1.1 U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C SRecognise the concepts of physics in everyday objects and natural phenomena1. Tick () the statements that are related to physics.

Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine. We need water in our digestion system.Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.

1.2 UNDERSTANDING BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIESRecognise physical quantity and unit1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Units and Measuring instrument from the statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).A Ismail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam

balance.

Statement

Physical quantity Magnitude

Unit Measuring instrument

Define base quantities and derived quantities are2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.(a) Volume = length x length x length

Base quantity = (i) lengthDerived quantity = (i) volume

(b) Area = length x lengthBase quantity = (i) lengthDerived quantity = (i) Area

(c) Density = masslength xlength xlength

Base quantity = (i) (ii)Mass length

Derived quantity = (i) Density

(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that be derived from any quantities.cannot(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that from the baseis derived quantities.List base quantities and their S.I unit

List some derived quantities and their S.I unitsExpress quantities using scientific notationExpress quantities using prefixes4. Write 5 derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previous page) and state their S.I units. [*any five]No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit

5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)No. Original value Scientific notation

6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-multiple.

No. Prefix Multiple /Sub-multiple

No.

Prefix Multiple /Sub-multiple

Solving problem involvingconversion of units1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.(i) 4.1 x 1012 m = 4.1 Tm (ii) 9.3 x 101 s = 9.3 das (iii) 0.5 x 10-3 J = 0.5 mJ (iv) 11.2 x 10-2 N = 11.2 cN (v) 5.9 x 106 V = __________5.9 MV(vi) 6.6 x 10-9 m = 6.6 nm 3.8 x 102 K = 3.8 hK (vii) 1.7 x 109 W = 1.7 GW (viii) 4.1 x 103 C = 4.1 kC (ix) 9.5 x 10-6 A = 9.5 A (x) 8.6 x 10-12 m = 8.6 pm (xi) 2.2 x 10-1 s = 2.2 ds2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.(i) 4.1Tm = 4.1 x 1012 m(ii) 9.3 ms = 9.3 x 10-3 s (iii) 0.5 kJ = 0.5 x 103 J(iv) 11.2 cN = 11.2 x 10-2 N(v) 5.9 MV = 5.9 x 106 V(vi) 6.6 dm = 6.6 x 10-1 m 3.8 daK = 3.8 x 101 K(vii) 1.7 GW = 1.7 x 109 W(viii) 4.1 hC = 4.1 x 102 C (ix) 9.5 A = 9.5 x 10-6 A(x) 8.6 pm = 8.6 x 10-12 m

(xi) 2.2 ns = 2.2 x 10-9 s Check Yourself 11. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I unit?Physical quantity S.I unitA Temperature CelciusB TimeminuteC Mass NewtonD Length metre2. Time, speed, density, and energy are .............. quantities.A base C vectorB scalar D derived3. Which of the following shows the correct relationship between the base quantities for density?6.A radio station airs its programmes by transmitting waves at a frequency of 102.3 MHz. How much is this frequency, in Hz?A 1.023 x 102B 1.023 x 105C 1.023 x 106D 1.023 x 1087. Which of the following values is equal to 470 pF?A 4.7 x 10-10 FB 4.7 x 1011 FC 4.7 x 10-7 FD 4.7 x 102 F8. Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h-1. What is this velocity, in m s-1?A 0.09B 0.86C 1.16D 11.61MassA Length xLength xLength Mass xLength xMassB TimeTime xTimeC Length xMassD Mass xLengthLength xLength xTime4. Which of the following is not a base S.I unit?9. Which measurement is the longest?A 2.68 x 103 mB 2.68 x 10-1 mmC 2.68 x 103 cmD 2.68 x 10-4 m10. Which of the following conversion of unit is correct?A Gram

B KelvinC AmpereD MeterA 24 mm3 = 2.4 x 10-6 m3B 300 mm3 = 3.0 x 10-7 m3C 800 mm3 = 8.0 x 10-2 m3D 1 000 mm3 = 1.0 x 10-4 m35.Which of the following physical quantities is not a base quantity?C TemperatureD Electric current11. Which of the following frequencies is the same as 106.8 MHz?A 1.068 x 10-4 HzB 1.068 x 10-1 HzC 1.068 x 102 HzD 1.068 x 106 HzE 1.068 x 108 HzA WeightB Time1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Define scalar and vector quantities.1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity in the table below.A Hasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s-1 due West.

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

(i) Scalar quantity is physical quantity that has .magnitude(ii) Vector quantity is physical quantity that has andmagnitudedirection .Differentiate between distance and displacement.2. Underline the correct physical quantity.(i) (Distance / Displacement) is the total length travelled by an object.(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial point and the final point.EXAMPLE:

Check Yourself 21. Which of the following quantities is a vector3 Which quantity is a vector quantity?A EnergyB PowerC ForceD PressureA AreaB LengthC DistanceD Displacement2. Diagram below shows the path travelled by a car from P to S.

