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VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION 7.1. INTRODUCTION A species perpetuates within the ecosystem by sexual and / or asexual reproduction. The

former involves the fusion of male and female gametes, and the production of seeds,

while in the latter a vegetative part of the plant, e.g., shoots, roots, buds or leaf,

regenerates a new root system, a new shoot system or both, by mitotic divisions of cells.

In vegetative propagation by stem, cuttings can be taken from shoots of the plants with

terminal or lateral buds, which are capable of developing adventitious roots which finally

emerge out to a complete plant (Hartmann et al., 1997). Thus in vegetative reproduction,

the plants bear the same genetic traits from generation to generation. Such populations

are called clones. Propagation through vegetative means assumes importance when

desirable biotypes need to be multiplied in a short span of time. Horticulturists and

foresters have been interested in rooting of stem cutting because; it is essential for large-

scale multiplication and domestication of many important plants. Most ornamentals,

green house crops and numerous fruit and forest tree crops are propagated through

vegetative propagation (stem cuttings). In addition, propagation by cutting is the only

means of preserving unique characteristics of some plants. During recent past the stem

cutting is extensively practiced by means of vegetative propagation in plants. However,

the rooting success of the cuttings is dependent on various factors such as cutting size and

diameter, rooting medium, hormonal concentration as well as bio-physical and

environmental factors (Wilson, 1993).

In order to meet the demand of development of adequate Hippophae rhamnoides

(Seabuckthorn) resources with a regulated ratio of male and female plants, propagation

from cutting needs to be preferred. Plants raised from the stem or branch cuttings

maintain the genetic properties of the mother plants and female plants can bear fruit faster

than the plants raised through seeds. Seabuckthorn is a dioecious, wind-pollinated plant.

CHAPTER

7

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The seedlings propagated by seeds cannot maintain the fine biological characteristics and

economic properties that are genetically identical to the selected mother plants. Among

the seedlings, usually there are more males then females, and it is difficult to distinguish

males from females before flowering and fruiting. Propagation through cutting can

produce scion-rooted seedlings with the same genetic properties as those of their mother

plants within a short time, and can bear fruit 1-2 years earlier than the seedlings. This is

an important tool for raising large number of planting materials in a short duration for

undertaking rehabilitation/afforestation activities. Considering all these factors the

present study was carried out to understand the vegetative propagation of the male and

female plants of the target species with reference to rooting response and other

parameters under different rooting media and hormonal treatments. 7.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 7.2.1. Collection of stem cuttings The male and female cuttings were collected from all the five valleys (Niti, Mana,

Bhyundar, Gangotri and Yamunotri) during the first week of March, 2005. Healthy and

mature trees/shrubs were identified and selected for collecting stem cuttings. Both male

and female plants were taken for the vegetative propagation experiments. To distinguish

male and female plants in the nature were marked with two colours (Red for male and

Green for female) during the fruiting period for proper identification. Branch cuttings of

15-20 cm size and 0.8 to 2.0 cm diameter, cleared for all leaves were collected and

immediately kept in plastic film bags to prevent them from wind drying and withering.

7.2.2. Experimental setup An experiment on vegetative propagation of Hippophae rhamnoides (Seabuckthorn) was

carried out under natural environmental conditions at an altitude of 2600 m amsl in

village Tolma, located in Niti valley of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR). The

mean minimum and maximum aerial temperatures recorded during the study period were

28.05 0C and –0.930C, respectively (Chapter 5, Fig. 5.2). One set of male and female

cuttings were kept as control and dipped in distilled water, the other were dipped in

different concentration of Indole 3-acetic acid (IAA 25, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000

94

ppm), Indole 3-butyric acid (IBA 25, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm), and Naphthalene

acetic acid (NAA 25, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm). Each treatment has three

replicates. The basal part of cuttings were placed at 2-3cm depth in the solution of growth

hormone at room temperature for 24 hours, then properly washed with water and all the

cuttings were planted in polythene bags containing pure soil and sand at the ratio 1:1

(soil: sand). After plantation, water was sprayed as per the requirements. Observations on

stem sprouting and rooting were made fortnightly. The final rooting was recorded after a

lapse of 90 days. However, the male and female cuttings were again uprooted out after 6

months of planting for estimating the root system.

7.3. RESULTS

7.3.1. Effect of Plant Growth Hormones on rooting The effect of Plant Growth Regulators (Hormones) viz., IAA, IBA and NAA (25, 50, 100,

300, 500 and 1000 ppm) on rooting percentage of stem cuttings of H. rhamnoides is

presented in Fig.7.1-7.6. The rooting ability of stem cuttings was observed after 3 months

(90 days) of planting. The various treatments of PGRs (Hormones) with their

concentrations (25, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm) showed high significant differences

(p<0.05) in both male and female cuttings of this plant species. The study indicated that

the hormonal concentrations are the important factor for enhancing and stimulating the

rooting percentage of stem cuttings.

7.3.1. A. Effect of IAA on male and female cuttings The results of rooting percentage for male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides were

significantly affected by various concentrations of IAA. Different concentrations viz., 25,

50, 100, 300, 500, 1000 ppm showed different results for male and female cuttings. The

best and maximum rooting percentage of male and female cuttings collected from

different valleys was recorded under 50 ppm of IAA. Amongst all five valleys, the Mana

valley exhibited maximum rooting in soil as well as in mixture of soil and sand (1: 1).

