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Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’ Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.
19-003Advanced Interviewing
Techniques
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Sharpen interviewing skills
• Recognize when and how to apply advanced interviewing techniques with victims, witnesses, and suspects
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Purpose of Today’s Training
This training focuses on the patrol officer who takes interviewing seriously by practicing good communication
skills, along with acknowledging and embodying the characteristics that produce an effective interviewer.
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Practice makes permanent
• Importance of verbal and nonverbal interaction
• A good communicator knows when to speak and more importantly when to listen
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Skillful Art of Communication
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• The communication process begins with listening
• Employ and practice the three main listening skills of:
1. Attending2. Following3. Reflecting
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Active Listening
“Be a good listener. Your ears will never get you in trouble.” –Frank Tyger
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
OBSTACLE STRATEGY
Distractions Manage them
Preoccupation Maintain focus
Only Detail-Focused Think “big picture”
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Overcoming Obstacles to Active Listening
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Overcoming Obstacles to Active Listening
OBSTACLE STRATEGY
Topic Take an interest & empathize
Rebuttal Tendency Remain silent
Speaker Remain engaged & objective
“Remember: Active listening is not just a phrase. It is a system, a procedure, a method for achieving a goal, and
it works. You just have to practice.” (Glennon).
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Key Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer
CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING ACTIONS
Good Attitude Treat with dignity & respect
Rapport Create a comfortable environment
Empathy Show sensitivity & understanding
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Key Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer
CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING ACTIONS
Objectivity Maintain an open mind
Credibility Be yourself
Patience & Perseverance Avoid time limits & stay calm
Intelligence Adapt to the situation
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Key Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer
CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING ACTIONS
Emotional Intelligence (EQ) Understand/express your emotions & empathize with others when communicating
Professionalism Appear competent & well-dressed
Salesmanship Be convincing & reflect interest
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING ACTIONS
Confidence Portray self-assurance
Intuition Trust your gut & investigate further
Ability to Change Demonstrate flexibility
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Key Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING ACTIONS
Proxemics Maintain appropriate distance
Kinesics & Officer Safety Observe nonverbal signals
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Key Characteristics of an Effective Interviewer
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Collect information • Confirm facts• Establish timeline and all of the players• Follow your county’s and department’s policies,
procedures, and protocols
“Remember, your objective is to obtain the truth of what happened by whatever actions are necessary
within the law.” (Murgado)
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Patrol Officer’s Role
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Larger DepartmentsMinimal fact interview -gather information to determine immediate
protective actions
Case is transferred
Smaller DepartmentsNeed to go beyond minimal facts and conduct follow-up
interviews
Seek additional support from supervisor, social services, and/or DA’s
office
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Patrol Officer’s Role
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Free Format Interview
• Cognitive Interview
• Trauma-Informed Victim Interview
• Behavior Symptom Analysis
• Mirandized Interview
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Interviewing Techniques
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Most universal – solid basis
• Best applied to initial information gathering situations
• Contains six steps
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Free Format Interview
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
1. Opening
2. Narrative
3. First Paraphrase
4. Six “Ws” and H
5. Second Paraphrase
6. Professional Close
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Free Format – Six Steps
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Introduce yourself and state your purpose
• Manage distractions
• Ask personal history questions
• Maintain open posture
• Give appropriate eye contact
• Continuously build rapport
• Display a neutral and professional image
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Step 1: The Opening
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Interviewee begins to tell his/her story
• Occasionally lean forward and/or nod
• Jot down a few notes for now
• Avoid saying, “Just the facts…”
• Recognize that the interviewee may digress
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Step 2: The Narrative
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Paraphrase the story back
• Assess how well the story was told
• Opportunity for the interviewee to:oCorrect any errorsoFill information gaps
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Step 3: The First Paraphrase
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Ask: who, what, where, when, which, and why – and how?
• Ask your prepared questions
• Now is the time for detailed note taking
• Begin to think about:o Is the person trying to
convey or convince?o What’s the form of the
narrative? o Where is the person’s
psychological mindset?o Is there a compensatory
act after the event? Is there curiosity who did the act?
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Step 4: Six “Ws” and H
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Reiteration of the first paraphrase
• Continue taking notes
• Paraphrase for documentation purposes
• Review your information
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Step 5: The Second Paraphrase
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Ask the following closing questions:• Is there anything else I
should know?• If you were investigating this
incident, who would you go talk to next? Why?
• If you remember some additional information would you please call me?
• Do you have an issue if I contact you in the future?
• Distribute your card with the case number and your contact info
• See something, DO NOT confront anyone – call 911 first
• Thank you!
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Step 6: The Professional Close
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Free Format Video Example
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Video Debrief
Showed Support
Active Listening May Include
Silence
Expressed Empathy Built Rapport
Effective Non-Verbal
Communication
Observed Victim’s Body Language
Paraphrased Story Took Notes Professional Close
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Awareness and empathy will provide perspective on how victims and witnesses
experienced the event.
