18 Hellberg Index

535

I

NDEX

Numerics

1x Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT), 3713GPP (Third-Generation Partnership Project),

366–367, 370architecture, 379–380QoS, 380Release 99 (R99), 379structure, 377WLAN integration, 390

A

AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5), 185AC (Attachment Circuit), 126AC System Error, 191Accept All Requests, authentication and, 482access

bit stream, 249–259enhanced Internet, 62GAN, 391–392high-availability

broadband, 170–181Ethernet architecture, 175–176

IGMP proxy, 102–103last mile broadband, 219

ADSL, 220, 227ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 227–230SHDSL, 235VDSL/VDSL2, 230–235

POTS to DSLAMs, 64protocols, 186

DHCP, 196–207IPv6 environments, 216PPP, 186–196selecting, 207–216

access node (AN), 233Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP), 357, 467Access-Accept packet, 282Access-Request packet, 274Accounting-Alive packet, 274Accounting-Start packet, 274Accounting-Stop packet, 274acknowledgment (ACK), 314acquisition servers (A-servers), 43Address Resolution Protocol.

See

ARPaddresses

allocation, 198–207assigning, 454, 456compatibility, 414customer LANs, 427–430DA, 71DHCP

assigning, 414–417static, 417–419

IP.

See also

IPFramed-IP-Addresses, 420ranges, 414

local pools, 407–411

18_Hellberg_Index.fm Page 535 Tuesday, April 10, 2007 5:11 PM

I

NDEX

536

MACpseudowires, 127resolving, 418scaling, 154

NAPT, 158NAT, 158PPP, 412–419remote pools, 411–412SAs, 489single source, 107–108static PPP, 420–421subscribers, 421–427

address-pool-name command, 410–411ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line),

3, 5, 220, 227Ethernet DSLAMs, 121

ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 31, 227–230advanced dynamic service provisioning, 459–467Advances to IMS (A-IMS), 388–389advantages

of DHCP, 211–213of PPPoE, 207–209

advertising, targeted, 54aggregation

BNGs, 469DSLAM, 122, 145–146networks, 169–170routes, 426

A-IMS (Advances to IMS), 388–389Alcatel, 8algorithms

EPD PPD, 308GCRA, 309WRR, 319–322

ALGs (Application Layer Gateways), 302allocating addresses, 198–207Amati, 8American National Standards Institute.

See

ANSIAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Company.

See

AT&TAN (access node), 233annexes

implementations, 239series, 17systems, 230

ANCP (Access Node Control Protocol), 357, 467ANSI (American National Standards Institute),

6, 220

anycast LNS, 281Application Layer

proxies, 475–477SBCs as proxies, 475–477

Application Layer Gateways (ALGs), 302application servers (ASs), IMS, 387applications

data rates, 31wireless broadband, 365

CDMA evolution/3GPP2, 370–372GSM evolution/3GPP, 367–370IMT-2000, 365–366

architecture3GPP, 379–380BNG, 173–175dialup provider-hosted L2TP, 263DiffServ, 296–299DSL, 21–29end-to-end VoIP, 65head-end, video, 41high-availability

BNG element, 178–181Ethernet access, 175–176

IMS, 366IPTVe, 44provider, 162–168routers, 342–346service VLANs, 157triple-play QoS, 346

centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351

UMTS, 374–375VLANs, 156–162

ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businessmen, Japan), 370

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 431, 418ARPU (Average Revenue Per User), 3ARQ (Automatic Retransmission reQuest), 401A-servers (acquisition servers), 43ASs (application servers), IMS, 387assigning

addresses, 414–417, 454–456DHCP, 414–417static DHCP, 417–419static PPP, 420–421

BNG addresses, 407services, 454, 456


I

NDEX

537

Association of Radio Industries and Businessmen, Japan (ARIB), 370

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

See

ADSLAsynchronous Transfer Mode.

See

ATMAT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph

Company), 246ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 2

bridged IP over, 198DSLAMs, 13interconnects, 249–253PPPoA, 186, 188–190PPPoE, 190–196pseudowires, 123–144

ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5), 185Attachment Circuit (AC), 126attacks

DDoS, 488DoS, 470–473

Attribute 242 filters, 456authentication, 481

Accept All Requests, 482DSLAM-to-BNG, 272–274LAC-to-LNS, 274–276optimizing, 482–483RADIUS, 448subscriber, 272–276

authorizationCoA, 413, 457, 480line-based, 273

AutoDiscovery, 191automated P2MP LSP provisioning, 93–96automatic pool configuration, 412automatic protection switching, 257Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ), 401availability.

See also

HAcore networks, 106–115Ethernet architecture, 175–176measuring, 171–173pseudowires, 177troubleshooting, 171–173

Average Revenue Per User (ARPU), 3

B

backbones (triple-play networks)design, 67–68highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS, 68–79multicast protocols, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106

backhaul networks, troubleshooting, 173backplanes, 344backward explicit congestion notification.

See

BECNband plans, VDSL2, 233bandpass filters, 4bandwidth

CAC, 462–467commands, 313QoS, 291

base tunnel signaling, 142basic dynamic service provisioning, 452–459BE (best-effort) traffic, 292BECN (backward explicit congestion

notification), 298Bell Telephone Company, 246Bell, Alexander Graham, 245Bellcore, 5best-effort (BE) traffic, 292BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection),

97, 110, 213BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control

Function), 388BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), route

reflection, 153Bidirectional Forwarding Detection.

See

BFDbilling platforms, 446bit shifters, 29bit streams, access, 249–259blackhole routing, 489BNGs (Broadband Network Gateways), 13, 469

architecture, 173–175centralized, 351–355connections, 97–99, 406–427control plane security, 486–488DHCP, 199, 206, 412–419distributed, 356–357DSLAMs, 38, 272–274dual-stack models, 437hardware, 178high-availability element architecture,

178–181IGMP proxy, 102–103interface triggers, 480L3VPNs, 69Layer 3 wholesale networks, 260local address pools, 407–411MPLS, 96–106packet filters, 489PPP, 187


I

NDEX

538

PPPoE AutoDiscovery, 191rate-limiting L2TP, 265remote address pools, 411–412RPF checking, 472SFD, 487software, 179VoIP, 70

BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol), 196Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), route

reflection, 153boundaries, trust, 346–351B-RAS (Broadband Remote Access Server),

13, 38Breakout Gateway Control Function

(BGCF), 388bridged IP over ATM, 198bridged mode, 192–193, 429bridged RGs, DHCP with, 213bridged virtual interface (BVI), 198bridging traffic, 269broadband access networks, L2TP, 263–269Broadband Network Gateways.