The male and female cuttings of Mana valley performed maximum rooting percentage

with highest for female in soil (73.33±3.33 %) and in composite media (83.33±33 %). On

the other hand the results of IAA 1000 ppm showed the poor rooting performance for

95

male as well as for female cuttings. The minimum 6.67±3.33 % rooting in male cuttings

were recorded in Bhyundar, Niti, Gangotri and Yamunotri valleys for soil as well as

under composite media. The rooting percentage was also found very poor in female

cuttings with least value (10.00±5.77 %) in soil for Gangotri valley and slightly higher

(13.33±3.33 %) in composite media for Yamunotri valley.

7.3.1. B. Effect of IBA on male and female cuttings The percent of rooting in male and female cuttings collected from different valleys was

significantly (p<0.05) affected by 50 ppm of IBA. The maximum 70.00±5.77 % rooting

in soil was recorded for the male cuttings of Mana valley whereas female cuttings of

same valley showed highest (80.00±5.77 %) rooting percentage under soil media. The

cuttings, which were planted in the composite media, showed increased rooting

percentage. Among the valleys, the maximum rooting percentage for male and female

cuttings was observed for Mana and Niti valleys, respectively (Table 7.1, 7.2). The higher

concentration of IBA showed poor rooting response with minimum rooting was recorded

in 1000 ppm of IBA (Table 7.1, 7.2). Gangotri valley showed the minimum rooting

3.33±3.33 % for male and 13.33±8.82 % for female in soil whereas under composite

media it showed 13.33±3.33 % of rooting for male and female cuttings of same valley.

7.3.1. C. Effect of NAA on male and female cuttings The lower concentrations of NAA resulted maximum rooting percentage whereas, its

higher concentration showed low rooting percentage (Table 7.1, 7.2). NAA 50 ppm was

found significant (p<0.05) and has improved rooting percentages of male and female

cuttings of different valleys. In soil condition the maximum rooting 60.00±5.77 % for

male and 80.00±577 % for female was observed for the cuttings of Mana valley (Table

7.1). However, in composite rooting media (soil: sand) the rooting was higher

70.00±10.00 % for male and 83.33±3.33 % for female cuttings of Mana valley (Table

7.2) as compared to pure soil media. Gangotri valley showed the minimum rooting

10.00±5.77 % for male and 3.33±3.33 % for female under soil media while, 10.00±5.77

% and 13.33±8.82 % was recorded for male and female, respectively in composite

rooting media.

96

Plate 7.1. Showing details about vegetative propagation: (A) Experimental nursery of stem cuttings, (B) early sprouted cuttings, (C) established plants in polybags, (D) profused rooting after 6 months of cutting planted in nursery, (E) rooted stem cuttings, (F) plantation of well developed cuttings

BA

C D

E F

97

Table 7.1. Effect of Plant growth hormones on rooting of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides, collected from five valleys under soil media.

Hormone Valley Conc. (ppm) IAA IBA NAA

Male Female Male Female Male Female

Gangotri Control 26.67±3.3 40.00±5.8 - - - - 25 43.33±3.3 50.00±5.8 50.00±5.8 53.33±6.7 36.67±8.2 26.67±12.0 50 56.67±3.3 60.00±5.8 50.00±5.8 76.67±3.3 50.00±5.8 50.00±5.8 100 30.00±5.8 36.67±8.8 23.33±6.7 33.33±3.3 23.33±8.8 30.00±5.8 300 30.00±11.5 13.33±8.8 20.00±5.8 20.00±5.8 30.00±5.8 10.00±5.8 500 20.00±11.5 23.33±8.8 13.33±5.8 26.67±5.8 13.33±5.8 13.33±5.8 1000 10.00±5.8 10.00±5.8 3.33±3.3 13.33±8.8 10.00±5.8 3.33±3.3

Yamunotri Control 30.00±10.0 43.33±12.0 - - - - 25 30.00±5.78 30.00±5.8 23.33±8.8 36.67±3.3 16.67±3.3 23.33±3.3 50 40.00±5.8 56.67±5.8 33.33±8.8 33.33±3.3 43.33±3.3 43.33±3.3 100 10.00±5.8 40.00±5.8 20.00±5.8 10.00±5.8 16.67±3.3 36.67±6.7 300 20.00±5.8 26.67±6.7 20.00±5.8 33.33±3.3 20.00±0.0 23.33±8.8 500 13.33±8.8 10.00±5.8 13.33±3.3 30.00±5.8 16.67±3.3 23.33±3.3 1000 13.33±3.3 13.33±3.3 20.00±10.0 13.33±8.8 13.33±3.3 23.33±8.8

Bhyundar Control 30.00±5.8 40.00±5.8 - - - - 25 23.33±3.3 53.33±6.7 30.00±5.8 53.33±3.3 30.00±5.8 56.67±8.8 50 33.33±3.3 70.00±6.7 40.00±5.8 50.00±3.3 53.33±5.8 70.00±8.8 100 16.67±3.3 33.33±6.7 36.67±5.8 53.33±3.3 26.67±5.8 46.67±8.8 300 16.67±6.7 30.00±5.8 10.00±5.8 26.67±8.8 16.67±3.3 20.00±5.8 500 10.00±0.0 30.00±5.8 20.00±5.8 40.00±5.8 13.33±3.3 23.33±8.8 1000 6.67±3.3 13.33±3.3 13.33±3.3 20.00±5.8 13.33±3.3 30.00±11.5