That perspective will then provide guidance to you on how you should approach and treat
them when gathering information.
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Victim and Witness Interaction
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Being victimized is a life altering event
• Proceed with caution and compassion
• Victims may experience a traumatic emotional response - making interviewing challenging
• Victims should walk away feeling heard, validated, and believed
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Treatment of Victims
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Within 24 hours provide the Victims' Rights Form* regarding victim’s rights and services
oAllegheny County Example
• Written record must be signed by the victim/family and attached to the police report
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Victims’ Rights
*Victims’ Rights Forms Menu Path: https://www.pccd.pa.gov/ > Victim Services > Forms and Apps > Law Enforcement Victims’ Rights Guide
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• PA Commission on Crime and Delinquency (PCCD) Victim Services: https://www.pccd.pa.gov/Victim-Services/Pages/default.aspx
• PA Office of Victim Services (OVS): http://pcv.pccd.pa.gov/for-victims/Pages/default.aspx
• PA SAVIN/VINE: https://www.ova.pa.gov/Services/SAVIN/PASAVINandFAQs/Pages/default.aspx
• Office for Victims of Crime (OVC): https://ovc.ncjrs.gov/findvictimservices/
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Victims’ RightsAdditional Resources
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
1. Honest and Cooperativeo First interviewo Get clarification
2. Silent, Know-Nothing, or Disinterestedo Initially write down his/her nameo Try to get this witness to open up
3. Reluctant or Suspiciouso Fear of LE and/or neighborhood retaliationo Continue to build rapport
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Witness Types
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
4. Bashful or Timido Be sensitiveo Take your time
5. Hostile and Deceitfulo Deliberate attempts to lieo Examine the motives
6. Talkative or Boastfulo Very cooperativeo Be cautious
7. Under the Influenceo Freed of inhibitionso Typically truthful
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Witness Types
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Cognitive Interview
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Victim and Witness Application
Trauma-Informed Victim Interview
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Provide proper emotional environment
• Understand the stages of crisis reaction1. Impact - an initial disorganization of the self2. Recoil - a period of struggle3. Reorganization - the eventual readjustment of
the self
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Initial Experience
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Person’s state of mind will influenceoResponses/answersoAttention span
• May not get all info at the first interview
• Importance of follow-up interviews
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Initial Experience
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Collection of memory jogging techniques
• Physical and psychological reconstruction
• First moments of police contact are the most critical to accurate memory
• Psychological First Aid
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Cognitive Interview
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Avoid rapid succession and leading-type questions
• Ask open-ended questionsoFirst question should be – “Are you okay?”oReassure confidentiality
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Cognitive Interview - Methodology
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
1. Report Everything
2. Reconstruct the Circumstances
3. Change Sequence
4. Change Perspectives
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Cognitive Interview – Four Stages
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Every detail counts
• Include info from a prosecutor’s perspective
• Support info with facts
• Remain objective
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Step 1 – Report Everything
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Mood, feelings, sounds, smells, weather, and lighting are all interconnected to memory recall.
• With interviewee reestablish the:oEnvironmentoMood oSetting oExperiences
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Step 2 – Reconstruct the Circumstances
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Reverse order recall oAsk questions that begin with the time police
arrived at the scene and work backwardsoEach stage of the event is treated as a
separate componentoEncourages interviewees to stick with the facts
• Difficult to provide deceitful information
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Step 3 – Change Sequence
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Interviewees will recall the event from their perspective, ask them to switch perspectives to someone else’s.
• For example:oGuide the victim to view the incident from the
suspect's positionoPrompt the witness to view the incident from
the victim’s perspective
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Step 4 – Change Perspectives
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Appearance o Did the criminal
remind you of anyone?
• Nameso Familiar or go through
the alphabet?
• Numberso How many numbers
did you see?
• Speecho Sounds like someone
you know?
• Conversationso What was your
reaction to what was said? How did you feel?
• Smello Did you notice a
particular odor?
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Additional Retrieval Questions
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Cognitive Interview Video Example
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
What methods did the officers use?• Report Everything
• Reconstruct the Circumstances
• Reverse Order Recall
• Change Perspectives
• Ask Additional Retrieval Questions
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Video Debrief
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Specific for victims
• Establish probable cause
• Typical role – gather info only and schedule delayed interview
oException: domestic violence situation
• Presence of victim’s advocate
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Trauma-Informed Victim Interview
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Recognize victim perceives the crime as a crisis
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Trauma-Informed Victim Interview
Initial contact between victim and officer is crucial
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Three Phases:
1. Set the Tone
2. Victim Response
3. Explain the Process
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Trauma-Informed Victim Interview Methodology
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Safety and security
• Roles
• Develop rapport
• Purpose of the interview
• Share everything
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Phase 1 - Set the Tone - Explain
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Don’t Say:• “Calm down and
relax.”• “Don’t worry, it’s going
to be all right.”• “I understand.”