See

BNGsBroadband Remote Access Server (B-RAS), 13, 38broadcast channels, 484–485BSR (bootstrap router), 84BT (U.K.), 389buckets, 306business connectivity, 59–63business strategies, need for QoS, 292BVI (bridged virtual interface), 198

C

cable patches, 248CAC (Call Admission Control), 49, 300, 453,

462–467Call Admission Control.

See

CACCall Session Control Function (CSCF), 386Calling-Station-IDs, 448CAP (Carrier Amplitude Phase), 220Carrier-Supporting-Carrier VPNs, 78catalogs, media, 54CBR (constant bit rate) circuits, 197CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair

Queuing), 329CCC (Circuit Cross Connect), 124CCSA (China Communications Standards

Association), 370CDM (Code Division Multiplexing), 371

CE (Customer Edge) routers, 70Central Office.

See

COcentralized BNGs, 351–355C-Flow, 488CGw/CCF (Charging Gateway/Charging

Collection Function), 390Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol.

See

CHAPChange of Authorization (CoA), 457, 480channels

broadcast, 484–485SD-TV, 44Whale Channel, 485

CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 186

Charging Gateway/Charging Collection Function (CGw/CCF), 390

China Communications Standards Association (CCSA), 370

churn (routing), reducing, 423Circuit Cross Connect (CCC), 124circuits

AC, 126CBR, 197crosstalk, 221LAD, 9pseudowires, 125.

See also

pseudowiresservices, 374–375

Circuit-Switched Data (CSD), 367Cisco, 19Cisco 10000 policing and shaping overheads, 337Cisco IOS

classification configuration, 305configuration, 410–411hierarchical rate-limiting, 312policy forwarding, 72PPPoA, 190scheduler hierarchies, 330

class of service.

See

CoSClass-Based Weighted Fair Queuing

(CBWFQ), 329classes, traffic (UMTS), 380classification, QoS, 306CLECs (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers), 9CLI (Command-Line Interface), 340, 480clients

BNG as DHCP, 206DHCP, 414–417


I

NDEX

539

CLP (Cell Loss Priority), 298Clusters, distributed video, 48CO (Central Office)

Ethernet DSLAMs, 118POTS access to DSLAM, 64residential and SME dynamic service

provisioning, 445CoA (Change of Authorization), 413, 457, 480Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing

(CWDM), 327Code Division Multiplexing (CDM), 371collection, statistics, 488Command-Line Interface.

See

CLIcommands

address-pool-name, 410–411bandwidth, 313ip address-pool local, 409ip helper-address, 416peer default ip address pool, 411set dhcp relay, 416

common carrier status, 350Common Open Policy Service (COPS), 461Communications Act of 1934, 9comparing wholesale broadband networks,

283–286compatibility, addresses, 414Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs), 9components, wireless broadband, 372–377concurrency rate, 40confidentiality, 481configuration

automatic pool, 412BNG

connections, 406–427DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412

Cisco IOS, 410–411classification

Cisco IOS, 305Juniper JUNOS, 304

Juniper JUNOSe, 408–410networks, 423–426triple-play networks, 67–68, 117

DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,

170–181

highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106

congestion, 329connections

BNG, 97–99configuring, 406–427DHCP, 412–419DSLAMs, 38local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412

business connectivity, 59–63CAC, 300PPP, 187.

See also

PPPconstant bit rate.

See

CBRConstrained Shortest Path First (CSPF), 87control plane security, 486–488control words, 129controllers, middleware, 460copper

history of networks, 3–6loop unbundling, 248network reticulation, 234–235

COPS (Common Open Policy Service), 461core networks

highly available, 106–115IMS, 385properties, 143

core protocols, 111, 112CoS (class of service), 289Cosine, 19CPE (Customer Premises Equipment), 39, 158

DiffServ, 299G.DMT, 223troubleshooting, 172

credentials, VoIP security, 475–478credits, 306crosstalk, 221CSCF (Call Session Control Function), 386CSD (Circuit-Switched Data), 367CSPF (Constrained Shortest Path First), 87Customer Edge.

See

CECustomer Premises Equipment.

See

CPEC-VLAN shaping, 328CWDM (Coarse Wave Division Multi-

plexing), 327


I

NDEX

540

D

DA (destination address), 71daisy-chained DSLAMs, 119–120DAR (Dynamic Adaptive Routing), 293dark fiber, 145data encoding, D.GMT, 223–225data modulation, D.GMT, 225data rates, applications, 31data services, 55–63databases, users, 447datagrams, prioritization, 294DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service)

attacks, 488DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless

Telecommunications), 366dedicated LNS load balancing, 283delivery

multicast using VPLS, 92–96P2MP LSPs for, 85–86SDP, 159

denial of service attacks.

See

DoSDense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM),

145, 327Department of Defense (DoD), 444deployment

DHCP, 215IPv6, 436–441

DHCP, 439L2TP, 440–441PPPoE, 436–439

native IP multicast, 79–85QoS, 289–290

classification, 306determining need for, 290–294marking, 306prioritization concepts, 294–300queuing, 313–318rate-limiting, 306–313router forwarding architectures, 342–346scheduling, 318, 342

RSVP-TE LSPs, 108VLANs, 168

designing triple-play networks, 67–68, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability

broadband access, 170–181core networks, 106–115

MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106

designated router (DR), 81DESS (Directory-Enabled Service Selection), 457destination address (DA), 71detection

BFD, 97, 110, 213failure, 110fault (Ethernets), 176G.DMT, 226IDS.

See

IDSSFD, 487

determining need for QoS, 290–294devices

intServ, 296MRF, 388

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 14, 185, 196–207

addresses, 414–417advantages of, 211–213BNG, 206disadvantages of, 213–216IPv6 deployment, 439LAN addressing, 427–428negotiation, 455PPP address assignment using, 412–419relay-proxy, 204–206selecting, 207–216servers, 417static addresses, 417–419

DHNR (Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing), 293dial-up provider-hosted L2TP architecture, 263Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP), 297DiffServ (Differentiated Services), 289, 296–299Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

(DECT), 366Digital Local Exchange (DLE), 247digital mobile video broadcast, 396Digital Rights Management (DRM), 51–53Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer.

See

DSLAMDigital Subscriber Line.

See

DSLDigital Video Broadcast, Satellite (DVB-S)

standard, 41Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld

(DVB-H), 396


I

NDEX

541

Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H), 397–398

Directory-Enabled Service Selection (DESS), 457disadvantages

of DHCP, 213–216of PPPoE, 209–211

discovery, VPLS topology, 177–181Discrete Multitone (DMT), 6, 220distributed BNGs, 356–357Distributed Denial of Service attacks.