Mana Control 23.33±3.3 40.00±5.8 - - - - 25 56.67±3.3 66.67±3.3 60.00±5.8 73.33±3.3 63.33±3.3 80.00±0.0 50 63.33±3.3 73.33±3.3 70.00±5.8 80.00±5.8 60.00±5.8 80.00±58 100 46.67±6.7 63.33±8.8 56.67±8.8 66.67±8.8 46.67±6.7 53.33±8.8 300 53.33±8.8 46.67±3.3 40.00±5.8 46.67±14.5 40.00±5.8 40.00±5.8 500 23.33±3.3 26.67±8.8 16.67±3.3 33.33±6.7 20.00±5.8 23.33±3.3 1000 23.33±3.3 26.67±8.8 20.00±5.8 23.33±8.8 13.33±3.3 13.33±3.3

Niti Control 33.33±6.7 43.33±3.3 - - - - 25 43.33±3.3 66.67±3.3 46.67±8.8 60.00±5.8 43.33±8.8 73.33±3.3 50 43.33±8.8 66.67±3.3 53.33±3.3 73.33±8.8 40.00±5.8 56.67±8.8 100 33.33±3.3 46.67±3.3 26.67±6.7 33.33±8.8 30.00±5.8 50.00±5.8 300 26.67±3.3 33.33±3.3 23.33±3.3 30.00±0.0 16.67±3.3 33.33±8.8 500 20.00±5.8 26.67±3.3 13.33±8.8 33.33±3.3 16.67±8.8 20.00±0.0 1000 6.67±3.3 13.33±3.3 3.33±3.3 20.00±5.8 10.00±5.8 20.00±0.0

Significant, p<0.05,

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Table 7.2. Effect of Plant growth hormones on rooting of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides, collected from five valleys under composite media (soil: sand).

Hormone Valley Conc. (ppm) IAA IBA NAA

Male Female Male Female Male Female

Gangotri Control 43.33±3.3 43.33±6.7 - - - - 25 53.33±3.3 66.67±3.3 43.33±6.7 60.00±5.8 36.67±8.8 46.67±3.3 50 63.33±6.7 70.00±5.8 53.33±3.3 80.00±5.8 46.67±3.3 50.00±5.8 100 33.33±3.3 46.67±8.8 23.33±12.0 33.33±6.7 40.00±5.8 33.33±3.3 300 23.33±6.7 43.33±8.8 20.00±5.8 6.67±3.3 26.67±8.8 36.67±12.0 500 16.67±6.7 30.00±8.8 16.67±5.8 30.00±3.3 26.67±8.8 26.67±12.0 1000 6.67±3.3 20.00±5.8 13.33±3.3 13.33±3.3 10.00±5.8 13.33±8.8

Yamunotri Control 30.00±11.5 33.33±3.3 - - - - 25 36.67±3.3 50.00±0.0 23.33±3.3 53.33±8.8 40.00±5.8 53.33±3.3 50 40.00±3.3 40.00±0.0 30.00±3.3 60.00±8.8 36.67±5.8 53.33±3.3 100 16.67±6.7 50.00±5.8 16.67±3.3 36.67±8.8 20.00±5.8 26.67±14.5 300 10.00±0.0 10.00±0.0 23.33±6.8 26.67±8.8 20.00±5.8 36.67±8.8 500 26.67±3.3 33.33±3.3 26.67±3.3 23.33±14.5 13.33±8.8 20.00±5.8 1000 6.67±3.3 13.33±3.3 23.33±8.8 30.00±5.8 23.33±3.3 30.00±15.3

Bhyundar Control 36.67±8.8 50.00±5.8 - - - - 25 40.00±5.8 56.67±6.7 30.00±5.8 66.67±8.8 40.00±5.8 60.00±5.8 50 53.33±5.8 66.67±6.7 53.33±5.8 80.00±8.8 66.67±58 70.00±5.8 100 43.33±5.8 50.00±6.7 43.33±5.8 66.67±8.8 43.33±5.8 53.33±5.8 300 20.00±5.8 30.00±11.5 16.67±6.8 46.67±3.3 13.33±3.3 26.67±3.3 500 20.00±5.8 40.00±11.5 13.33±8.8 33.33±6.7 23.33±3.3 33.33±3.3 1000 6.67±6.7 30.00±5.8 13.33±6.7 33.33±3.3 10.00±5.8 23.33±3.3

Mana Control 33.33±8.8 50.00±5.8 - - - - 25 70.00±5.8 76.67±6.7 66.67±8.8 73.33±6.7 76.67±3.3 76.67±8.8 50 66.67±8.8 83.33±3.3 76.67±6.7 80.00±5.8 70.00±10.0 83.33±3.3 100 46.67±6.7 56.67±12.0 66.67±6.7 63.33±8.8 56.67±6.7 56.67±8.8 300 46.67±6.7 43.33±8.8 56.67±3.3 53.33±12.0 40.00±11.5 40.00±10.0 500 33.33±8.8 33.33±14.5 16.67±6.7 23.33±8.8 26.67±8.8 26.67±6.7 1000 23.33±8.8 33.33±12.0 20.00±10.0 23.33±13.3 13.33±3.3 16.67±3.3