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Phase 2 – Victim Response
LISTEN - Don’t Interrupt
Practice Patience
Do Say:• “I’m glad you’re talking
with me now.”• “I can’t imagine how
terrible this must have been.”
• “It wasn’t your fault.”
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Contact after the interview
• Criminal justice system
• Make no promises
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Phase 3 – Explain the Process
Your interaction with a victim is “critically important and helps a victim become a survivor.” (Boardman)
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Trauma-Informed Video Example
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
Practice Empathy
What else did the officers do?
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Video Debrief
Set the Tone
Listened Explained the Process
Continued to show support/reassurance
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Ask the right questions
• Use tactics to uncover the truthoBehavior Symptom AnalysisoMirandized Interview
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Suspect Application
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
When asked specific questions:• Compare verbal and nonverbal behaviors• Be observant• Match words and actions
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Behavior Symptom Analysis
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Evaluating the Narrative Form
“Tell me what you did that day…”RESPONSES BEFORE
THE EVENTDURING
THE EVENTAFTER
THE EVENT
TRUTHFUL Person Equal distribution of information.
Information is provided consistently throughout the narrative.
DECEPTIVEPerson
• More detail provided
• Less important in nature
• Fluff and filler
• More concise responses
• Fewer details• Vague phrases
describing passage of time - “After a period of time…”
• More detail provided
• Less important in nature
• Fluff and filler
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Collect info and build rapport – not a suspect yet
• Begin with basic questionsoAcclimation to the “questioning environment”
oEvaluate verbal and nonverbal behavior –baseline behaviors
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Behavior Symptom Analysis
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Focus on visual and speech-related cues
• Compare behavior responses to basic questions with crime-specific questions
oExample: Interviewee starts with crossed arms, opens them as he/she is discussing basic background information, and then closes his/her arms again when the subject of the crime comes up.
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Baseline Behaviors
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Acknowledge nervousness
• Evaluateo Interviewee’s
behavioral norm oPopulation’s
average responseoSituational context
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Baseline Behaviors
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Behavior clusters provide validation
• Single behavior does not prove truth or deception
• Deceptive: hesitation, lack of eye contact, closed body posture, grooming gestures
• Truthful: spontaneous responses, good eye contact, open body posture, related fluid movements
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Behavior Clusters
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Avoid personal bias
• Be aware of cultural and ethnic differences
• Understand attitudes about police
• Recognize that all behavior has meaning
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Cautions with Evaluating Behavior
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Behavior Symptom Analysis Example
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
What Behavior Symptom Analysis tactics did you observe the officers using with the suspect?
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Video Debrief
Observed Baseline Behaviors and Behavior Clusters
Evaluated the Narrative
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Document any suspect statements
• Continue the conversation
• Provide general nature of the crime – avoid crimes code terminology
• Provide the seriousness of the crime committed
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Approach Before Miranda
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Verbal
• Written form – preferred method
• Document any admission/confession
• Develop your own consistent process
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Mirandized InterviewAdvisement of Rights
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Verbal or signed pre-printed Miranda form
• Document exact responses in your notes and report - avoid paraphrasing and subjective comments
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Mirandized InterviewAcknowledgement of Rights
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Suspect waivers must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary
o For example: Suspects under the influence are unable to waiver their rights, has to be voluntary –not coerced
• US Supreme Court ruled
o As long as Miranda is given and understood by the suspect, questioning may commence
o Suspect waives his/her rights when he/she speaks
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Mirandized InterviewWaiver of Rights
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Interview MUST end when suspects specifically:oAsk for an attorney – Sixth AmendmentoSay they are done talking – Fifth Amendment
• Information obtained AFTER invocation of rights will be suppressed
• Document, document, document
• NEVER give legal advice
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Mirandized InterviewInvocation of Rights
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Take the time
• Strengthens cases
• Practice builds confidence
• Never underestimate your role
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Mirandized InterviewBegins with YOU!
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
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Mirandized Video Example
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
What are some important take-aways from this video example of the Mirandized Interview?• Communicated the seriousness of the crime
• Provided verbal and written advisement of rights
• Suspect’s invocation of rights were not specific –kept the suspect talking
• No legal advice was given
• Interview ended when the suspect clearly invoked his rights
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Video Debrief
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19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
70
“Important Piece of Equipment…”
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• If it’s not documented, it didn’t happen
• Foundation of any successful investigation
• Protection against faulty technology & fuzzy memory
• Articulate exactly what took place
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Importance of Notetaking
19-003 Advanced Interviewing Techniques
• Practice good communication skills –incorporate active listening tactics
• Demonstrate characteristics of an effective interviewer
• Application of:o Free Format Interviewo Cognitive Interviewo Trauma-Informed Victim Interviewo Behavior Symptom Analysiso Mirandized Interview
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Summary