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INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT 

 At one time, the world of work was largely

composed of individuals working alone, rather

than groups of people working together. After

the World War II, the importance of management has

start gaining strength year after year. Today

management is treated as first step of economic

development.

One of the most important human activities is managing. Ever since people began forming groups

to accomplish aims they could not achieve as individuals, management has been essential to

ensure the co-ordination of individual effort.

WHAT IS MANAGEMENT? 

There are many definitions of management. Some of the important definition of management by

management experts is following:

Henri Fayol defines management as “The concept, techniques and process that enable goals to 

be achieved efficiently and effectively.”  

Peter Drucker believes that “The work of management is to make people productive. To regain 

our competitive edge in the international arena’ society must have managerial competence.”  

Fredrick Taylor says “Knowing exactly what you want (people) to do, and then 

seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way.”  

Griffin defines management in these words. “Management is a set of activities (including 

planning and decision making, organizing, leading and controlling) directed at an organization’s 

resources with the aim of achieving org anizational goals in an efficient and effective manner.”  

When we go through these definitions we clearly say What Is Management.

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MANAGEMENT

Objective of any business activity are to be achieved through organized and co-operative

environment. For this group of people jobs are assigned according to their knowledge and skills.

Their activities are to be planned, directed and co-operative that objectives of the organization

may be achieved. This effort of planning, directing, and unifying the effort to achieve a common

goal is called “Management.”  

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT 

The management process, properly executed, includes a wide variety of activities including

 planning, organizing, leading, controlling and assurance. The top executives in the

management are usually entrusted with the basic function in that order and the low ranking

executives are given the responsibilities of executing the subsidiary functions of management.

These activities or functions of management are elaborated below.

1.PLANNING 

Planning is the function which helps an organization define and meets its objectives.

Plans are developed for entire organizations, for specific work unit, and for individuals. These plan

may cover long period or a short time period. In each case managers are responsible for

gathering and analysing the information on which plans are based, setting the goals to be

achieved and deciding what needs to be done.

 A plan for any organization has five points.

 Take financial control

  Build motivation in management team

  Use innovative marketing

  Upgrade operations and training procedures

  Restructure the system and close down failing operations.

2.ORGANIZING 

Organization is a tool for achieving objectives in a planned manner. After establishing objectives

and drawing up plans to achieve them. Organization means turning plans in to action with the

help of leadership and motivation. To achieve a common purpose organization calls for: 

  The preparation of task force

  The allocation of work to individuals

  The integration of efforts of the task force recruited and

assigned the work 

  The co-ordination of work of individuals and their

departments.

Thus, it involves the division and sub-division of the whole enterprise in

to departments, sections, jobs, positions, and assignment of work 

according to the knowledge, skill and interest of individuals to achieve

organizations goals. 

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3.LEADING 

The great leadership include creating a co-operative work environment,

maintaining constant communications, giving people some freedom to express

their ideas, being honest at all times, assigning people tasks that allow them to

learn and grow, and publicly praising and rewarding people who do their jobs

well. A good planning and a best organization may fail to deliver the goods if 

the leadership is faulty and not up to the mark.

Good leadership helps in:

  Seeking co-operation from all

   Active participation of workers in seeing through all aspects of the activities of the

organization

  Inspiring and motivating the individuals to do their best

  Providing job satisfaction and above all

  Creating team spirit.

4.CONTROLLING 

Comprehensive plans, solid organization and outstanding

leaders do not guarantee success. Qualitative and

quantitative performances are to be ensured. Plans of the

enterprise are meant for completion to the entire satisfaction

so that objectives are set for achieving.

Specific controlling activities are to set performance standards that indicates progress toward

goals, to monitor performance of people and units by controlling performance data, to provide

people with feedback or information about their progress, to identify performance problems by

comparing performance data against standards and to take actions to correct problems. Like

nervous system in human body, control is only one of the vital functions in effective management.

 A good controlling system ensures the following steps:

  Completion of plans according to pre-determined schedule

  The evaluation of performances of individuals, groups and departments

 The timely actions if schedule is not being kept

  The adoption of speedy and timely remedial measures if lapses are detected and

  The plugging of loopholes if any

5. ASSURANCE 

The last function of management and last component of POLCA. Assurance is a result which we

can predict by seeing the above four functions of management. If there is a lack of any function

of management nobody assure success or achievement of organizational goals. But if everybody

from manager to employee get their jobs done properly we can assure success and achievement

of goals of management.

When the four functions of management is strong we can predict and assure good results and

better future of organization.