19. Toward an Urban 19. Toward an Urban SocietySociety

1865 -19001865 -1900

What was once Westward What was once Westward migration . . . migration . . .

. . . Is now urban migration.. . . Is now urban migration.

Age of steel and glassAge of steel and glass

Produced skyscrapersProduced skyscrapers 11stst metal framed building metal framed building

in Chicago (1885, Homein Chicago (1885, Home

Insurance CompanyInsurance Company Built after the Great Fire Built after the Great Fire

of 1871.of 1871. Electricity added elevatorsElectricity added elevators

Mass TransportationMass Transportation

Private City vs. Public CityPrivate City vs. Public City

Most residents had small town Most residents had small town expectationsexpectations

Build up of waste, pollution, disease, Build up of waste, pollution, disease, crimecrime

Reformers slowly make changesReformers slowly make changesWater

PurificationSewageSystem

WasteDisposal

Street Lighting

ZoningPolice

DepartmentsFire

Departments

TenementsTenements and and OvercrowdingOvercrowding

Dumbbell Dumbbell TenementsTenements

Meant to be four Meant to be four apartments each apartments each floorfloor

Whole families Whole families lived in each roomlived in each room

Jacob Riis: “How the Other Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives” 1890Half Lives” 1890

Population Growth: Foreign Population Growth: Foreign ImmigrationImmigration

1850

23.2 million

1900

76.2 million

1901 – 19108.8 millionMore Immigrants

Immigration 1865- 190016.2 million

““Pushes”Pushes”

Negative factors from which people are Negative factors from which people are fleeingfleeing Poverty resulting from mechanization on Poverty resulting from mechanization on

farmsfarms Overcrowding and joblessnessOvercrowding and joblessness Religious persecution of Jews in RussiaReligious persecution of Jews in Russia

““Pulls”Pulls”Positive attractions of the adopted Positive attractions of the adopted

countrycountry Political and religious freedomPolitical and religious freedom Economic opportunitiesEconomic opportunities

Agriculture in the westAgriculture in the west Industry in the northIndustry in the north

Cheaper transportationCheaper transportation

““Old” ImmigrantsOld” Immigrants

Through the 1800sThrough the 1800s Northern and Western EuropeNorthern and Western Europe

Great Britain Great Britain Germany Germany ScandinaviaScandinavia

Mostly ProtestantMostly Protestant Mostly English speakingMostly English speaking Easily assimilatedEasily assimilated

““New” ImmigrantsNew” Immigrants

1890s – 19141890s – 1914 Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe

GreeceGreece PolandPoland RussiaRussia

Poor and illiteratePoor and illiterate Unaccustomed to democracyUnaccustomed to democracy Roman Catholic, Orthodox, JewishRoman Catholic, Orthodox, Jewish

StatisticsStatistics

Nativist RestrictionsNativist Restrictions

Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Restrictions on “undesirables”Restrictions on “undesirables” Prohibiting contract labor – 1885Prohibiting contract labor – 1885 Entry tax and rigorous medical and Entry tax and rigorous medical and

document examinationsdocument examinations

Despite Their Own Despite Their Own BackgroundsBackgrounds

Looking Backward from Puck Magazine

Supporters of RestrictionsSupporters of Restrictions

Labor Unions (Protect Jobs)Labor Unions (Protect Jobs) American Protective Association American Protective Association

(nativist)(nativist) Social Darwinists Social Darwinists (inferior)(inferior)

Statue of Liberty remains a beaconof hope until the 1920s withthe passage of Quota Acts

Between 1897 and 1920Between 1897 and 1920Over 1 million African Americans Over 1 million African Americans

movedmoved

from the rural South to large cities in from the rural South to large cities in thethe

North and West.North and West.

Bosses and Political Bosses and Political MachinesMachines

Started as social clubsStarted as social clubs Power centers to coordinate Power centers to coordinate

businesses, immigrants and businesses, immigrants and underprivilegedunderprivileged

Tammany HallTammany Hall Boss (William) TweedBoss (William) Tweed

Positive EffectsPositive Effects

Brought services to the cityBrought services to the city Crude form of welfareCrude form of welfare

Negative EffectsNegative Effects

Often stole millions Often stole millions from their fundsfrom their funds

65% of Tammany 65% of Tammany Hall’s money Hall’s money wound up in Boss wound up in Boss Tweed’s PocketTweed’s Pocket

Literature of Social CriticismLiterature of Social Criticism

Henry George Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879)

Effects of Laissez-faire economicsEffects of Laissez-faire economics Inequalities of industrializationInequalities of industrialization

Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy Looking Backward (2000-1887)

Future society Eliminates poverty, greed and crime

Settlement HousesSettlement HousesHull HouseHull House

ChicagoChicago Jane AddamsJane Addams

Social GospelSocial Gospel

Importance of applying Christian Importance of applying Christian principles to social problemsprinciples to social problems