See

DDoSdistributed forwarding, 344distributed multicast edges, running, 352–355distributed video clusters, 48distribution

routes, 423–426servers (D-servers), 43

DLE (Digital Local Exchange), 247DMH (Dual-Mode Handset), 391DMT (Discrete Multitone), 6, 220DoD (Department of Defense), 444DoS (denial of service) attacks, 192, 470–473, 481downstream carriers, 231DR (designated router), 81DRA (Dynamic Rate Adaptation), 228DRM (Digital Rights Management), 51–53dry copper loops, 9dry pair, 9DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point), 297D-servers (distribution servers), 43DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 3

architecture, 21–29bit stream access, 249–259early termination, 12history of networks, 6–8, 10Layer 2, 22port identification, 276–277

DSL Forum (DSL-F), 8, 19–20DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access

Multiplexer), 11, 117BNGs, 38centralized BNGs, 351daisy-chained, 119–120Ethernets, 14, 118–122history of networks, 11–14hub-and-spoke, 120–121POTS access to, 64pseudowires, 123–144rate-limiting L2TP, 264

subtended, 119–121traditional transport, 145–146transport models, 121

DSLAM-to-BNG authentication, 272–274DSL-F (DSL Forum), 8, 19–20Dual-Mode handset (DMH), 391dual-mode radios, 366dual-stack BNG models, 437duty cycles, 401DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld),

397–398DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcast) standard, 41DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing),

145, 327Dynamic Adaptive Routing (DAR), 293Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

See

DHCP

Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing (DHNR), 293dynamic PIM joins, 100Dynamic Rate Adaptation (DRA), 228dynamic services

edges, 357provisioning, 445–450

dynamic user session controlresidential and SME dynamic service

provisioning, 445–450service provisioning flow, 451–467

E

EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 186early DSL termination, 12Early Packet Discard.

See

EPDearly user access implementations, 16ECI Telecom, 8E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel), 401edge routers

distributed multicast, running, 352–355redundancy, 114–115

EF (Expedited Forwarding), 297efficiency

routing tables, 422traffic routing, 153

electrical characteristicsof SHDSL, 237–239of VDSL, 230–232

elements, services, 446–450enabling DHCP relays on JUNOSe, 416


I

NDEX

542

encapsulationEthernets, 231OSI Model, 444

encoding G.DMT, 223–225encryption, video, 51–53endpoints, CAC, 300end-to-end VoIP, 64–66engines

meditation, 447rating, 447SPE, 449

Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH), 401enhanced Internet access, 62entities, IMS, 385EPD (Early Packet Discard), 308error correction, G.DMT, 226ERX-Address-Pool-Name = pool1, 409Ethernets

BFD, 110DSLAMs, 14, 118–122

aggregation, 122daisy-chained, 119–120hub-and-spoke, 120–121subtended, 119–121transport models, 121

encapsulation, 231fault detection, 176GELS, 154high-availability access architecture, 175–176interconnects, 253–256metro, 175pseudowires, 123–144

ETSI (European Technical Standards Institute), 237

evolutionof DSL architecture, 21–29of DSLAM, 11–14of service, 15–20

exchanges, messages (VPLS), 149EXP (experimental) fields, 302Expedited Forwarding.

See

EFexperimental (EXP) field, 302explicit tracking, 102Extensible Authentication Protocol.

See

EAP

F

fabric, 344failover, nondeterministic, 109failure detection, 110

Far-End Crosstalk.

See

FEXTfast reroute local protection, 109fault detection, Ethernets, 176FBF (Filter-based Forwarding), 71FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 9FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing), 221FDF (Fiber Distribution Frame), 145, 172FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing), 220FEC (Forward Error Correction), 226FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 95FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion

Notification), 298Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 9FEXT (Far-End Crosstalk), 221Fiber Distribution Frame (FDF), 145fields

Diffserv, 297EXP, 302giaddr, 415IP prioritization, 294TLV, 434

FIFO (First In/First Out), 313Filter-based Forwarding (FBF), 71filters

Attribute 242, 456packets, 489PIM-ASM, 81

firewalls, 479, 486First In/First Out (FIFO), 313fixed bandwidths, 293Fixed/Mobile Convergence.

See

FMCFLO (Media Forward Link Only), 396, 399flooding

attacks, 470MAC, 149

Flow, service provisioning, 451–467FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), 366, 389–394Forward Error Correction (FEC), 226Forward Explicit Congestion Notification.

See

FECNforwarding, 59

BFD, 97, 110, 213distributed, 344EF, 297FBF, 71integration with PIM source-specific

multicast, 90, 92IPv6, 433multicast, 166planes, 88


I

NDEX

543

policies, 74router architectures, 342–346RPF, 90–92, 471–472VRF address pools, 411

Forwarding Equivalence Class.

See

FECfragmentation, L2TP, 277–280Frame Relay, 2, 123–144framed routes, 420Framed-IP-Addresses, 420frequency, VDSL, 231Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD), 221Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 220future

of VPLS multicast delivery, 96of wireless broadband

applications, 365–372components, 372–377evolution of, 399–403FMC, 389–394IMS, 381–389video integration, 395–399

G

G.DMT, 222data encoding, 223–225data modulation, 225error correction and detection, 226standards and spectrum, 223

G.lite, 227gaming, 56–57GAN (Generic Access Network), 391–392GANC (Generic Access Network Controller), 392Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSNs), 379gateways

ALPs, 302BNGs, 469.

See also

BNGsLSSG, 457RG

DHCP, 212PPPoE, 190

SEGW, 392services, 445streaming, 46troubleshooting, 172

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), 367GCRA (Generic Cell Rate Algorithm), 309GELS (Generalized Ethernet Label Switching), 154General Packet Radio Service.

See

GPRS

General Post Office.

See

GPOGeneral Switch Management Protocol

(GSMP), 358Generalized Ethernet Label Switching

(GELS), 154Generic Access Network (GAN), 391–392Generic Access Network Controller (GANC), 392Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA), 309GERAN (GSM/GPRS Radio Access Net-

work), 392giaddr field, 415GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying), 367Google video, 235GPO (General Post Office), 245GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), 368–379Graceful Restart, 180groups

DiffServ, 298static IGMP, 100

GSM/GPRS Radio Access Network (GERAN), 392

GSMP (General Switch Management Protocol), 358

guarantees, IntServ, 296

H

HA (high availability)BNG element architecture, 178–181broadband access, 170–181Ethernet access architecture, 175–176video, 43

handsets, 366DMH, 391FMC, 389–394

hardwareBNG, 178dedicated LNS load balancing, 283distributed forwarding, 344SAR, 339

HDR (high data rate), 371HD-TV (High Definition Television), 145, 462headers

IP DiffServ fields, 297IPv6, 432MPLS, 302

head-end architecture, video, 41Hello (Norway), 389HFC (hybrid fiber/co-axial), 2, 5, 219


I

NDEX

544

hierarchical QoS, 323–336hierarchical rate-limiting, 310high data rate (HDR), 371high-availability.

