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1800-1870
Chapter 25
1798 – Bonaparte invaded Egypt Quickly defeated Mamluk forces under
Ottoman control Napoleon returned to France and named
himself emperor
French rule in Egypt didn’t understand the region cut off from France by British in the
Mediterranean withdrew in 1801
Muhammad Ali 1805 - took the place of the Ottoman
governor 1811 - took privileges and land from
the Mamluks adopted Fr. practices sent forces against the Saudi Kingdom
to take Mecca and Medina for the Sultan
conscription (draft) used to replenish the army
established military schools even sent some officers to France for
training 1824 – first newspaper in the Islamic
world Built factories Forced farmers to sell crops at fixed
prices Made huge profits selling to Europe
during the Napoleonic Wars Ibrahim
Muhammad’s son Took Syria
British naval bombardments of Syria’s coast Egypt withdrew from Syria Due to debt owed to the Br. Limited his power
Militarily and economically
Sultan Selim III intelligent ruler created European style military units strengthened the central government
provincial governors under control of central govt.
tax reforms
these reforms failed janissary opposition
against the creation of new military units interested in preserving economic privileges
sometimes military uprisings in Serbia janissaries were governors the people (especially Orthodox
Christians) complained that they were cruel rulers
Selim planned to move them to Istanbul
the Janissaries revolted, massacred Christians in Serbia
Serbia gained independence
ulama, or Muslim religious scholars, opposed reform distrusted secularization of law and taxation that
Selim proposed Selim suspended his program in 1806 Military uprising and Selim was imprisoned
then executed
Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) Selim’s cousin began reinstituting the reforms
Greek independence Greek nationalists fought for Greek independence
from the Ottomans Even with the help of the Egyptians, the Ottomans
lost Was seen as Ottoman weakness
Mahmud was able to make changes Trained a new artillery unit Dissolved the Janissary corps 1839
Serbian forces under Ibrahim Pasha attacked
The Ottoman Navy decided to support Egypt
Mahmud died
Tanzimat series of reforms introduced by Abdul Mejid,
Mahmud’s son in 1839 endorsed by European ambassadors public trials and equal protection
under the law whether Muslim, Christian or Jew
equal eligibility for men to be drafted changed the tax system, ended tax
farming Seen as “the dawn of thought and
enlightenment in the middle east.” Christians and Jews tended to be
happier about it than Muslims Also seen as the beginning of
unchecked Authoritarianism when religious leaders lose political power
Law overtime more and more secular sharia became used only in matters
of family law Education
military school at Istanbul became a university 1838 – first medical school usually European teachers French became the language of
education 1831 – first Turkish newspaper
Military uniforms became more modern no more facial hair brimless hats so Muslims could touch their
heads to the ground the fez
European dress became fashionable Traditional dress was seen as
religious or rural All men became eligible for military
service, even non-Muslims All of the Tanzimat reforms applied
ONLY to men family life was still based on the
sharia
Economy silver from the Americas
led to pay in cash rather than goods women lost jobs to machines (weaving)
Women continued to be able to own and manage property until the 1820s
Russia had been trying to take Ottoman land for over a century
Russia claimed to be the protector of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire
felt they could claim them as subjects because Russia helped the Ottoman Empire in 1833 when Syria was being attacked by Egypt
1852 – Ottoman Empire named France Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
made Russia angry they invaded
The Crimean War 1853-1856 Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Italy,
France and Britain Overpowered the Russians
The Eastern Question Who would control the Ottoman
Empire??? Britain did not trust Russia Afraid they would keep them from
India
Alliance Britain, France and the Ottoman
Empire Stopped Russian expansion into Europe
and the Middle East
Effects Russian tsar was discredited British Newspapers gave the impression that
the Ottomans did not fight well French Newspapers increased unity
between French and Turkish culture
transition from traditional to modern warfare high casualty count due to mechanized vs. non-
mechanized Ottoman economy became more integrated
with European commerce Ottoman gold coins were correlated to the
British pound Ottoman empire became urban
Ottoman government became dependent on European loans Low agricultural yields meant less
money Europeans were allowed
extraterritoriality allowed to live in their own regions
within Istanbul and other commercial regions
were subject to European law rather than Ottoman law
1860’s and 1870’s Reform groups demanded a
constitution Wanted universal male suffrage
Young Ottomans Young urban men Liberal Wanted Ottoman independence from
Europe Modern views of Islam Developed a constitution
Was in effect from 1876-1877
Tsar Alexander (r. 1801-1825) Absolute ruler Making reforms Trying to improve industry
Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) Suspicion of modern ideas
1700 – 3% of people lived in cities 1850 – 6% lived in cities
agricultural society
major cities were seaports internal transportation was bad (like
the Ottoman Empire) 1817 – good roads began to be built 1843 steam ships on the Volga 1837 – began working on railroad
tracks This slow start compares to Egypt
many different languages British help set up textile mills
Czar Nicholas I kept the peasants in serfdom did not want educated people
afraid of western ideas of revolution did not want a middle class to
oppose him fear of change kept him from truly
modernizing the country continued to buy manufactured
goods and export raw materials
Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Cyrillic alphabet made Russia more like European nations
not as foreign as Arabic Westernizers wanted technical
advances and govt. reform Slavophiles believed in the tsar’s
absolute rule
Pan Slavism, a militant doctrine wanting all Slavs to join together
Russophobia developed in the west Russia seen as a geostrategic threat British opposed serfdom serfs were released in 1861
Russia began expanding east and southward
Inferior army compared to Europeans, but were more advanced than Asian armies
1860 – developed a military port on the Pacific at Vladivostok
took over many territories with different languages and religions
created political friction with Qing China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire
partially due to refugees into those areas Britain afraid of Russia getting all the way
to British India
Had contact with western Europe since Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725)
Some knew European languages Peter the Great encouraged Western style
education systems Some wanted to free the serfs
Alexander I died in December 1825 reformers tried to revolt and take
over the government the Decembrist revolt failed
Russia was forced to return lands to the Ottoman Empire after the Crimean war
how embarrassing!
Alexander II (Nicholas’s son) emancipates the serfs in 1861
gave them property rights authorized joint stock companies railroad system education expanded political activism was prohibited
authors still wrote books that encouraged liberalism and socialism
The Qing had brought stability to China in the 1600s
Rulers had encouraged agricultural growth and improvement to the road and canal systems
1650-1800, the population doubled
Increased population led to strain on the land and a large homeless population
Minority populations began to resent the government.
Internal conflicts fought by city militias swept through China in the 1800s.
European and Americans merchants were making fortunes smuggling Opium into ChinaThe western powers were using silver
gained from this trade to fund industrialization
The Qing made opium illegal, but addiction spread to all levels of society
The Qing banned the importation of Opium in 1839The British saw this as a threat to their
economyThey sent a naval fleet to the south China
coast, beginning the Opium War.
The Bannermen, or traditional hereditary soldiers of the Qing Empire, were found to be obsolete.
The Chinese foot soldiers were no match for the well armed British Navy. They even used gunships that allowed them to
travel up the Yangzi River
The Treaty of NankingEnded the Opium WarOpened four more treaty ports in
addition to CantonThe island of Hong Kong became a
British colonyBritish residents in China gained
extraterritoriality rightsBritain also received Most Favored
Nation Status
1860 – a new treaty legalized the import of opium
Foreign missionaries were allowed to travel easily throughout China
More treaty ports were establishedSmall colonies formed in Qing territory
Foreigners built neighborhoods, bars and restaurants and prohibited the Chinese
Christian missionaries sponsored hospitals, shelters, and soup kitchensStill, some Chinese viewed the
Christians as evil
Civil warSpurred by social unhappiness and foreign
intrusionBegan in the Guangxi region
Unstable agricultureSocial divisions
Hong XiuquanFounder of the Taiping movementSaw himself as the younger brother of
JesusFelt God had sent him to build a new
kingdom by removing the Manchus from power
Soon had followers that believed they could walk on air
They said the Manchus were creatures of Satan
Became a militaristic movement
The Taipings took Nanjing and called it the capital of their “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”
Qing responseHad to rely on civilian and professional
militaryBegan to use modern weaponry
The Taipings were able to hold Nanjing for over a decade
1856 – Britain and FranceDone with the Crimean WarShould they stop the Taipings?Should they attack the Qing?
1856 – the British and French begin to attack the coast of China The Arrow War (1856-1860)Eventually they join with Qing forces and stop
the Taipings
The Taiping Rebellion aftermathBloodiest civil war before the 1900sBetween 20 and 30 million dead
Mostly of starvation and diseaseAlso, a lot of material and cultural destruction
The Qing were in great debtBritons and Americans worked for the Qing
as advisers and ambassadorsProvincial governors became more powerful
A Qing emperor continued to stay on the throne, but true power rested with the local governors and China was broken into large zones of power