4. Which of the following is group of vector quantities?

A Velocity, mass, displacementB Speed, time, accelerationC Force, velocity, displacementD Area, temperature, momentumWhat is the displacement of the car?A 5.0 kmB 6.8 kmC 8.2 km

D 9.0 km1.4 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENTSRecognise appropriate instrument for physical quantities1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.

No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument

Measure physical quantity using vernier calliper.2. Label the part of vernier calliper below.

3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:

(i) Read the main scale.Main scale reading = 0.70 cm(ii) Read the vernier scale.Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm(iii) Total up the readings.Actual reading= 0.72 cm 4. Read the vernier calliper below.

3.10 cmMain scale =Vernier scale = 0.03 cm

Actual reading= 3.13 cm Main scale = 2.10 cm................Vernier scale = 0.06 cm Actual reading= 2.16 cm

Main scale = 8.50 cmVernier scale = 0.06 cm

Actual reading= 8.56 cm Main scale = 0.20 cm................Vernier scale = 0.04 cm Actual reading= 0.24 cm Measure physical quantity using micrometer screw gauge.5. Label the part of micrometer screw gauge below.

6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.EXAMPLE:

7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:(i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale). Sleeve scale reading = 3.00 mm(ii) Read the thimble scale.Thimble scale reading = 0.44 mm(iii) Total up the readings.Actual reading= 3.44 mm

Sleeve scale = 5.00 mm................Thimble scale = 0.24 mm Actual reading= 5.24mm Sleeve scale = 3.00 mm.................Thimble scale = 0.16 mm Actual reading= 3.16 mm

Sleeve scale = 5.50 mm................Thimble scale = 0.19 mm Actual reading= 5.69 mm Sleeve scale = 3.00 mm.................Thimble scale = 0.56 mm Actual reading= 3.56 mm Explain sensitivity.Explain accuracy.8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used in measuring the mass of a Petri dish.

A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? [ ]L

(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? [ ]L (iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? [ ]L detect small(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..........................changes. ..................................................................................................................................(v) Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [ ]L (vi) The the decimal place, the sensitivity of themore higher instrument.9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.

(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?[ ]P (ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? [ ]P (iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? [ ]P give reading(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..............................close to the actual size. ...................................................................................................................................Explain consistency (Precision)10. Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used in measuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for four times.

(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?[ ]X (ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [ ]X (iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? [ ]X give reading(iv) Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ............................. with small deviation/difference. ...................................................................................................................................Explain type of experimental error.

11. In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as error 12. These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the deficiency of measuring instrument.13. Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.14. Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.15. Type of Error:Random ErrorHuman factor andenvironmentRandomParallax errorTake few readings and findthe average reading

DifferenceCauseMagnitude /valueExampleMethod toreduce theerror

Systematic ErrorInstrumentConstantZero errorAdd or deduct the zeroerror from the reading.Use different instrumentwhile taking readings andfind the average

Check Yourself 31. A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on a target. Which marks can explain the concept . of precision of a measurement?4. A, B, C, and D show parts of four different balance scales. Which balance is the most sensitive?

2. Diagram below shows the target board in a game

Which result is consistent but not accurate?

3. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer screw gauge.5. The diagrams show the scales on a pair of vernier callipers and a metre rule.

Which comparison is correct about the sensitivity of the vernier callipers and the metre rule when measuring the thickness of a wire?Vernier callipers Metre ruleA Low sensitivity Low SensitivityB Low sensitivity High sensitivityC High sensitivity Low sensitivityD High sensitivity High sensitivity

What is the reading of the micrometer?A 7.02 mmB 7.52 mm6. Table below shows the readings of the thickness of a board which are taken by four students.C 7.03 mmD 7.58 mm

Each student made four measurements. If the actual thickness of the board is 2.53 cm, which of the students A, B, C, and D made the measurements that are accurate but not consistent?7. The diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper.

What is the reading of the vernier calliper?

8. Atmospheric pressure can be measured by usingA hydrometerB Bourdon gauge and manometerC Bourdon gauge and mercury barometerD manometer and mercury barometer9. Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometerscrew gauge, a metre rule, and a vernier calliper to measure the thickness of a board.Which student records the reading correctly?

10. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer screw gauge.

What is the reading of the micrometer?A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mmB 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm11. Diagram (a) shows the reading of a vernier calliper while its jaws are closed. Diagram (b) shows the reading of the vernier calliper when a metal sheet is placed between the jaws.

What is the thickness of the metal sheet?A 0.46 cm C 0.38 cmB 0.42 cm D 0.32 cm12.Which of the following statements is correctabout zero error?A Can be reduced by determining average reading.B The magnitude of error increases whenthe value of the reading increases.C Exist either in positive or negative.D The magnitude of error increases if the range of scale is large.Diagram below shows two types of ammeters, 12. X and Y, that can be used to measure electriccur(a) Which ammeter is more sensitive?Ammeter Y...................................................................(b) State one reason for your answer above.Ammeter Y has smaller division of

...................................................................scale......................................................................................................................................