See

HAHigh-Definition Television (HD-TV), 145, 462highly available core networks, 106–115High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

(HSCSD), 367High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA), 400High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel

(HS-DSCH), 401High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), 400history

of QoS, 294–300of networks

copper, 3–6DSL, 6–10, 21–29DSLAM, 11–14evolution of service, 15–20legacy access, 2modern broadband, 30–32Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10

home routers.

See

RGHSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched

Data), 367HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet

Access), 400HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Shared

Channel), 401HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access), 400hub-and-spoke DSLAMs, 120–121hybrid fiber/co-axial (HFC), 2, 219hybrid VPN models, 76

I

ICA (International Copper Association), 7I-CSCF (Interrogating CSCF), 387identifying DSL ports, 276–277IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems), 476, 486IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),

484–485PIM-SSM mapping, 99–106proxy, 102–103

IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 433IMA (inverse multiplexing), 228immediate leave, 102

implementing Annexes, 239IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 366, 381–389IMT-2000 (International Mobile

Telecommunications 2000), 365–366IMT-DS (Direct Sequence), 365IMT-FT (Frequency Time), 366IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier), 365IMT-SC (Single Carrier), 366IMT-TD (Time Division), 365

initializing ADSL2, 228injection points, multiple, 107–108Integrated Services Digital Network.

See

ISDNIntegrated Services.

See

IntServintegration

core protocols with multicast, 112PIM source-specific multicast, 90–92video, 395–399WAN, 390

interception (lawful), 480–481interconnects

ATM, 249–253Ethernets, 253–256L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261redundant bit stream, 256–259

interfacesBVI, 198CLI, 480loopback, 408OIF, 464–465protection, 177, 256radio (IMT-2000), 365–366southbound networks, 445, 449–450, 461–462

Interim Accounting packet, 274Interior Gateway Protocols.

See

IGPsInternational Copper Association (ICA), 7International Mobile Telecommunications 2000.

See

IMT-2000International Telecommunication Union.

See

ITUInternet, 70Internet Group Management Protocol.

See

IGMPInternet Protocol.

See

IPInternet Protocol Data Cast (IPDC), 397Internet Protocol version 6.

See

IPv6Internet service providers.

See

ISPsInterprovider VPNs, 78Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF), 387


I

NDEX

545

interworking services, 160–162Intrusion Detection Systems.

See

IDSsIntServ (Integrated Services), 296inverse multiplexing (IMA), 228IOS

classification configuration, 305hierarchical rate-limiting, 312scheduler hierarchies, 330

IP (Internet Protocol)addresses

Framed-IP-Addresses, 420ranges, 414

BNGs, 469bridged IP over ATM, 198field prioritization, 294headers in DiffServ fields, 297management, 405

assigning static PPP addresses, 420–421changes to IPv6, 431–432configuring BNG connections, 406–427customer LAN addressing, 427–430DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412router/software support (IPv6), 432–434routing subscriber addresses, 421–427triple play with IPv6, 430, 441

native multicast deployment, 79–85packets, 471precedence, 294, 299Video over, 40–55

ip address-pool local command, 409IP control protocol (IPCP), 420ip helper-address command, 416IP Multimedia Subsystem.

See

IMSIP over Ethernet.

See

IPoEIPCP (IP control protocol), 420IPDC (Internet Protocol Data Cast), 397IPoE (IP over Ethernet), 185IPTV services, 41–45IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

access protocols, 216changes to, 431–432deployment, 436–441

DHCP, 439L2TP, 440–441PPPoE, 436–439

router/software support, 432–434triple play with, 430–441

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 2islands (protocol), 434ISPs (Internet service providers), 9ISSU, 181ITU (International Telecommunication

Union), 220

J

J-Flow, 488jitter, 291Juniper JUNOS

classification configuration, 304policy forwarding, 73PPPoA, 189

Juniper JUNOSeconfiguration, 408–410DHCP, 416hierarchical rate-limiting, 310scheduler hierarchies, 328

K

Kompella Layer 2 VPNs, 135–142selecting, 142–144

L

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)Access Aggregation, 25IPv6 deployment, 440–441wholesale broadband networks, 261–283

L2TP Network Server.

See

LNSL2TP Tunnel Switching (LTS), 270–271L2VPNs (Layer 2 VPNs), 124, 128–144L3VPN (MPLS VPN), 69Label Distribution Protocol.

See

LDPLabel Switched Paths (LSPs), 76labels

GELS, 154MPLS.

See

MPLSsignaling, 142

LAC (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Access Concentrator), 262

LAC-based load balancing, 282–283LAC-to-LNS authentication, 274–276

LAD (Local Area Data) circuits, 9LANs (local-area networks)

customer addressing, 427–430DHCP, 196


I

NDEX

546

last mile broadband access, 219ADSL, 220, 227ADSL2, 227–230ADSL2+, 227–230SHDSL, 235troubleshooting, 172VDSL/VDSL2, 230–235VLANs, 168

last mile copper loops, 1Laurel, 19lawful interception, 480–481Layer 2

DSL, 22pseudowires, 123–144VPNs, 62wholesale broadband networks, 259–261

Layer 2 Control (L2C) protocol, 467Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Access Concentrator

(LAC), 262Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Network Servers

(LNSs), 450Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol.

See

L2TPLayer 2 VPNs (L2VPNs), 124, 128–144Layer 3,VPNs (L3VPNs), 59layers

IMS, 382OSI Model, 444SBCs as proxies, 475–477

LCP (Link Control Protocol), 185, 274LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access

Protocol), 457LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 76, 143leaking, VRF route-target, 74learning bridges, 175leases

DHCO, 211DHCP, 203

LEC (Local Exchange Carrier), 2legacy access networks, 2LFN (Long Fat Network), 314LH (long-haul) fiber-optic transmission, 119Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.

See

LDAPlimitations

of bandwidth, 291of CAC, 462–467of DHCP relay implementations, 416of PWE3, 128

line-based authorization, 273Link Control Protocol (LCP), 274

linksCAC, 462–467protection, 177VoIP, 70

listeners, MLD, 436Livingston Systems, 17LLU (Local Loop Unbundling), 246–249LNS (L2TP Network Server), 411

anycast, 281dedicated load balancing, 283LAC-to-LNS authentication, 274–276route aggregation, 426

load balancingauthentication, 483–484dedicated LNS, 283LAC-based, 282–283

load coils, 4load distribution, multiple RPs, 82local address pools, 407–411Local Area Data (LAD) circuits, 9local DHCP servers, 417Local Exchange Carrier (LEC), 2Local Loop Unbundling.