Walter Rauschenbusch, New York Walter Rauschenbusch, New York ministerminister

Families and WomenFamilies and Women

Isolation from extended Isolation from extended familiesfamilies

Divorce rates increaseDivorce rates increase Reduction in family sizeReduction in family size National American National American

Women’s Suffrage Women’s Suffrage AssociationAssociation

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton

TemperanceTemperance

Women’s Christian Women’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union

Antisaloon LeagueAntisaloon League Carrie NationCarrie Nation Society for the Society for the

Suppression of ViceSuppression of Vice

Public SchoolsPublic Schools

New compulsory lawsNew compulsory laws Literacy rate grew by 90%Literacy rate grew by 90% KindergartenKindergarten Tax-supported public schoolsTax-supported public schools

Higher EducationHigher Education

Land grant colleges as a result of the Land grant colleges as a result of the Morrill Act of 1863Morrill Act of 1863

Universities founded by wealthy Universities founded by wealthy philanthropistsphilanthropists

New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, New colleges for women (Bryn Mawr, Smith)Smith)

Introduction of elective coursesIntroduction of elective courses Emphasized research and free inquiryEmphasized research and free inquiry Became more socialBecame more social

ArchitectureArchitecture

Henry Hobson Richardson

Louis Sullivan

Daniel Burnham

Frederick Law Olmstead

New Orleans JazzNew Orleans Jazz

Jelly Roll MortonJelly Roll Morton Buddy BoldenBuddy Bolden Scott JoplinScott Joplin

NewspapersNewspapers

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

AmusementsAmusements

Reduction in the hours people workReduction in the hours people work Improved transportationImproved transportation Promotion and advertisingPromotion and advertising Decline in Puritan restrictionsDecline in Puritan restrictions

Spectator SportsSpectator Sports

Amateur SportsAmateur Sports

Victorian Manners and Victorian Manners and MoralsMorals

Victorian MoralityVictorian Morality Strict standards of Strict standards of

dress, manners, dress, manners, and sexual and sexual behavior.behavior.

Children seen but Children seen but

not heardnot heard EveryoneEveryone

completelycompletely

covered.covered.

Washington vs. DuBoisWashington vs. DuBois

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Founded Tuskegee

InstituteInstitute Believed that African Believed that African

Americans should Americans should concentrate on concentrate on economic freedom economic freedom first.first.

W.E. B. DuBoisW.E. B. DuBois First African American First African American

to earn doctorate from to earn doctorate from HarvardHarvard

Urged training of Urged training of talented 10% and aim talented 10% and aim for professions.for professions.

Leaders of the “settlement house” Leaders of the “settlement house” movement tried tomovement tried to

a.a. Help immigrants to learn American Help immigrants to learn American history and languagehistory and language

b. Reduce school dropouts and b. Reduce school dropouts and regulate child laborregulate child labor

c. Create for the city small-town values c. Create for the city small-town values and communityand community

d. All of the aboved. All of the above

Educational changes in the years 1877 Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 did not includeto 1900 did not include

a.a. A decrease in literacyA decrease in literacy

b. Education as a field of university b. Education as a field of university studystudy

c. Development of the kindergartenc. Development of the kindergarten

d. Compulsory school attendance in all d. Compulsory school attendance in all states.states.

e. Higher education for womene. Higher education for women

Who was the most Who was the most important “city boss” of the important “city boss” of the

day?day?a. Louis Sullivana. Louis Sullivan

b. William Tweedb. William Tweed

c.c. ““Honest” John KellyHonest” John Kelly

d.d. Ira B. SankeyIra B. Sankey

e.e. E. Henry GeorgeE. Henry George

Victorian moralityVictorian morality

a.a. Focused exclusively on womenFocused exclusively on women

b.b. Emphasized strict codes of behaviorEmphasized strict codes of behavior

c.c. Was unconcerned with sexualityWas unconcerned with sexuality

d.d. Encouraged comfortable clothing for Encouraged comfortable clothing for womenwomen

e.e. Stressed childhood as a particular Stressed childhood as a particular time in life.time in life.

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

Fully supported Washington.Fully supported Washington. Was a white segregationist.Was a white segregationist. Worked for immigration reform.Worked for immigration reform. Wanted blacks to pursue higher Wanted blacks to pursue higher

education and political equality.education and political equality. Worked against the women’s Worked against the women’s

suffrage movement.suffrage movement.

Two major forces which Two major forces which reshaped American society reshaped American society between 1870 and 1920 between 1870 and 1920

a.a. Environmentalism and women’s Environmentalism and women’s rightsrights

b.b. Women’s rights and urbanizationWomen’s rights and urbanization

c.c. Urbanization and industrializationUrbanization and industrialization

d.d. Immigration and temperanceImmigration and temperance

e.e. Temperance and women’s rightsTemperance and women’s rights