Niti Control 36.67±3.3 53.33±3.3 - - - - 25 50.00±5.8 76.67±3.3 60.00±0.0 66.67±8.8 60.00±5.8 76.67±6.7 50 53.33±3.3 80.00±5.8 53.33±8.8 83.33±3.3 46.67±3.33 80.00±58 100 26.67±6.7 56.67±6.7 26.67±3.3 46.67±6.7 40.00±11.5 56.67±6.7 300 26.67±6.7 43.33±3.3 16.67±3.3 36.67±3.3 23.33±8.8 56.67±8.2 500 10.00±5.8 30.00±10.0 23.33±3.3 43.33±6.7 33.33±3.3 50.00±0.0 1000 23.33±8.8 23.33±8.8 16.67±8.8 36.67±8.8 16.67±6.7 10.00±5.8

Significant, p<0.05,

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7.3.2. Effect of Hormones and rooting media on other

parameters of root

The other parameters of root i.e. number of root/shoot, root length and root diameter were

also considered to see the responses of different hormones and rooting media on male and

female cuttings of Hippophae rhamnoides.

7.3.2.(i) Number of roots / shoot: The results of various hormonal

concentrations showed significant differences (p<0.05) in the number of roots per shoot

for male and female cuttings in the cuttings of all the five valleys (Table 7.3, 7.4).

However, the results of cuttings of all valleys were approximately more or less same but

the application of different hormones and their concentrations showed useful effects over

the number of roots per shoot. The maximum number of roots per shoot (soaked in NAA

25 ppm) was recorded 3.3±0.3 for male and 4.3±0.9 for female cuttings of Bhyundar

valley with soil condition whereas, it was found very low 1.0±0.0 for male and 1.7±0.7

for female cuttings (soaked in IAA 1000 ppm) of Gangotri valley (Table 7.3). On the

other hand the results of composite rooting media showed maximum 3.3±0.3 for male

cuttings (soaked in IBA 25 ppm) of Yamunotri valley and 5.3±0.3 for female cuttings of

Bhyundar with 25 ppm of NAA. The cuttings of Niti valley treated with IAA 500 ppm

exhibited 1.3±0.3 and 2.3±0.7 roots per shoot for male and female cuttings, respectively

(Table 7.4).

7.3.2. (ii) Root Length: The results of root length were also affected with the

application of different concentrations of hormones in all valleys. The cuttings of Mana

valley which were soaked into IBA 50 ppm performed the maximum root length 3.8±0.7

cm for male and 5.1±0.8 cm for female in soil media while it was measured 0.5±0.1 cm

for male cuttings of Bhyundar valley and 0.9±0.3 cm for female cuttings of Niti valley

soil media (Table 7.5). On the other hand under composite media the length of root was

found maximum 5.7±0.6 cm for male and 6.2±1.2 cm for female cuttings of Niti valley

when treated with IBA 50 ppm. IBA 1000 ppm showed minimum length of root 0.7±0.3

100

cm for male cuttings of Yamunotri valley and 1.0±0.3 cm for female of Niti valley under

the composite rooting media (Table 7.6).

7.3.2.(iii) Root Diameter: The observation in relation to root diameter did not

show much variation and also did not show significant differences (p>0.05) between

male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides while, some of the concentrations showed

significant differences (p<0.05) for increasing the diameter of root. The maximum

diameter of male cuttings (2.2±0.2 mm) was recorded in NAA 25 ppm for Mana valley

under soil condition while 2.3±0.2 mm diameter was recorded for female cuttings of Niti

valley in soil media with same concentration (Table 7.7). The cuttings treated with IAA

500 and IBA 500 exhibited very low diameter for male cuttings while IAA 1000 ppm

exhibited 1.5±0.2 mm diameter for female cuttings of Mana and Niti valleys. On the

other hand the composite media showed maximum 2.3±0.1 mm diameter under 25 ppm

of NAA for the female cuttings (Niti valley) wheras, it was recorded 2.1±0.1 mm for

male cuttings of Bhyundar valley (Table 7.8). The least value of root diameter (1.4±0.1

mm) was observed under 500 ppm of IBA for male cuttings of Gangotri valley whereas,

it was 1.6±0.3 mm under 500 ppm of IBA for the female cuttings of Gangotri valley

under composite media of soil and sand (Table 7.8).

Table 7.3. Effect of plant growth hormones on the number of roots/shoot of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under pure soil condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 2.7±0.9 3.7±0.3 2.3±0.7 4.0±06 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.3 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.3 2.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 50 2.3±0.7 3.3±0.3 2.3±0.7 3.7±0.3 2.3±0.3 2.7±0.3 2.3±0.3 2.3±0.7 2.0±0.6 2.0±0.6

100 2.0±0.0 3.7±0.7 1.7±0.3 3.0±1.2 2.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.9 3.0±0.6 300 2.7±0.9 3.3±0.9 3.0±0.6 3.7±0.9 2.7±0.9 3.7±0.6 2.7±0.9 3.3±0.9 2.0±1.0 3.3±0.9 500 2.0±0.6 3.0±1.2 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.9 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.6 1.3±0.3 1.7±0.7

1000 1.0±0.0 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 2.7±0.3 2.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 1.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 IBA 25 2.7±0.9 3.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 3.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 4.3±0.9 2.7±0.3 4.3±0.3 3.3±0.3 4.0±0.6