See

LLUlocal-area networks.

See

LANsLong Fat Network (LFN), 314long-haul (LH) fiber-optic transmission, 119Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 403loopback interfaces, IP addresses, 408loops

length, 228LLU, 246–249

loose RPF, 92low-latency scheduling, 322–323LSPs (Label Switched Paths), 76

automated P2MP provisioning, 93–96MPLS, 111P2MP, 85–86RSVP-TE, 108

LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 403LTS (L2TP Tunneling Switching), 270–271Lucent, 19

M

MAC (Media Access Control)addresses

pseudowires, 127resolving, 418scaling, 154

VPLS, 149


I

NDEX

547

magic numbers (PPP), 187Main Distribution Frame (MDF), 12, 248management

DiffServ, 296–299DRM, 51–53IP

changes to IPv6, 431–432customer LAN addressing, 427–430router/software support (IPv6), 432–434triple play with IPv6, 430–441

IP addresses, 405assigning static PPP addresses, 420–421configuring BNG connections, 406–427DHCP, 412–419local address pools, 407–411remote address pools, 411–412routing subscriber addresses, 421–427

services, 446–450Mann-Elkins act of 1910, 9mapping

OIF, 464–465PIM-SSM, 99, 104–106reverse OIF, 465

markingQoS, 306queuing, 313–318stacks, 302

Martini Layer 2 VPNs, 130–135, 142–144MAX TNT, 19maximum attainable downstream bit rates, 252Maximum Receive Unit.

See

MRUMaximum Transmission Unit (MTU), 278MBGP (Multiprotocol BGP), 136MBMS (Multicast Broadcast Multimedia

Services), 396MDF (Main Distribution Frame), 12, 172, 248Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), 120measurements, availability, 171–173media

catalogs, 54encoding, 51–53

Media Access Control.

See

MACMedia Forward Link Only (FLO), 396, 399Media Gateways (MGWs), 379Media Resource Function (MRF), 388meditation engines, 447meet-me rooms, 248messages

CoA, 480VPLS, 149

Metallic Path Facility (MPF), 246metro Ethernets, 175MGWs (Media Gateways), 379MichNet, 17Microsoft MSTV, 43–44middleware, 53, 460MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), 401MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery), 436MMD (Multimedia Domain), 383mobile stations (MSs), 366Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs), 379models

CAC.

See

CACOSI Model, 444VLANs, 168

modems, PPPoA, 188modes

bridged, 429routed, 428–429

modulationG.DMT, 225SHDSL, 238

MPF (Metallic Path Facility), 246MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), 67

backbone networks, 68–79BNGs, 96–106headers, 302LSPs, 111pseudowires, 177PSN, 123–144routing, 129VPN (L3VPN), 69

MRD (Multicast Router Discovery) protocol, 436MRF (Media Resource Function), 388MRU (Maximum Receive Unit), 192, 276MSCs (Mobile Switching Centers), 379MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol),

83, 489MSOs (MultiSystem Operators), 2MSs (mobile stations), 366MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), 120MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit), 185,

192, 278MUDs (Multi-Unit Dwellings), 234Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services

(MBMS), 396multicast data delivery, P2MP LSPs for, 85–86multicast forwarding, 166multicast join state, broadcast channels, 484–485Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD), 436


I

NDEX

548

multicast protocols, 79–89Multicast Router Discovery (MRD) protocol, 436Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP),

83, 489multicast trees, VPLS, 93multicast VLANs, 162–168multiclass services, L2TP, 267multi-endpoint PVPs, 259Multimedia Domain (MMD), 383multi-play network topologies, 36–39multiple injection points, 107–108Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), 401multiple RPs, 82multiplexing, 158, 371Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP), 136Multiprotocol Label Switching.

See

MPLSMultiSystem Operators.

See

MSOsMulti-Unit Dwellings.

See

MUDs

N

NA (Neighbor Advertisement), 435naked DSL access, 219NAPT (Network Address Port Translation), 158narrowband networks, L2TP, 262–263NAS (network access server), 17NAS-Port-ID, 273NAT (Network Address Translation), 158native IP multicast, deploying, 79–85Near Video on Demand (NVoD), 45Near-End Cross Talk.

See NEXTneed for QoS, determining, 290–294negotiation, 454–455Neighbor Advertisement (NA), 435Neighbor Solicitation (NS), 435NetFlow, 488network access server (NAS), 17Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), 158Network Address Translation (NAT), 158Network Layer Reachability Information

(NLRI), 136Network Private Video Recorder (NPVR), 40, 54networks. See also connections

aggregation, 169–170broadband, 30–32configuration, 423–426core, 143, 385DSL architecture, 21–29GAN, 391–392

history ofcopper, 3–6DSL, 6–10DSLAM, 11–14evolution of service, 15–20legacy access, 2Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10

outages, 171–173password-free, 483PSTN, 290selecting, 77–78topologies, 36–39triple-play

design, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,

170–181wholesale broadband, 245–246

bit stream access, 249–259comparing, 283–286high-availability L2TP, 280–283L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261LLU, 246–249

Network-to-Network Interconnect (NNI), 251Neuf Cegetel (France), 389NEXT (Near-End Cross Talk), 220NLRI (Network Layer Reachability

Information), 136NNI (Network-to-Network Interconnect), 251non-Annex M systems, 230nondeterministic failover, 109non-MPLS networks, 77nonoptimized multicast forwarding, 165Nonstop Routing (NSR), 180non-VPN routing models, 76NPVR (Network Private Video Recorder), 40, 54NS (Neighbor Solicitation), 435NSR (Nonstop Routing), 180numbers, magic (PPP), 187NVoD (Near Video on Demand), 45Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, 5

OOCS (Online Charging System), 390ODAP (On-Demand Address Pool), 411OECD (Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development), 245


INDEX

549

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), 402

OIF (Outbound Interface) mapping, 354, 464–465

OLT (optical line termination), 357On-Demand Address Pool. See ODAPOnline Charging System (OCS), 390OOB (out-of-band) TCP communications

channels, 358Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model.

