BUT

HARBOUR MORE THAN 50% SPECIES.

TROPICAL FORESTS ARE CRUCIBLE FOR

DISAPPEARENCE OF SPECIES.

TROPICAL FORESTS DECREASED BY 1,13,00,000

ha PER YEAR BETWEEN 1981 AND 1985.

MAJOR CAUSE: POVERTY AND ABRUPT

POPULATION INCREASE AND THEY ARE

INTERLOCKING EACH OTHER.

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

POLLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY


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POLLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY

BIODIVERSITY MAY BE LOW OR

HIGH AT LOW POLLUTION LEVEL.

LOW WITH VERY HIGH POLLUTION.

HIGHER AT INTERMEDIATEPOLLUTION LEVEL


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POLLUTION AND EXTREMOPHILES


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POLLUTION AND EXTREMOPHILES

A HABITAT WITH REDUCED

BIODIVERSITY IS CALLED EXTREME

HABITAT.

EXTREMOPHILES ARE ORGANISMS

INHABITING EXTREME HABITATS.

ORGANISMS TOLERANT TO MULTIPLEENVIRONMENTAL HABITATS ARE

POLYEXTREMOPHILES.

Mass extinctions

Extinction period Cause and effects


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Late Cambrian(~500 million years ago)

Changing sea levels

Late Ordovician(440 million years ago)

Glaciation (ice age)

Late Devonian(~365 million years ago) Global cooling

End Permian(245 million years ago)

96% of marine species and 75%of terrestrial vertebrate families

became extinct during this, thelargest, mass extinction causedby fluctuations in sea level andocean salinity resulting from

climate changeCretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)(65 million years ago)

Famed for extinction of dinosaursand w idely thought to have beencaused by meteor impact

Source: BBC Education (Ref 34)

How Can We Estimate Rates of Species Loss?

The Number of species living on islands increases or decreases with the area
http://www.scidev.net/ms/biofacts/index.cfm?pageid=427#34http://www.scidev.net/ms/biofacts/index.cfm?pageid=427#34


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of the island. The diversity of reptiles and amphibians in the West Indies is

depicted here. A reduction of 90 percent in area from one island to the next

results in a 50 percent loss of species.


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Sour ce : Wor ld Conserva t ion Mon i t o r ing Cen t r e , "G loba l B iod i v e r si t y " Chapm an & H a ll , London , 1992 ) .


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Future OptionsWe do not know what our value systems will be in

the future, or what the value systems of oursuccessors will be. Perhaps they will need vast

quantities of some species that we now consider

insignificant or even harmful. Many of the naturalsources of medicines are, in fact, poisonous.

Contd.


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Nobody could have predicted that bread mold wouldbe the source of one of the most useful antibiotics; that

armadillos would have been useful in medical

research because they are the only experimentalanimal that can be infected with leprosy; or that the

Madagascar periwinkle would be a source of an

antileukemic drug, or that a heat-loving microbeliving in a hot spring at Yellowstone National Park

would provide a key ingredient in the DNA

fingerprinting work was so important in the O.J.

Simpson trial.


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A new discipline ECOLOGICALECONOMICS is developing,

including the environmental scienceand the public policy


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VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY

WELL BEING AND SURVIVAL OF MAN

DEPENDS ON MILLIONS OF SPECIES OF

PLANTS & ANIMALS

USED IN AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE,

FOOD AND INDUSTRY

IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES


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EXTINCT

CRITICALLYENDANGERED

ENDANGERED

VULNERABLE

THREATENED

LOWER RISKEVALUATED

LEAST

CONCERN

ADEQUATE

DATA

DATA

DEFICIENT

NOTEVALUATED

EXTINCT INTHE WILD

NEARTHREATENED


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EX SITU CONSERVATION


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EX SITU CONSERVATION:

1. ZOOS

2. AQUARIA

3. BOTANICAL GARDENS & ARBORETA

4. SEED BANKS5. MICROCONSERVATION

SEED BANKS


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SEED BANKS

SEEDS STORED IN COLD AND DRYCONDITIONS.

RAIPUR 10,000 to 12,000 VARITIES OF RICE


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In 1958, Charles Elton stated "we are living

in a period of the world's history when the

mingling of thousands of kinds of organisms

from different parts of the world is setting up

terrific dislocations in nature..."


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Invasive alien species are second only

to habitat loss in importance, in the

erosion of biodiversity.

Although conventional wisdom suggests


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Although conventional wisdom suggests

that invasive exotic organisms thrive

because they escape the natural enemies

that kept them in check in their native

ranges, a new study suggests the opposite.

Exotics that are in the presence of their

natural enemies actually do better in theirintroduced ranges.


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Prosopis juliflora is pushing ground water tabledown and drying up surface soil killing vegetation

in Delhi green lands. DU biologists and botanists

are awaiting Supreme Court ruling on a

presentation how the weed caused devastation in

the Delhi green areas and pushed border regions to

the preliminary stage of desertification.

Documents

14812 Biodiversity