50 2.3±0.7 3.0±1.2 1.7±0.7 3.0±0.9 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 2.7±0.3 2.7±0.3 100 2.3±0.7 3.0±0.0 2.3±0.7 2.7±0.6 1.7±0.3 3.3±0.3 2.7±0.3 4.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 300 1.7±0.7 4.0±0.6 2.3±0.7 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 3.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 500 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.0 2.7±0.9 3.3±0.7 2.7±0.9 2.7±0.3 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.0 2.0±0.6 2.0±0.6

1000 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 2.7±0.9 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 2.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 NAA 25 2.7±0.9 4.0±0.6 2.3±0.7 4.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 4.3±0.9 2.7±0.7 4.0±0.6 2.7±0.7 3.7±0.9

50 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 2.3±0.9 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.7 4.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 3.3±0.3 2.3±0.7 3.0±0.6 100 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 2.0±1.0 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 3.3±0.9 2.0±0.6 3.7±0.9 300 1.7±0.7 3.3±1.2 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 1.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 3.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 500 1.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7

1000 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 2.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 2.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 Control 2.3±0.3 3.7±0.3 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 2.7±0.9 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female

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Table 7.4. Effect of plant growth hormones on the number of roots/shoot of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under soil:sand condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 3.3±0.7 3.7±0.9 3.3±0.7 4.3±0.3 3.3±0.3 4.7±0.3 3.0±0.6 4.7±0.3 2.0±0.3 4.0±0.6 50 2.7±0.3 4.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.3 2.3±0.7 3.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6

100 3.3±0.3 2.3±1.3 2.0±0.6 3.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 2.0±0.6 300 2.0±0.6 3.3±1.3 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 2.0±1.0 3.7±0.9 500 2.3±0.7 2.3±1.3 2.3±0.3 3.7±0.9 2.3±0.7 3.3±0.3 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 1.3±0.3 2.3±0.7

1000 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 1.7±0.7 2.7±0.9 2.3±0.7 2.7±0.9 2.0±0.6 2.3±0.3 2.0±0.3 2.7±0.6 IBA 25 3.3±0.9 4.7±0.9 3.3±0.3 5.0±0.0 3.7±0.3 4.7±0.9 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 3.0±0.3 4.7±0.6

50 3.3±0.9 3.3±0.3 3.7±0.3 3.7±0.3 3.3±0.3 4.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 4.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 3.7±0.3 100 2.7±0.3 3.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 3.7±0.3 4.0±0.6 3.3±0.6 4.3±0.6 300 3.0±0.6 3.0±1.2 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 2.3±0.7 3.7±1.2 2.3±0.3 4.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 4.0±0.3 500 2.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 2.7±1.2 3.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.6 3.3±0.6

1000 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 2.7±0.3 3.0±0.0 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.6 3.0±0.9 NAA 25 2.7±0.3 4.0±0.0 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.9 2.7±0.3 5.3±0.3 3.0±0.6 4.7±0.3 3.0±0.7 4.3±0.9

50 2.0±0.6 3.7±0.7 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 3.0±0.0 3.7±0.3 2.7±0.7 3.7±0.6 100 2.7±1.2 3.0±0.6 2.7±0.9 3.0±0.0 3.3±0.9 2.7±0.9 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 3.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 300 2.3±0.7 2.7±0.9 2.3±0.3 3.3±0.9 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.9 2.7±0.3 3.7±0.3 2.3±0.6 3.7±0.3 500 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.9 1.7±0.7 3.0±0.6 2.3±0.7 3.0±0.6 2.0±0.6 3.3±0.3 2.0±0.7 3.0±0.7

1000 2.0±0.6 2.3±0.7 1.7±0.7 3.0±1.2 1.7±0.7 2.3±0.7 2.7±0.9 2.7±0.9 2.7±0.7 2.7±0.7 Control 3.0±0.6 4.0±0.6 2.3±0.9 4.0±0.6 2.7±0.7 3.0±0.0 3.0±0.0 2.7±0.3 2.3±0.7 2.3±0.7

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female Table 7.5. Effect of plant growth hormones on the root length (cm) of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under soil condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 3.1±0.3 4.2±0.4 3.1±0.1 4.5±0.6 2.9±0.2 4.2±0.7 3.9±0.1 4.6±0.5 3.3±0.2 4.5±0.5 50 2.8±0.3 4.2±0.8 2.8±0.3 3.8±0.8 3.5±0.5 4.0±0.5 3.6±0.6 4.7±0.6 3.8±0.6 4.7±0.5

100 1.9±0.5 4.1±0.4 2.0±0.4 4.0±0.4 2.5±0.1 3.8±0.5 2.3±0.4 4.4±0.3 2.6±0.4 3.9±0.3 300 2.3±0.5 2.1±0.5 1.9±0.4 2.1±0.6 1.9±0.1 2.5±0.1 2.0±0.3 2.9±0.5 1.7±0.2 2.6±0.5 500 0.9±0.4 1.8±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.9±0.1 0.7±0.2 1.3±0.3 1.0±0.2 1.2±0.3 0.7±0.2 1.2±0.2

1000 1.0±0.3 1.5±0.4 0.8±0.1 1.3±0.1 0.5±0.1 1.4±0.2 1.0±0.1 1.3±0.3 0.7±0.2 0.9±0.3 IBA 25 2.9±0.3 3.6±0.4 3.1±0.6 3.3±0.6 2.8±0.2 3.2±0.4 3.6±0.5 4.4±0.4 3.6±0.6 4.1±0.4