See OSI Modeloperating expenses (OpEx), 120Operational Expenditure (OpEx), 483optical line termination (OLT), 357optimization

security, 482–483video, 49

option 82 field (DHCP), 202Orange (France, U.K., Netherlands, Spain,

Poland), 389Orckit, 8Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development. See OECDOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM), 402OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection

Reference Model), 185, 444outages, networks, 171–173Outbound Interface. See OIFout-of-band (OOB) TCP communications

channels, 358overheads, shaping, 336–342oversubscription ratios, 293

PP2MP (point-to-multipoint) LSPs, 85–86

automated P2MP LSP provisioning, 93–96packets

filters, 489IP

prioritization, 294RPF, 471

jitter, 291queuing, 313–318scheduling, 318, 342services, 374–375tokens, 308

Packet-Switched Network. See PSN

PADI (PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation), 191PADR (PPPoE Active Discovery Request), 191PADS (PPPoE Active Discovery Session), 191PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 186parameters, transmit unconditional, 313Partial Packet Discard. See PPDPassive Optical Network (PON), 154, 357Password Authentication Protocol. See PAPpassword-free networks, 483patches, cable, 248Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD), 279paths

CSPF, 87forwarding, 90, 92LSPs, 76PVPs, 127RPF, 90–92, 471–472SPT, 81

PBR (Policy-Based Routing), 71PBXs (private branch exchanges), 235PCG (Project Coordination Group), 377P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF), 386PDP (Policy Decision Point), 461PDUs (Protocol Data Units), 197PE (provider edge) routers, 37, 152peer default ip address pool command, 411PEP (Policy Enforcement Point), 450, 461permanent virtual circuits. See PVCsPermanent Virtual Paths. See PVPsPHB (Per-Hop Behavior), 266, 297physical characteristics

of SHDSL, 237–239of VDSL, 230–232

PIM-ASM (PIM Any Source Multicast), 79, 81–83

mapping, 99, 104–106Plain Old Telephone Service. See POTSplanes, 87–88platforms

billing, 446RADIUS, 448

plug-ins, middleware, 461PMTUD (Path MTU Discovery), 279point-to-multipoint (P2MP) LSPs, 85–86Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM. See PPPoAPoint-to-Point Protocol. See PPPpolicies

forwarding, 71routing, 423–426


INDEX

550

policing traffic, 306–313, 336–342policy decision point (PDP), 461Policy Enforcement Point (PEP), 450, 461Policy-Based Routing (PBR), 71PON (Passive Optical Network), 154, 357pools

local address, 407–411remote address, 411–412

portals, 448advanced dynamic service provisioning, 460service provisioning flow, 451

Portmaster, 17ports, DSL, 276–277Postel, Jon, 294Postes et Télégraphes (France), 245POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), 64, 220Power Spectral Density (PSD), 222, 235PPD (Partial Packet Discard), 308PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 186–196, 261

addresses, 412–419negotiation, 454PPPoA, 188–190PPPoE, 190–196, 207–211selecting, 207–216static addresses, 420–421

PPP over Ethernet Intermediate Agent. See PPPoE IA

PPP over Ethernet. See PPPoEPPP Terminated Aggregation (PTA), 25PPPoA (Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM),

186–190PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet), 185, 190–196

advantages of, 207–209disadvantages of, 209–211IPv6 deployment, 436–439LAN addressing, 427–428

PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation (PADI), 191PPPoE Active Discovery Request (PADR), 191PPPoE Active Discovery Session (PADS), 191PPPoE IA (PPP over Ethernet Intermediate

Agent), 14precedence

IP, 294DSCPs, 299

premium gaming services, 56–57prioritization, QoS, 294–300private branch exchanges. See PBXsprofiles, 233, 448Project Coordination Group (PCG), 377

properties, scaling, 143protect interface, 256protection, links, 177Protocol Data Units. See also PDUsprotocols, 374

access, 186, 207–216ARP, 431BOOTP, 196CHAP, 186core, 111DHCP, 14, 185, 196–207

advantages of, 211–213assigning addresses, 414–417disadvantages of, 213–216IPv6 deployment, 439local servers, 417relay-proxy, 204–206selecting, 207–216

EAP, 186GSMP, 358IGMP, 99–106, 484–485IGPs, 433interworking, 160–162IPCP, 420IPv6, 434islands, 434L2C, 467L2TP, 440–441LAN addressing, 427–428LCP, 185, 274LDAP, 457LDP, 76MRD, 436MSDP, 489multicast, 79–89PAP, 186PPP, 186–196, 261

assigning static addresses, 420–421PPPoA, 188–190selecting, 207–216

PPPoE, 190–196IPv6 deployment, 436–439LAN addressing, 427–428

RSVP, 296scheduling, 334SLIP, 261STP, 176TCP, 314VRRP, 37


INDEX

551

provider edge (PE) routers, 37, 152provider VLAN architectures, 162–168Provider-Based Trees, 154provisioning

automated P2MP LSP, 93–96dynamic service, 445–450services, 451–467SPE, 449

proxiesARP, 418DHCP relay-proxy, 204–206LCP, 275SBCs, 475–477

Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF), 386PSD (Power Spectral Density), 222, 235Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge

(PWE3), 124pseudowires, 123–144, 177PSN (Packet Switched Network), pseudowires,

123–144PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 290PTA (PPP Terminated Aggregation), 25Public Switched Telephone Network. See PSTNPVCs (Permanent Virtual Circuits), 13, 188PVPs (Permanent Virtual Paths), 127, 249PWE3 (Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge),

124, 154

QQAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 6QoS (Quality of Service)

3GPP, 380classification, 306deploying, 289–290

determining need for, 290–294prioritization concepts, 294–300

marking, 306profiles, 448queuing, 313–318rate-limiting, 306–313, 336–342router forwarding architectures, 342–346scheduling, 318, 342triple-play architectures, 346

centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351

VLANs, 168VPLS, 154

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), 6Qualcomm, FLO, 399quality, optimizing video, 49queuing, QoS, 313–318

RR99 (3GPP Release 99), 379Radio Access Network (RAN), 380radio interfaces (IMT-2000), 365–366RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User

Service), 274, 448Cisco IOS, 410CoA messages, 480local address pools, 409NAS-Port-IDs, 448

RAM (Rate-Adaptive Mode), 229, 359RAN (Radio Access Network), 380Random Early Discard. See REDranges, IP addresses, 414RASs (Remote Access Servers), 261Rate-Adaptive Mode (RAM), 229, 359rate-limiting

L2TP, 264–265QoS, 306–313shaping overheads, 336–342

rates, 40, 447RBOC (Regional Bell Operating Company), 7RD (Router Discovery), 435Real-Time Network Reporting (RTNR), 293real-time service changes, 458reassembly, L2TP, 277–280receive window (RWIN), 314RED (Random Early Discard), 308, 315Redback, 19Redstone, 19reduction of routing churn, 423redundancy

bit stream interconnects, 256–259edge, 114–115multiple RPs, 82PWE3, 128VPLS, 151

Reed-Solomon FEC codes, 226references, OSI model, 444reflection, routes, BGP, 153refreshing DHCP leases, 203Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC), 7Reichspostamt (Germany), 245relay agents, 199, 201, 215


INDEX

552

relays, 416releases, 3GPP, 369Remote Access Servers. See RASsremote address pools, 411–412Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service.

