1890 1914

Early CivilizationsEarly ManEarly hominids: 2,000,000 years

ago10,000 civilizations began to

developEconomy• Farming• Trade: Romans, Arabia, &

India• Prospered because of iron &

gold suppliesSociety• Village community: center of

life• Women subordinate to men,

different roles• Slavery practiced

Religion• Christianity became

official religion in 324 A.D.

• Faced conflict with Muslims starting in 12th c.

Culture• Early African arts

served religious purposes

• African music & dance had significant & lasting influence

• Oral tradition

“Scramble for Africa” 1881-1914

IndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

SocialDarwinism

Berlin Conference 1884 Boundaries produced at the

conference took little stock of realities on the ground and laid the framework for more than a century of civil strife

Combined peoples of differing ethnic groups, religions, culture

Grazing rights, water rights, and land rights become issues of conflict, as well as access to political power, education, and jobs

1890 1914

Africa Culture Regions Today…

Does it match current country borders?

1948-1994: Apartheid (legal segregation) enforced by the white/British (Afrikaner) gov’t in South Africa

Apartheid in South Africa

Nelson Mandela jailed for 27 years in his fight against apartheid…

Lived to vote in the first racially democratic election….1994

And become president of South Africa…

South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right,

celebrate the new constitution, May 8, 1996.

South Africa post-Apartheid Apartheid has ended but inequalities remain. Whites enjoy a standard of living similar to that of

the most developed countries. Unemployment, AIDS, lack of housing, poverty and

crime are the major problems today.

Nigeria’s Oil Industry Oil found here in 1950’s Government corruption, civil

war Oil $$ goes to the gov’t, not

the infrastructure or the people of the country.

Nigerian regulations are weak – foreign-owned oil companies self-regulate.

Criticized for not protecting the various ethnic groups/tribes & the wildlife.

Oil spills common

Republic of South Sudan

http://video.nytimes.com/video/2011/01/15/world/africa/1248069566895/southern-sudan-s-referendum.html

Sudan in civil war since 1965.

South became independent: July 9, 2011 (last summer!)

Conflicts still exist Contested boundary

lines (Abyei – see video link)

S. Sudan gained billions of dollars worth of oil

Rwanda Hutu-Tutsi Genocide

Belgian colonists favored Tutsi tribe. Divided into tribes based on looks.

Tutsi believed to be of European descent (lighter skin, taller, larger skulls)

Tutsi hold key jobs, Hutu treated poorly Belgians left Rwanda in 1961; Hutu fought

back for the years of Belgian/Tutsi repression. April 1994 - July 1994 Hutu killed Tutsi Goal: Eliminate all of the Tutsi (genocide) –

Seen as a Civil War by the world, nothing was done to stop the Hutu

100 days – Over 1 million people dead/ 20% of the country’s population (men, women, children)