50 2.5±0.4 3.5±0.4 2.4±0.2 3.6±0.4 2.5±0.1 3.9±0.2 3.8±0.7 5.1±0.8 3.4±0.7 4.3±0.2 100 2.5±0.2 3.5±0.4 2.5±0.2 3.4±0.4 2.5±0.1 3.8±0.4 3.0±0.3 4.8±0.2 2.6±0.3 4.0±0.5 300 2.4±0.5 3.4±0.6 2.2±0.2 3.4±0.5 2.3±0.1 3.7±0.4 2.8±0.5 4.0±0.2 2.3±0.4 3.6±0.4 500 2.1±0.2 2.2±0.6 1.4±0.1 1.7±0.2 1.4±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.6±0.5 1.3±0.3 1.7±0.1

1000 1.0±0.4 1.3±0.3 1.1±0.4 1.1±0.3 1.3±0.3 1.1±0.3 1.0±0.2 1.2±0.1 0.7±0.2 1.0±0.1 NAA 25 3.1±0.7 3.3±0.5 3.3±0.5 3.2±0.3 3.2±0.6 3.4±0.2 4.0±0.4 4.1±0.5 3.6±0.3 3.7±0.3

50 3.0±0.3 3.3±0.5 2.7±0.5 3.3±0.8 2.6±0.6 3.5±0.6 3.1±0.3 4.3±0.1 3.0±0.3 3.4±0.4 100 2.0±0.3 3.1±0.3 1.6±0.1 2.8±0.4 1.6±0.2 2.8±0.3 2.3±0.6 3.1±0.2 2.3±0.5 3.0±0.5 300 1.7±0.4 2.6±1.0 1.6±0.3 3.0±0.2 1.6±0.4 2.6±0.2 2.1±0.2 2.8±0.2 1.6±0.3 2.7±0.7 500 1.5±0.4 1.4±0.5 1.2±0.7 1.5±0.3 1.2±0.5 1.6±0.4 1.7±0.4 1.9±0.2 1.4±0.4 1.5±0.3

1000 1.5±0.3 1.5±0.7 1.1±0.1 1.4±0.4 1.1±0.3 1.4±0.1 0.7±0.2 1.1±0.2 1.0±0.5 1.7±0.3 Control 2.2±0.2 3.3±0.4 2.2±0.3 3.0±0.6 2.4±0.5 3.5±0.5 2.4±0.7 3.9±0.2 2.6±0.3 3.3±0.3

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female

102

Table 7.6. Effect of plant growth hormones on the root length (cm) of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under soil:sand condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 4.0±0.4 4.6±0.5 4.3±o.4 4.7±0.8 4.8±0.3 5.2±0.5 5.1±o.3 6.0±0.8 5.1±0.2 5.8±0.6 50 3.9±0.2 5.1±0.2 4.0±0.3 4.8±0.3 4.2±0.6 5.2±0.3 4.4±0.6 5.5±0.3 4.6±0.3 5.5±0.3

100 2.4±0.1 4.2±0.3 2.6±0.2 4.7±0.2 3.0±0.4 4.6±0.2 3.0±0.1 4.9±0.4 2.4±0.1 4.4±0.4 300 2.8±0.5 3.0±0.4 2.1±0.7 3.7±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.6±0.5 2.3±0.4 3.2±0.4 2.1±0.5 2.9±0.4 500 1.1±0.3 1.7±0.4 1.1±0.3 2.1±0.1 1.0±0.3 1.4±0.6 1.5±0.2 1.9±0.4 1.0±0.1 1.6±0.3

1000 1.2±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.0±0.4 1.5±0.1 1.0±0.3 1.7±0.2 1.2±0.4 2.0±0.2 0.9±0.2 1.2±0.4 IBA 25 3.5±0.4 4.2±0.2 3.7±0.4 4.6±0.2 4.0±0.3 4.6±0.4 4.7±0.4 5.1±0.5 4.3±0.5 5.1±0.5

50 3.6±0.1 4.1±0.1 3.6±0.2 4.5±0.5 4.3±0.4 4.6±0.5 5.7±0.5 5.6±1.3 5.7±0.6 6.2±1.2 100 2.8±0.3 3.6±0.6 2.7±0.3 3.6±0.3 2.9±0.3 4.5±0.6 3.9±0.2 5.0±0.4 3.3±0.3 4.8±0.2 300 2.9±0.6 3.7±0.6 2.7±0.2 4.1±0.5 3.0±0.4 4.2±0.5 2.9±0.9 3.8±0.7 2.9±0.4 3.8±0.5 500 1.9±0.5 3.0±0.2 1.5±0.2 2.5±0.3 1.9±0.5 2.2±0.7 1.8±0.3 2.0±0.2 1.5±0.2 2.0±0.3

1000 1.3±0.4 1.9±0.3 0.7±0.3 1.2±0.3 0.9±0.4 1.3±0.2 1.3±0.5 1.5±0.1 1.4±0.3 1.0±0.3 NAA 25 3.8±0.6 4.7±0.5 3.5±0.4 4.4±0.8 3.7±0.4 5.3±0.5 4.6±0.4 5.6±0.2 4.0±0.5 5.3±0.6

