8 th and 9 th centuries, all of Spain except tiny Christian
kingdoms in the far north is controlled by Muslims Reconquest 500
year struggle to drive the Muslims out Ferdinand and Isabella
(1492) drove the last Muslims out from Granada Reconquest
Slide 5
A New Spanish Ruler In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and
its possessions. Deeply religious Philip IIs Empire Philip seizes
Portugal in 1580 Gold and Silver from Americas make Spain extremely
wealthy A Powerful Spanish Empire
Slide 6
Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims of the Ottoman
Empire and the Protestants of Europe. Spanish fleet helped defeat
the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571 Spanish Armada defeated by British
in 1588 Launched to punish Protestant England and its queen,
Elizabeth I Defender of Catholicism
Slide 7
Philip II was typical of an absolute monarch because Tried to
control every aspect of his empires affairs Trusted no one Built an
imposing palace Raised taxes Tried to force his subjects to accept
his religion (Catholicism) Forceful Ruler
Slide 8
Absolute Ruler someone who holds all the power within the
boundaries of a country or an empire. The Theory of Absolutism
Slide 9
Absolutism was the political belief that one ruler should hold
all the power within the boundaries of a country. Absolute Monarchy
complete and total control by the King model of this control was
Louis XIV from France Divine Right the idea that God created the
monarchy and that the monarch acted as Gods representative on
earth.
Slide 10
Decline of Feudalism Rise in cities Growth of national kingdoms
Protestant Reformation Belief in Divine Right Theory of Absolutism
How did European Monarchs gain absolute power?
Slide 11
1572 St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in Paris Nationwide
slaughter of Huguenots Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) 1 st king of
Bourbon dynasty in France Edict of Nantes declaration of religious
tolerance France
Slide 12
Slide 13
After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis
XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time. The Reign of Louis
XIV
Slide 14
Louis XIV the most powerful ruler in French history Louis
Weakens the Nobles Authority Louis takes control in 1661 Appoints
intendants government agents to collect taxes A New French
Ruler
Slide 15
Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister helps economy grow. How?
Mercantilism In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes ; Huguenots
flee France this robs France of skilled workers Edict of Nantes
declaration of religious toleration. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
declared that the Huguenots (French Protestants) could live in
peace and set up their own houses of worship. Economic Growth
Slide 16
A Life of Luxury Lives very well, every meal is a feast Louis
Controls the Nobility Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his
power over them Builds magnificent palace at Versailles Patronage
of the Arts Versailles is a center of arts during reign on Louis
XIV Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis The Sun Kings Grand
Style
Slide 17
Slide 18
Attempts to Expand Frances Boundaries Louis fights war in the
1600s, 1670s to expand France In 1680s, many countries unite
against him in League of Augsburg (consisted of Austrian Hapsburg
emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain) France is weakened by poor
harvests, warfare, high taxes War of the Spanish Succession War of
the Spanish Succession begins in 1701 Attempts to prevent union of
the French and Spanish thrones Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose
some possessions Great Britain is big winner. From Spain, Britain
took Gibraltor, controlled entrance to Mediterranean. Louis Fights
Disastrous Wars
Slide 19
Destructive war that had three phases 1) It was an internal
challenge to Hapsburg Catholic rule by Bohemian Protestants 2) From
1622 it was an all-German civil war between Lutherans and
Calvinists and the imperial Catholic forces 3) From about 1635 it
was an international conflict in which religious affiliation played
only a minor role. The Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
Slide 20
Slide 21
1555, Peace of Augsburg Divided Germany into Catholic and
Lutheran parcels Made no allowances for the growing number of
Calvinists or other Protestants This becomes a problem Beginning of
Thirty Years War
Slide 22
1618 Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor closed Protestant churches in
Czech kingdom of Bohemia Protestants revolt! 1622 German civil war
Lutherans and Calvinists vs. Catholic forces 1635 International
conflict France, Holland, Sweden, and German Protestant states vs.
Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Destructive War
Slide 23
First modern state treaty (importance of sovereign state rather
than dynasty or religion) Introduces the idea of negotiating terms
of peace Big Winners : France and Sweden Losers : Spain and
Austrian based Hapsburgs Results : Europe is carved up, now
recognized as a group of independent states Germany is made up of
360 small kingdoms (some Protestant and some Catholic) German
princes now independent of Holy Roman Emperor Treaty of Westphalia
- 1648
Slide 24
Central European Monarchs Clash
Slide 25
After 30 Years War 360 German states divided Catholic
Protestant States Form in Central Europe
Slide 26
Hapsburgs of Austria Based in Vienna; ruled Austria, Bohemia
(present-day Czech Republic), and Hungary Problem 10 different
nationalities Maria Theresa (1740-1780) Dictator Rules with liberal
ideas Abolished death penalty Everyone went to school Prussia vs.
Austria
Slide 27
Prussia and the Hohenzollern Dynasty An army with a country
Frederick II, Frederick the Great (1740-1786) Greatest Monarch in
Prussian History Abolished death penalty School mandatory Grew
military Europes best army Called himself king became absolute
Monarch Frederick the Great buys loyalty Prussia vs. Austria
Slide 28
War of Austrian Succession
Slide 29
Fought over Austrian land of Silesia (Frederick starts the war)
Austria and Great Britain vs. France and Prussia Maria Theresa
resists Prussian power but loses Silesia Result: Prussia gain
Silesia from Austria and becomes a major power. War of Austrian
Succession
Slide 30
Allies switch sides Austria ( Maria Theresa ), France, and
Russia VS. Great Britain and Prussia ( Frederick the Great ) Begins
with Frederick attacking Saxony, Austrian ally Fought in Europe,
India and North America NA France loses Canada to Britain Did not
change territorial situation in Europe. The Seven Years War also,
French and Indian War
Slide 31
The First Czar Ivan the Terrible In 1533, Ivan the Terrible
becomes king of Russia Struggles for power with boyars landowning
nobles Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning Caesar Rule by
Terror In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands
Rise of the Romanovs Ivans heir is weak, leading to period of
turmoil In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar Absolute Rulers of
Russia
Slide 32
The Rise of Peter Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins
to reform Russia Russia Contrasts with Europe Cut off
geographically from Europe Culturally isolated, little contact with
western Europe Religious differences widen gap Peter Visits the
West In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways
Peter the Great
Slide 33
Slide 34
Peters Goal Goal of westernization using western Europe as
model for change Peters Reforms Brings Orthodox Church under state
control Reduces power of great landowners Modernizes army by having
European officers train soldiers Peter Rules Absolutely
Slide 35
Introduces potatoes Starts Russia first newspaper Raises womens
status Adopts Western fashion Advances education Westernizing
Russia
Slide 36
Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier
Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea In 1703, begins building
new capital called St. Petersburg Building city takes many years,
many serfs die in process By the time of Peters death, Russia is a
force to be reckoned with in Europe Establishing St.
Petersburg
Slide 37
Slide 38
Timeline of Monarchs James I of Scotland Charles I (Jamess son)
Oliver Cromwell (military dictator) Charles II (Charles Is son)
return of monarchy James II (Charless Catholic brother) William and
Mary (Protestants) The English Monarchy
Slide 39
Jamess Problems James I of Scotland becomes king of England in
1603 Struggles with Parliament over money, Church reform Charles I
Fights Parliament Jamess son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625 Also
fights with Parliament over money Parliament forces him to sign
Petition of Right in 1628 Petition limits Charless power, but he
ignores it Monarchs Defy Parliament
Slide 40
War Topples a King In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit
kings power Result is English Civil War (1642-1649) between
Puritans, king In 1644, Oliver Cromwell becomes general on Puritan
side After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649
English Civil War
Slide 41
Slide 42
Cromwells Rule In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, House of
Lords Becomes military dictator Suppresses rebellion in Ireland
Puritan Morality Puritans abolish activities they find sinful
English Civil War
Slide 43
Cromwells End After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses
Next year, Parliament asks son of Charles I to rule Charles II
Reigns Restoration return of monarchy under Charles II Habeas
corpus law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime James II
and the Glorious Revolution Charless Catholic brother James becomes
king in 1685 Glorious Revolution bloodless overthrow of James in
1688 Restoration and Revolution
Slide 44
A New Type of Monarchy Protestants William and Mary become
rulers of England Agree to constitutional monarchy legal limits on
royal power Bill of Rights In 1680, Parliament drafts Bill of
Rights Sets limits on royal power Cabinet System Develops In 1700s,
cabinet, a group of government ministers, develops Ministers link
majority party in Parliament with monarch Limits on Monarchs
Power