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1919thth century European century European nationalism & political reformsnationalism & political reforms
Entrance taskEntrance task: : ThinkThink – In what way is – In what way is nationalismnationalism like a lightbulb? like a lightbulb?
TodayToday: Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus : Reforms in Britain, the Dreyfus Affair in FranceAffair in France
HomeworkHomework – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday – Per. 3 – Essay due Friday
All – read Ch. 17 in packetAll – read Ch. 17 in packet
Reform in Great BritainReform in Great Britain
• 1832 Reform Bill1832 Reform Bill – extended suffrage to – extended suffrage to middle class (1/8 of male population)middle class (1/8 of male population)
• 1867 Reform Bill1867 Reform Bill – 1/3 could not vote, – 1/3 could not vote, including most city workersincluding most city workers
• 1884 Reform Bill1884 Reform Bill – suffrage extended to rural – suffrage extended to rural areas (3/4 of all men)areas (3/4 of all men)
• 1911 Parliament Act1911 Parliament Act – deprived House of – deprived House of Lords of veto powerLords of veto power
• 1918 Reform Bill1918 Reform Bill – universal male suffrage – universal male suffrage and women over 30and women over 30
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Conservatives – Conservatives – interested in labor, interested in labor, housing, and housing, and extending suffrage, extending suffrage, but criticized liberals but criticized liberals for moving too far for moving too far and too fastand too fast
Benjamin Disraeli
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
Liberals - leaned toward industrial and Liberals - leaned toward industrial and commercial interests commercial interests
David Lloyd George William Gladstone
The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question
Liberal leader David Lloyd George Liberal leader David Lloyd George supported home rule for Ireland but supported home rule for Ireland but could not gather enough support for could not gather enough support for it to succeed.it to succeed.
1914 – Approved but not implemented 1914 – Approved but not implemented due to the outbreak of the Great Wardue to the outbreak of the Great War
The Irish QuestionThe Irish Question
Protestants in North Protestants in North Ireland opposed Ireland opposed self-rule, fearing self-rule, fearing Catholic domination Catholic domination from the rest of the from the rest of the countrycountry
The 2The 2ndnd Republic and Republic and Louis NapoleonLouis Napoleon
Louis Napoleon elected Louis Napoleon elected president in 1848 and president in 1848 and stages a successful stages a successful
coup d’etat in 1851 to coup d’etat in 1851 to become Emperor become Emperor Napoleon IIINapoleon III
Napoleon III & the 2Napoleon III & the 2ndnd Empire Empire
Economic successes include Economic successes include investment banking, investment banking, railroad expansion, public railroad expansion, public works and the rebuilding of works and the rebuilding of ParisParis
Political freedom was more Political freedom was more forthcoming after 1860 forthcoming after 1860 when he allowed his when he allowed his Assembly more controlAssembly more control
Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War1870-18711870-1871
Napoleon III was edged into Napoleon III was edged into war by his apparent insult war by his apparent insult from the Em’s telegraphfrom the Em’s telegraph
France was soundly France was soundly defeated by Prussiadefeated by Prussia
The Third RepublicThe Third Republic
The Paris Commune – The Paris Commune – revolutionaries in Paris revolutionaries in Paris refused to admit defeat and refused to admit defeat and refused to surrenderrefused to surrender
The National Assembly was The National Assembly was sent in and crushed the sent in and crushed the CommuneCommune
The Third Republic was The Third Republic was establishedestablished
The Third RepublicThe Third Republic
Achievements:Achievements:– Legalized trade unionsLegalized trade unions– Created schoolsCreated schools– Built a colonial empireBuilt a colonial empire
Leon Gambetta
Jules Ferry
The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899The Dreyfus Affair 1898-1899
Jewish Captain Alfred Jewish Captain Alfred Dreyfus falsely accused on Dreyfus falsely accused on treasontreason
Anti-Semitism in France Anti-Semitism in France – Led to separation between Led to separation between
church (Catholic) and statechurch (Catholic) and state
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
The Crimean War [1854-1856]
Count Cavour
[The “Brains”]
Giuseppi Garibaldi
[The “Sword”]
King Victor Emmanuel
II
Giuseppi Mazzini
[The “Soul”]
Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders
Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Sardinia-Piedmont:
The “Magnet”
Step #1Step #1
Step #2Step #2
Step #3Step #3
Italian
Unification
Italian
Unification
A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!