50 3.0±0.3 3.4±0.7 3.1±0.2 3.7±0.4 3.5±0.3 4.6±0.4 3.6±0.7 4.1±0.4 3.5±0.4 4.8±0.2 100 2.1±0.4 3.6±0.4 2.3±0.5 3.8±0.7 2.5±0.5 3.8±0.9 3.0±0.9 5.2±1.0 3.0±0.6 4.1±0.8 300 2.8±0.4 3.2±0.8 2.7±0.3 3.2±0.2 2.8±0.4 3.6±0.6 2.8±0.2 3.7±0.5 2.9±0.3 3.4±0.5 500 2.2±0.4 1.6±0.4 1.5±0.7 1.4±0.4 1.6±0.2 1.3±0.2 1.7±0.5 1.8±0.5 1.2±0.4 1.8±0.3

1000 1.3±0.6 1.9±0.1 1.3±0.5 1.2±0.1 1.3±0.1 1.6±0.4 1.5±0.1 1.9±0.4 1.0±0.3 1.5±0.5 Control 2.1±0.4 2.9±0.7 2.5±0.3 3.5±0.5 2.8±0.4 3.8±0.4 2.4±0.4 3.9±0.7 2.6±0.4 3.8±0.7

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female Table 7.7. Effect of plant growth hormones on the root diameter (mm) of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under soil condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 1.6±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.5±0.1 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.3 1.9±0.2 1.6±0.2 1.6±0.2 50 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.7±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.6±0.2 1.5±0.2 1.7±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.5±0.2

100 1.8±0.1 1.9±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.5±0.3 1.9±0.2 1.4±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.1±0.1 1.8±0.2 300 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.3 1.8±0.3 1.8±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.7±0.2 1.3±0.3 1.7±0.3 1.1±0.1 1.6±0.2 500 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.9±0.1 1.2±0.3 1.8±0.1 1.5±0.3 1.9±0.1 1.1±0.2 1.7±0.2

1000 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.3 1.6±0.2 1.6±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.6±0.2 1.6±0.4 1.5±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.5±0.2 IBA 25 2.1±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.0±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1

50 1.7±0.3 1.9±0.1 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.3 1.8±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.1 1.8±0.1 100 1.4±0.2 2.0±0.1 1.7±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.2 2.1±0.4 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.6±0.2 2.1±0.1 300 1.4±0.2 1.7±0.3 1.6±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.3±0.3 2.0±0.2 1.6±0.3 2.2±0.2 1.3±0.3 1.9±0.1 500 1.2±0.2 1.8±0.3 1.3±0.3 1.7±0.3 1.4±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.6±0.2 1.8±0.3 1.1±0.2 1.8±0.3

1000 1.6±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.7±0.3 2.0±0.3 1.7±0.3 1.8±0.3 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.7±0.4 2.1±0.3 NAA 25 1.8±0.2 2.1±0.2 1.8±0.3 2.2±0.2 2.0±0.2 2.2±0.1 2.2±0.2 2.2±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.3±0.2

50 1.9±0.2 2.1±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.2 2.1±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 2.2±0.2 100 1.5±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.6±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.2 300 1.5±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.5±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.5±0.2 2.1±0.2 1.4±0.2 2.1±0.1 500 1.5±0.0 2.0±0.2 1.6±0.2 1.9±0.3 1.4±p.3 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.5±0.3 1.8±0.2

1000 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.8±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.8±0.0 1.9±0.2 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.1 Control 1.8±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.9±0.4 2.0±0.2 2.1±0.1 1.9±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.9±0.2

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female

103

Table 7.8. Effect of plant growth hormones on the root diameter (mm) of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides under soil:sand condition.

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti Treatment M F M F M F M F M F

IAA 25 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.8±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.7±0.0 2.1±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.6±0.1 2.1±0.1 50 1.8±0.3 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.1 1.7±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.9±0.1

100 1.9±0.3 1.8±0.1 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 300 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.8±0.1 1.8±0.1 1.6±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.4±0.2 2.0±0.2 500 1.6±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.5±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.5±0.2 1.9±0.3 1.5±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.4±0.1 1.8±0.3

1000 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.3 1.7±0.1 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.3 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.7±0.1 1.7±0.2 IBA 25 2.1±0.2 1.9±0.3 1.8±0.3 1.9±0.4 1.7±0.4 2.0±0.2 2.1±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.0±0.1

50 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.3 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.0±0.1 2.2±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.2±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.2±0.2 100 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.3 2.0±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.2 1.9±0.1 2.1±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.2±0.3 300 1.6±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.6±0.3 1.9±0.2 1.9±0.3 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.2 2.0±0.3 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.2 500 1.4±0.1 1.6±0.3 1.6±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.6±0.1 1.8±0.4 1.6±0.1 1.8±0.3 1.6±0.1 1.7±0.3

1000 2.0±0.3 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.1 1.8±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.3 NAA 25 1.9±0.2 2.1±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.2±0.1 2.0±0.2 2.2±0.2 2.0±0.2 2.3±0.2 2.0±0.2 2.3±0.1

50 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.2±0.2 2.1±0.2 2.1±0.1 2.2±0.2 2.2±0.2 2.2±0.1 2.1±0.1 2.2±0.2 100 2.0±0.2 2.2±0.1 1.7±0.2 2.1±0.1 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.1 2.0±0.1 2.3±0.1 1.9±0.1 2.2±0.2 300 1.6±0.0 1.9±0.1 1.7±0.2 2.0±0.1 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.6±0.2 2.0±0.0 500 1.7±0.2 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.3 1.5±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.6±0.1 2.0±0.4 1.6±0.2 1.9±0.1

