Monitoring Locations in Smart Grids14PESGM2391

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Francisc ZavodaIREQ (HQ)

QUÉBEC, CANADA

Panel Session PQ Monitoring in the Era of Smart Grids

Power System and Monitoring Locations

Power System Monitoring Locations

Classic GenerationRenewables/DGTransmissionDistributionCustomer:• Industrial,• Commercial,• Residential (Smart House)

Point of delivery (DG) – MV, LVSubstation (Transmission) - EHV, HV, MVAlong the feeder (Distribution) - MVCustomer PCC - HV, MV, LV

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PQ Monitoring and Utility Practices

Substation Overhead Feeder Customer PCC

Future practices (Smart Grid PQM) – leverage of IEDs and sensors present on the grid in addition to existing practices:� LV : meters� MV: controllers, relays, meters,� HV: relays, RTUs.

Existing practices – PQ Analyzers connected at: � Customer PCC (random locations)� Substations� Other locations

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Technologies and Smart Grid 1/3

Technologies with a critical impact on Smart T&D Applications including PQM:

� Transducers/Sensors,� IEDs,� AMI,� Communication.

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Technologies and Smart Grid 2/3

Transducers:Instrument transformers and/or sensors for voltage and current measurements (amplitude and phase angle):� Fundamental – good accuracy� Harmonics – require harmonic rank

calibration

AMI: Intelligent and Smart MetersIntelligent meters (3-phase) complying with IEC 61000-4-30 Class A.Possibility and potential advantages of installing a PQ monitoring function in a large number of smart meters or other metering devices.

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Technologies and Smart Grid 3/3Distribution IEDControllers of Major Distribution Equipments capable to monitor voltage and current

Transmission IEDPhasor Measurement Unit (PMU) and relays.

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PMU

Classic and Smart Feeder

Classic feeder – PQM potential not used.

Smart feeder – Available PQM potential ready for use.

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Economic Aspects of the Selection of Monitoring Locations

Aspects related to monitoring location with significant impact on monitoring cost:� Voltage level (price of sensors and instrument transformers):

• EHV and HV – expensive,• MV – moderate,• LV – low (advantageous).

� Type of monitoring device (price of the device):• PQ Analyzers – expensive,• IEDs (belonging to other smart distribution applications and which could be

shared for PQM system):– Relays,– Controllers,– RTUs.

• Meters belonging to AMI and which could be shared with PQM system).

� Type of installation (permanent or temporary),� Number of locations/monitors,� Communication technology and size of the network area under monitoring.

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PQM Objectives in Smart Grids (1/5)9

PQM Objectives in Smart Grids (2/5)Compliance verification

• Compliance with national/international standards

• Voltage measurement in transmission or distribution substations (EHV, HV, MV) and at the

customer PCC ( HV, MV or LV) depending if the supplier is a transmission or distribution system

operator.

• Monitoring of bilateral contract

• Voltage and sometimes current measurements at the interface between the system operator

and the customer (PCC).

Measurements based on regulatory Power Quality requirements:

• The regulator can impose compliance at a specific percentage of sites (50% to 99%) or

compliance at all sites.

• If not all sites have to be monitored it is recommended to locate the PQM devices at each

different electric area (by area meaning where the voltage quality is appreciably the

same).

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PQM Objectives in Smart Grids (3/5)Benchmarking/Performance analysis

• Assessing the performance of a network or segments of network:

• Site (monitoring location: customer PCC),

• Feeder (monitoring location: several PCC along the feeder, locations of MDE controllers),

• Substation (monitoring location: secondary of HV/MV transformer/busbar, feeder departure)

• Network area (monitoring location: substations within the area),

• Comparing the performance of different networks or different segments of

network (Site selection based on statistical approaches).

Site characterization

• Evaluation of PQ environment made before future customer connection.

• There is not yet a PCC available where to monitor the PQ.

• PQ can only be evaluated at near locations. The closer is the location to the

future connection the better is the evaluation. Logical choices would be either

at the supply substation or at any other close customer, where the PQ is already

monitored.

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PQM Objectives in Smart Grids (4/5)Troubleshooting

• Selection of monitoring sites related to the scope of troubleshooting:

• Answering to customer complaints:

• Malfunctioning equipment (monitoring location: PCC, malfunctioning equipment),

• Limit violations (monitoring location: PCC).

• Network problems:

• Resonances (monitoring locations : substation , feeder)

• Network MDE malfunction or damages (monitoring locations : MDE’s controller or other potential

sources of information).

Advanced applications and studies

• SDA and potential monitoring locations :

• Fault location based on waveform analysis (monitoring locations: along the feeder, substation,

customer PCC),

• Capacitor bank control (monitoring locations: MDE’s controller),

• Volt & VAR control (monitoring locations: substation and end of the feeder),

• State estimation (monitoring locations: substation, along the feeder, customer PCC),

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PQM Objectives in Smart Grids (5/5)Advanced applications and studies (suite)

• Methods for reliable estimation of relevant power quality indices at non-

monitored locations:

• Harmonic state estimation (HSE) and identification of harmonic sources

• Transient state estimation (TSE),

• Voltage sag state estimation (VSSE).

Monitoring locations : strategic locations in the network.

Active PQ Management

• Type of PQ management:

• Harmonic emissions, flicker and unbalance level control (monitoring location: Customer PCC),

• Reactive power management (monitoring location: substation and/or along the feeder),

• Voltage regulation (monitoring location: LTC in substation and/or along the feeder).

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Conclusions

Monitoring locations in future networks:• Optimized number of locations at different voltage levels (substation, along the

feeder, customer PCC) according to suitable criteria,

• Most of these locations with permanently installed monitoring devices,

• Traditional and non-traditional IEDs and transducers with improved accuracy,

components of an integrated PQM system,

• Reliable communication architecture according to the grid architecture and based

on different technologies, mostly wireless.

• Enhanced cyber security.

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Thank you for your attention !