13. Which of the following ways can reduce the parallax error while taking reading of current from an ammeter?A Use a higher sensitivity ammeter.B Repeat the measurement and calculate the average reading.C Take the reading using a magnifying glass.D Use ammeter that has plane mirror below the pointer.13. What is the function of the plane mirror under the pointer in an ammeter?A To increase the consistency of the measurement.B To increase the accuracy of the measurement.C To avoid parallax error.D To prevent zero error. 13.(a) The external diameters of the cylinder atfour different places are shown in the table below.

(i) Why is the external diameter measured four times?.......................................... ...To get average reading / To find..... relative deviation.............................................................(ii) What is the purpose of calculating the relative deviation?To determine the consistency of the............................................................. measurement.............................................................16. Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter.

(a) Name the physical quantity measured by the ammeter.Electric current...................................................................(b) What is the value of the smallest division on the scale?0.1 A...................................................................(c) State the function of the mirror located under the scale.To avoid parallax error......................................................................................................................................14.Figure below shows the meniscus of oil in a measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eye positions while measuring the volume of the oil.

(a) Which position of the eye is correct while taking the reading of the volume of oil?Q. (but the direction must be 90)...................................................................(b) Give one reason for the answer above. Position of eyes is at the level of the...................................................................meniscus of the oil17. Figure below shows a vernier calliper used to measure external diameter of a hollow cylinder.

(b) Name the part labelled X.Inner jaws

...................................................................(c) What is the function of X?To measure internal diameter of hollow...................................................................object...................................................................19. A student is assigned to measure the thickness of a metal sheet. The student is provided with a vernier calliper.(a) The student uses the vernier calliper to measure the thickness of the metal sheet. Figure (i) shows the scale of the vernier calliper while the jaws are closed. Figure (ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliper when the metal sheet is put between the jaws.

(i) What is the zero error of the vernier calliper?-0.04 cm

..............(ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal sheet.

3Thickness = .66 cm..............1.5 UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONIdentify variables in a given situation1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.EXAMPLE:The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.Cause : pushed harder Manipulated variable : Force Effect : moves faster Responding variable : Speed/Velocity/AccelerationNo. Situation Manipulated Responding

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

variableThe temperature of smaller block risesfaster when it is heated. MassThe pendulum system with longer stringtakes longer time to stop. LengthThe loaded lorry is harder to stop than the Massempty lorry.The trolley that falls from the higher placeHeightmoves faster.The spring becomes longer when it isForcepulled harder.

variableTemperature Time Time to stop Speed Length

Making inference2. Write inference from the given variables.EXAMPLE:Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time Inference : The length affects the time taken.No. Manipulated

variableRespondingvariable

Inference

Form hypothesis.Analyse the data.3. Write hypothesis from the given variables.EXAMPLE:Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time Hypothesis : The longer the length, the longer the time taken.No.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ManipulatedvariableForce Mass Force Mass Force Area Temperature

Responding variableAcceleration Temperature Extension TimePressure Pressure Volume

HypothesisThe larger the force, the higher the accelerationThe larger the mass, the lower the temperatureThe larger the force, the longer the extensionThe larger the mass, the longer the timeThe larger the force, the higher the pressureThe larger the area, the lower the pressureThe higher the temperature, the larger the volume

4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis. The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.

EXAMPLE:Manipulated variable : Mass Responding variable : Time

5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:

(i) Manipulated variable : Force Responding variable : Acceleration(ii) Manipulated variable : MassResponding variable : Temperature

(iii) Manipulated variable : ForceResponding variable : Extension(iv) Manipulated variable : MassResponding variable : Time

(v) Manipulated variable : ForceResponding variable : Pressure (vi) Manipulated variable : AreaResponding variable : Pressure

Interpret data to draw a conclusion.6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.EXAMPLE:

Conclusion: The time is directly proportional to the mass.

Conclusion: The temperature is linearly increasing with the time.Conclusion: The pressure is inversely proportional to the area.Interpret data to draw a conclusion.7. Write a conclusion based on the line graphs below:

Conclusion: The square of period is directly proportional to the lengthConclusion: The temperature is inversely proportional to the mass

Conclusion: The volume is linearly increasing with the pressureConclusion: The extension is directly proportional to the forceCheck Yourself 41. Which of the following graphs obeys the equation F = kx, where k is a constant?

2. Table below shows the results of an experiment to investigate between load and extension when a spring is stretched.

The original length of the spring is l0 = 15.0 cm. What is the manipulated variable?A Load, FB Extension, xC Original length of the spring, l0D Material used to make the spring3. The graph shows the relationship between v and t.

The relationship between v and t is represented by the equation

4. Diagram below shows an investigation about the stretching of a spring. Babies of different masses are supported by identical springs.

Which of the following variables are correct?

5. The graph shows the relationship between physical quantities P and Q.

Which statements about the graph is correct?A If Q = 1, then P = 2.B The gradient of the graph is 1.C P is directly proportional to Q.D The equation of the graph is P = 1 + 3Q