1000 1.9±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.2 1.8±0.2 1.8±0.2 2.1±0.1 1.8±0.2 1.9±0.2 1.8±0.2 2.1±0.2 Control 1.9±0.1 1.9±0.2 1.9±0.2 2.2±0.2 2.0±0.2 1.7±0.4 1.9±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.9±0.1 1.8±0.3

P<0.05; M= Male, F= Female

7.4. DISCUSSION

The results of these experiments highlighted that the Seabuckthorn (H. rhamnoides) stem

cuttings of male and female plants could be propagated successfully. Optimum rooting

percentage of cuttings was recorded, which implies that effective vegetative propagation

of this species could be feasible. The natural habitat (original climatic conditions) at

2600m amsl, was selected and used for undertaking in-depth vegetative propagation

experiments. Rooting response under control treatment clearly indicate the necessity of

the different treatments of plant growth hormones to initiate the better rooting percentage.

It was observed that the lower concentrations (25 and 50 ppm) of various plant growth

hormones provide better results of vegetative propagation. The study is also strengthened

by the Garonovich (2003), who recommended treatment of cuttings with IBA (100

mg/lit), IBA (50 mg/lit) and NAA (50 mg/lit) for 16 hours. On the other hand, the higher

concentrations (100, 300, 500 and 1000 ppm) of hormones have shown poor rooting

response over the male and female cuttings (Fig. 7.3-7.6). The results (Fig. 7.2) indicated

that the IBA 50 ppm increased the rooting percentage of male and female cuttings

followed by NAA 50 ppm and IAA 50 ppm. The male and female cuttings collected from

104

Mana valley showed highest 70.00±5.77 % and 80.00±5.77 % of rooting in IBA 50 ppm

under soil media. Moreover, better responses with IBA were in conformity with the

reports of its effectiveness as compared to several naturally occurring auxins in

promotion of adventitious roots (Hartmann and Kester, 1983).

Rooting media also plays a key role for improving the rooting results in the same

cuttings under the same treatment (Leakey, 1990; Berhe and Negash, 1998). Under the

composite rooting media of soil and sand (1: 1) the plant developed 76.67±6.67 % and

80.00±5.77 % of rooting for male and female cuttings treated with IBA 50 ppm. The

study is supported by the work carried out by Shuhua et al. (1989) as their work indicated

that the sand being porous (higher oxygen), is an important medium to improve the

rooting percentage of H. rhamnoides (Singh and Gupta, 2003). The results of rooting

percentage obtained in soil media revealed that the mixture of soil and sand improved the

rooting percentage up to 16.66 % (26.67±3.33 % to 43.33±3.33 %) under control

treatment particularly for male cuttings of Gangotri valley (Table 7.1, 7.2).

The result obtained in the present case related to number of root per shoot showed

that the various concentrations of plant growth hormones were found highly significant

(p<0.05) for both male and female cuttings of the target species. It was observed that the

number of roots per shoot was found maximum in the cuttings, which were treated with

NAA 25 ppm while, the minimum number was observed in the 500 ppm and 1000 ppm

of IAA (Table 7.3, 7.4). On an average there were 3 to 5 roots formed in a shoot besides,

the number of roots per shoot of female cutting was found higher as compared to male.

Shuhua et al. (1989) also measured the same number of average roots in their experiment.

On the other hand, the type of rooting media applied also affected the mean number of

roots as the result revealed which increased the root number of male and female cuttings

under composite media (Table 7.4).

The cuttings treated with different concentrations of IAA, IBA and NAA showed

the significant differences (p<0.05) for the root length of male and female cuttings treated

with both the media. The results revealed that the IBA 50ppm served as a best medium to

stimulate and enhance root length under both of the rooting media (Table 7.5, 7.6). The

over all results showed 3.5 cm to 5 cm mean root length for 90 days old stem cuttings of

105

the target species. Shuhua et al. (1989) observed an average of 3.6 cm long root for the

cuttings collected from the base part of Seabuckthorn plant. The earlier work indicated

that after a period of 7 months of planting, the root length increased up to more than 15

cm long under various treatments/concentrations of IBA (Sankhyan et al., 2003). The

result of the present study also showed profused rooting with higher root length after 6

months of planting (Plate 7.1).

The different concentrations of plant growth hormones applied have no significant

differences (p>0.05) for increasing the root diameter. However, the male and female

cuttings showed significant differences for root diameter. The female cuttings have a

slightly more diameter then the male cuttings but have no significant differences (p>0.05)

within the two rooting media (Table 7.7, 7.8). The average root diameter of the cuttings

of 90 days was measured 2.2±0.2 mm for male and 2.3±0.2 mm for female cuttings of H.

rhamnoides.

106

25 ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.1. Effect of 25 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)

107

50 ppm

0102030405060708090

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.2. Effect of 50 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)

108

100 ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80M

ale

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.3. Effect of 100 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)

109

300 ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70M

ale

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.4. Effect of 300 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)

110

500 ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60M

ale

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.5.Effect of 500 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)

111

1000 ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60M

ale

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Mal

e

Fem

ale

Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand Soil Soil: Sand

IAA IBA NAA Control

Roo

ting

(%)

Gangotri Yamunotri Bhyundar Mana Niti

Fig. 7.6. Effect of 1000 ppm of different plant growth hormones on rooting % of male and female cuttings of H. rhamnoides collected from five valleys under both the rooting media (soil, soil: sand)