See RADIUSRemote Line Card Shelves (RLCSs), 13rendezvous point (RP), 81–82renewing DHCP leases, 203requests, CAC, 300requirements for high-availability broadband

access, 170–171residential access servers, 15Residential Gateway. See RGresidential service provisioning, 445–450resolving MAC addresses, 418Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic

Engineering (RSVP-TE), 76Resource Reservation Protocol. See RSVPresources, PPPoE, 191reticulation, copper network, 234–235reverse OIF mapping, 465Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF), 90–92, 471–472RFC 2698, 299RFC 791, 294RG (Residential Gateway), 39

DHCP, 212PPPoE, 190routed mode, 416security, 472troubleshooting, 172

RLCSs (Remote Line Card Shelves), 13round-robin scheduling, 319–322Round-Trip Time (RTT), 314routed modes

LAN addressing, 428–429PPPoE, 194–196

Router Discovery (RD), 435routers

BGP, 153BSR, 84CE, 70DR, 81home. See RGIPv6, 432–434Juniper, 408–410MRD, 436PE, 37QoS, 342–346

routesaggregation, 426distribution, 423–426framed, 420

route-target leaking (VRF), 74routing, 423

ARP, 418blackhole/sinkhole, 489control planes, 486–488MPLS, 129non-VPN models, 76NSR, 180PBR, 71policies, 423–426subscriber addresses, 421–427tables, 422VRF, 59, 411

RP (rendezvous point), 81–82RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding), 90–92, 471–472RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 143, 296RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol with

Traffic Engineering), 76, 108RTNR (Real-Time Network Reporting), 293RTT (Round-Trip Time), 314RWIN (receive window), 314

Ssampling, 5SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly)

hardware, 339SAs (source addresses), 489SBCs (Session Border Controllers), 65, 302, 357

as Application Layer proxies, 475–477firewalls, 479

scalingIGMP proxy, 102–103MAC addresses, 154properties, 143VPLS, 152–154

schedulingprotocols, 334QoS, 318, 342queuing, 313–318

S-CSCF (Serving CSCF), 387SDOs (Standards Development

Organizations), 370SDP (Service Delivery Point), 159SD-TV (Standard Definition), 44, 145


INDEX

553

securityauthentication, 481–483blackhole/sinkhole routing, 489control planes, 486–488DoS attacks, 470–473firewalls, 479lawful interception, 480–481packets, 489password-free networks, 483RG, 472video, 51–53VoD, 484–486VoIP, 474–480

Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) hardware, 339

SEGW (Security Gateway), 392selecting

access of protocols, 207–216Layer 2 VPNs, 142–144networks, 77–78

Serial Line Interface Protocol. See SLIPserialization, 265servers, 387

A-servers, 43BRAS, 38DHCP, 412–419D-servers, 43LDAP, 457LNSs, 450RADIUS, 448RASs, 261

Service Delivery Point (SDP), 159Service Level Agreement. See SLAService Provisioning Engine (SPE), 449Service Selection Gateway (SSG), 457services

assigning, 454, 456circuits, 374–375COPS, 461DiffServ, 296–299dynamic provisioning, 445–450FMC, 389–394gateways, 445history of networks, 15–20IMS, 387IntServ, 296IPTV, 41–45L2TP for narrowband networks, 262

LLU, 246–249management elements, 446–450MBMS, 396Microsoft MSTV, 43–44multiplexing, 158packets, 374–375premium gaming, 56–57provisioning, 451–467QoS. See QoSRADIUS, 448triple-play, 36

data services, 55–63network topologies, 36–39Video over IP, 40–55voice services, 63–66

Unicast IPTV, 44VLANs, 156–162walled-garden, 58–59

Serving CSCF (S-CSCF), 387Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSNs), 379Session Border Controllers. See SBCsSession Initiation Protocol. See SIPsessions, 188, 211set dhcp relay command, 416Set-Top Boxes (STBs), 39, 196SFD (Suspicious Flow Detection), 487SGSNs (Serving GPRS Support Nodes), 379Shannon-Hartley theorem, 224shaping overheads, 336–342Shared Metallic Path Facility (SMPF), 246SHDSL (Single-pair High-Speed DSL, 235Shortest Path Tree (SPT), 81signals, 87–88, 142single source addresses, applying multiple

injection points, 107–108single VLAN per DSLAM, 159Single-pair High-Speed DSL. See SHDSLSingTel (Singapore), 389sinkhole routing, 489SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 374, 393SLA (Service Level Agreement), 292Slingbox, 235SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol), 261SLU (Subloop Unbundling), 246SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) markets,

444–450Smoothed Round-Trip Time (SRTT), 314SMPF (Shared Metallic Path Facility), 246


INDEX

554

smurf attacks, 470SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 238software. See also applications

BNG, 179IPv6, 432–434

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 2source addresses (SAs), 489southbound network interfaces, 445, 449–450,

461–462Spanning Tree Protocol. See STPSPE (Service Provisioning Engine), 449, 451–467spectrums

G.DMT, 223SHDSL, 236VDSL2, 233

speed, broadcast channels, 484–485Springtide, 19SPT (Shortest Path Tree), 81SQL Slammer worm, 489SRTT (Smoothed Round-Trip Time), 314SSG (Service Selection Gateway), 457stacked VLANs (S-VLANs), 292stacks, 302, 444Standard Definition (SD-TV), 44, 145standards

G.DMT, 223SHDSL, 236VDSL2, 233

Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), 370

static DHCP addresses, 417–419static IGMP groups, 100static PPP addresses, assigning, 420–421statistics, collecting, 488STBs (Set-Top Boxes), 39, 101, 196STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), 176streams

bit, 249–259CAC, 462–467Gateways, 46

strict priority traffic scheduling, 322–323strict RPF, 92structure, 3GPP, 377Subloop Unbundling (SLU), 246subscriber-facing network elements, 450subscribers

addresses, 421–427authentication, 272–276

subtended DSLAMs, 119–121support

protocols, 434–436vendor, 144

Suspicious Flow Detection (SFD), 487S-VLANs (stacked VLANs), 292, 355switching

GELS, 154LSPs, 76MPLS. See MPLS

Synchronous Optical Network. See SONET

Ttables, routing, 422targeted advertising, 54T-Com (Germany), 389TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

