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GNSS History
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Disclaimer
The views and opinions expressedherein do not necessarily reflect theofficial policy or position of any
government agency
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Satellite Navigation in the 1950s1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
4 Oct 1957Sputnik ILaunched
Dec 1958The U.S.Navy
NavigationSatelliteSystem(Transit)Approvedand
Funded
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Other SuccessfulExperimentalSatellites:
2A, 22 Jun 19603B, 21 Feb 19614A, 29 Jun 19614B, 15 Nov 1961
Satellite Navigation in the 1960s (1 of 3)
Jan 1964TransitBecameOperational
July 1967TransitReleasedfor
CommercialUse- - - -
EstablishingU.S. DualUse SatNavPolicy
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
13 April 1960First Successful
TransitExperimentalSatellite (1B)
5 Dec 1963First
OperationalSatellite
OperationalTransitSatellite
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Satellite Navigation in the 1960s (2 of 3)
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1964World’s First Surface ShipSatellite NavigatorAN/SRN-9 (XN-5)
1968World’s First
Portable SatelliteDoppler Geodetic
SurveyorAN/PRR-14Geoceiver
1969World’s FirstCommercialOceanographicNavigator
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Satellite Navigation in the 1960s (3 of 3)
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1969First Steps Toward GPS;Air Force 621B Program;
World’s First Spread SpectrumNavigation Receiver, MX-450
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Satellite Navigation in the 1970s1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1971First Timation Receiverfor the Naval Research
Lab (NRL)
1975First Concept Validation GPSNavigator, the GPS X-Set
April 1973Formation of the GPSJoint Program Office
(JPO)
1978 GPS Launches22 Feb, 13 May,7 Oct, 11 Dec
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Original
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GPS Launch Plans
The Atlas Booster launchedall Block I GPS Satellites
National policy wasto launch all
operational GPSsatellites with the
space shuttle
The January 28, 1986 Challengerdisaster forced a change
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Satellite Navigation in the 1980s1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
28 Jan ‘86ChallengerDisaster
1984Commercial 5Channel GPSNavigator
1985GPS + Transit + Omega
19866 Channel GPSNavigator
9 Oct ‘85Last Block ILaunch
14 Feb ‘89LaunchesResume
1986WM101 GPS Satellite
Surveying Set
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0
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01/01/78 01/01/82 01/01/86 01/01/90 01/01/94 01/01/98 01/01/02 01/01/06
Num
berofOperationalGPS
Satellites
IOC FOCSA OffSA On SA End
9/10/2008
GPS SA/AS, IOC, and FOC
07/04/91 – SA turned on12/08/93 – IOC Declared04/27/95 – FOC Declared05/01/00 – SA turned off09/18/07 – SA Ended
78 82 86 90 94 98 02 06 08
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Satellite Navigation in the 1990s1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
8 Dec ‘93GPS IOC
27 Apr ‘95GPS FOC
1990GPS/GLONASSNavigator
1991 6 ChannelGPS Engine
1991 CompactGPS Surveyor
1996 ProfessionalMarine DGPSNavigator
1997 MachineControl, 10 Hz,30 ms, 1 cm
26 Dec ‘91Dissolution ofthe Soviet
Union Enacted
4 Apr ‘91S/A Turned
On
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28
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01/01/78 01/01/82 01/01/86 01/01/90 01/01/94 01/01/98 01/01/02 01/01/06
Num
berofOperationalGPS
Satellites
9/10/2008
L2CL5
Galileo
EU-US
GLONASSMemo
MBOC
GLONASSCDMA
SAOff
Modernization and GNSS Initiatives
78 82 86 90 94 98 02 06 08
03/30/98 – Announce Civil L201/25/99 – Announce Civil L505/01/00 – SA turned off05/26/02 – Galileo Approved06/26/04 – EU/USAgreement04/10/07 – GLONASS Memo07/26/07 – MBOCAgreement04/08/08 – GLONASS CDMA
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Satellite Navigation in the 2000s2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1 May ‘00S/A Turned
Off
18 Sep ‘07S/A Ended
26 May ‘02GalileoApproved
26 Jun ‘04EU/USAgreement
8 Apr ‘08GLONASSCDMA
Announced
10 Apr ‘07GPS/GLONASSCooperationMemo
26 Sep ‘05IIR-MLaunchwith L2C
November 2004,Qualcomm announcedsuccessful tests of assistedGPS for mobile phones.
1-2 Dec ‘05ICG-1Vienna
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Satellite Navigation in the 2010s
• Approaching a newGNSS Golden Era– Many more satellites(GPS, Galileo, BeiDou,QZSS) with L1 and L5interoperable signals
– Much better availability,accuracy, integrity, e.g.,enabling ARAIM
• Anticipating CDMAsignals from GLONASS
• What does the futurehold?
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
28 May ‘10IIF Launchwith L5
11 Sep ‘10QZSSLaunch
21 Oct ‘11OperationalGalileoLaunch
2-6 Oct ‘15ICG-10
Boulder, CO
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Who Anticipated GPS in Cell Phones?
• Sparked by theE911 requirement
• Use of LocationBased Services(LBS) is exploding
• Improved byAssisted GPS(A-GPS)– Better accuracy– Location in
seconds– Turn-by-turn
navigation
More than a Billion Cell Phone GPS Users
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Who Anticipated Precision Agriculture?• One to 10 cm accuracy• Far better productivity,
efficiency, and protectionof the environment
• Enabled, e.g., by MSSsignals for the John DeereStarFire Service andseveral others
Automatic Steering
Automatic Spray Control
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Thank You
Questions?