A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
The Kingdom of Italy: 1871
ZollvereinZollverein
Prussia v. AustriaPrussia v. Austria
Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I
Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck
“Blood&
Iron”
RealpolitikThe “IronChancello
r”
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . . The less people know about how
sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.
Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.
The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
Otto von Bismarck . . . .
I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.
A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.
Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.
Unification of
Germany
Unification of
Germany
Step #1:
The Danish
War[1864]
Step #1:
The Danish
War[1864]The Peace of
ViennaThe Peace of
Vienna
Step #2: Austro-
Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War],
1866
Step #2: Austro-
Prussian War
[Seven Weeks’ War],
1866
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867
Step #3: Creation of the Northern German
Confederation, 1867 Shortly following
the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.
He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague
Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War
Ems Dispatch [1870]: A Catalyst for War
1868 revolt in Spain.
Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.
France protested & his name was withdrawn.
The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.
Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War
[1870-1871]
German soldiers “abusing” the French.
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Step #4: Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]
Bismarck & Napoleon III
After Sedan
Bismarck & Napoleon III
After Sedan
Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed
and was replaced by the Third French Republic.
The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.
Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------
France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.
France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]
Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I[r. 1871–1888]
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the
Kaiser
Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the
Kaiser
German Imperial
Flag
German Imperial
Flag
Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag
Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program
Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.
The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.
The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck’s Reapproachment
With the Catholic Church
Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII
Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]
Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]
“Dropping
thePilot”[1890]
“Dropping
thePilot”[1890]
Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Differing Nationalities in the
Austrian Empire
Austrian Imperial Flag
Austrian Imperial Flag
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-
Hungary
The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-
Hungary
The Hungarian Flag
Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion
Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c
“The Sicker Man of Europe”
The1905
Russian Revolutio
n
The1905
Russian Revolutio
n
Nicholas II: The Last Nicholas II: The Last Romanov TsarRomanov Tsar
[r. 1894-1917][r. 1894-1917]
The Tsar & His FamilyThe Tsar & His Family
Hemophilia & the Hemophilia & the TsarevichTsarevich
Nicholas II & His Uncle, Nicholas II & His Uncle, George VGeorge V
CausesCauses
1. Early 1. Early 2020cc: :
Russian Russian Social Social
HierarchHierarchyy
2. First Stages of 2. First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization
An Early Russian Factory
3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy
1905 Russian Rubles
4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Investments &
InfluenceInfluence
Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few
regions.]
5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
The “Yellow Peril”
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]
Russian & Japanese Russian & Japanese SoldiersSoldiers
Russia Is HumiliatedRussia Is Humiliated
Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905[NH] - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemake
r
[He gets the Nobel
Peace Prize for his
efforts.]
6. Unrest Among the 6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Peasants & Urban
Working PoorWorking PoorFather Georgi Gapon:
Leader of the Leader of the People OR People OR
Police Police Informer?Informer?
Bloody SundayBloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
The The RevolutioRevolutio
n n SpreadsSpreads
Russian Cossacks Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Slaughter The People in
OdessaOdessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks
7. The Battleship7. The Battleship PotemkinPotemkin Mutiny Mutiny [June, [June,
1905]1905]
Results
Results
1. The Tsar’s 1. The Tsar’s October October ManifestoManifesto
October 30, 1905
2. The Opening of the 2. The Opening of the DumaDuma::
Possible Reforms?Possible Reforms?
1906 The first two tries were too
radical.
The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.
The Russian Constitution The Russian Constitution of 1906of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws
[April 23, 1906].
The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.
The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.
It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.
3. Jewish Refugees 3. Jewish Refugees Come to America in Come to America in
19061906
4. 4. The The Path Path
to to October, October,
19171917
Why did the 1905 Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?Revolution Fail?