OOB communication channels, 358windowing, 314

TC-specific (transport-convergence-specific), 237

TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing), 124, 291Technical Specification Groups (TSGs), 370, 377Telcordia, 5Telebit Netblazer, 17Telecom New Zealand., 268Telecommunications Act of 1996, 9–10Telecommunications Industry Association,

North America (TIA), 370Telecommunications Technology Association,

Korea (TTA), 370Telecommunications Technology Committee,

Japan (TTC), 370telephone services, coexistence with ADSL, 222termination, bit stream access, 249–259Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),

366–367, 370TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association,

North America), 370Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), 124Time-To-Restore (TTR), 236TLS (Transport Layer Security), 477TLV (Type-Length-Value) fields, 434tokens, 306, 308topologies

ATM, 251. See also ATMnetworks, 36–39VPLS, 177–181


INDEX

555

ToS (Type of Service), 295TR-001 Reference Model abbreviations, 21tracing attacks, 471tracking, CAC, 462–467traditional transport, DSLAMs, 145–146traffic

ARP, 418BE, 292bridging, 269classes, 380DiffServ, 296–299policing, 306–313, 336–342queuing, 313–318routing, 153

train, 268transmission, queuing, 313–318Transmission Control Protocol. See TCPTransmission Time Interval (TTI), 401transmit unconditional parameter, 313Transparent ATM Core Network Architecture, 25transport capacity, SHDSL, 239Transport Layer Security (TLS), 477transport models, DSLAMs, 121transport-convergence-specific

(TC-specific), 237trees

multicast, 93Provider-Based, 154SPT, 81STP, 176

triggers on BNG interfaces, 480triple play with IPv6, 430–441triple-play networks

design, 67–68, 117DSLAM aggregation, 122Ethernet DSLAMs, 118–122high-availability broadband access,

170–181highly available core networks, 106–115MPLS backbones, 68–79multicast protocols in, 79–96running MPLS on BNGs, 96–106

QoS, 346centralized BNGs, 351–355distributed BNGs, 356–357L2CP, 357trust boundaries, 346–351

services, 36data services, 55–63network topologies, 36–39Video over IP, 40–55voice services, 63–66

troubleshootingavailability, 171–173back networks, 173crosstalk, 221

trust boundaries, 346–351TSG-A (Access Network Interfaces), 370TSG-C (CDMA2000), 370TSG-S (Services and Systems Aspects), 370TSGs (Technical Specification Groups), 370, 377TTA (Telecommunications Technology

Association, Korea), 370TTC (Telecommunications Technology

Committee, Japan), 370TTI (Transmission Time Interval), 401TTR (Time-To-Restore), 236tunneling, 142, 278Type of Service (ToS), 295Type-Length-Value (TLV) fields, 434types of networks, selecting, 77–78

UUA (user agent), 65, 447UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System), 369, 374–375, 380unbundling

copper loop, 248LLU, 246–249

unicast replies, VPLS, 150Unicast IPTV, 44Unisphere, 19Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.

See UMTSUniversal Wireless Communications (UWC), 366unshielded twisted pair. See UTPupstream bit rates, 252user agent (UA), 65, 447users

advanced dynamic service provisioning, 459–467basic dynamic service provisioning, 452–459credentials, 15databases, 447

UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 4UWC (Universal Wireless Communications), 366


INDEX

556

VVCC (Voice Call Continuity), 394VCI (Virtual Circuit Identifier), 189, 250VCs (virtual circuits), 97, 158vendor support, Layer 2 VPNs, 144Vendor-Specific Attributes. See VSAsversions, IGMP, 101video

CAC, 462–467distributed clusters, 48head-end architecture, 41integration, 395–399middleware, 53optimizing, 49security, 51–53

Video on Demand. See VoDVideo over IP services, 40–55Virtual Circuit Identifier. See VCIvirtual circuits. See VCsvirtual ISPs, 270virtual LANs. See VLANsVirtual Path Identifier. See VPIVirtual Path Tunneling Architecture (VPTA), 25Virtual Private Dialup Network (VPDN), 411Virtual Private LAN Service. See VPLSvirtual private networks. See VPNsVirtual Private Wire Service (VPWS), 124Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. See VRRPVirtual Routing and Forwarding. See VRFVLANs (virtual LANs)

architecture, 156–162feature comparisons, 168hub-and-spoke DSLAMs, 121multicast, 162–168per-service, 158provider architectures, 162–168QoS, 168S-VLANs, 292, 355

VoD (video on demand), 3, 45–50, 484–486Voice Call Continuity (VCC), 394Voice over Internet Protocol. See VoIPvoice services, 63–66VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), 3, 63

CAC, 462–467jitter, 291linking, 70routes, 75

SBCs as proxies, 475security, 474–480TLS, 477

VPDN (Virtual Private Dialup Network), 411VPI (Virtual Path Identifier), 189, 250VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), 146–156

multicast, delivering, 92–96QoS, 154scaling, 152–154topology discovery, 177–181

VPNs (virtual private networks), 14hybrid models, 76Interprovider, 78L2VPNs, 124, 128–144L3VPNs, 69Layer 2, 62Layer 3, 59non-VPN routing models, 76properties, 143routes, 75

VPTA (Virtual path Tunneling Architecture), 25VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service), 124VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding), 59

address pools, 411route-target leaking, 74

VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), 37VSA (Vendor-Specific Attribute), 409, 456, 482

Wwalled-garden services, 58–59WANs (wide-area networks), 32web portals, 448

advanced dynamic service provisioning, 460service provisioning flow, 451

Weighted Random Early Discard. See WREDWeighted Round Robin (WRR), 319–322Westell, 8Whale Channel, 485wholesale broadband networks, 245–246

bit stream access, 249–259comparing, 283–286high-availability L2TP, 280–283L2TP, 261–280Layer 3, 259–261LLU, 246–249

wholesaleVoIP security, 478–480wide-area networks. See WANs


INDEX

557

windowing, TCP, 314Windows 95, DoS attacks, 470WinNuke, 470wireless broadband (future of)

applications, 365CDMA evolution.3GPP2, 370–372components, 372–377evolution of, 399–403FMC, 389–394GSM evolution.3GPP, 367–370IMS, 381–389IMT-2000, 365–366video integration, 395–399

WLAN (wireless LAN), 390WRED (Weighted Random Early Discard),

308, 316

XXylogics, 17

YYouTube, 235

Zzapping, 101ZigBee, 366



Documents

18 Hellberg Index