24
Trigeminal Nerve (V)

19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    17

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

Page 2: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Lecture Objectives

• Discuss briefly how the face is developed.• Follow up the course of trigeminal nerve from its point of central connections, exit and down to its target areas.

• Describe briefly important cranial reflexes involving the face and trigeminal nerve.

Page 3: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Development of the Face:Premordia and derivatives• Swellings surrounding stomodeum

• Mandibular prominences (paired)• Soft tissue • Bone

• Maxillary prominences (paired)• Soft tissue• Bone • Secondary palate

• Frontonasal prominence (unpaired)• Soft tissue• Bone 

Page 4: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Development of the Face:Premordia and derivatives

• Nasal placodes – nasal pits• Medial nasal prominences

• Fleshy nasal septum• Intermaxillary segment

• Philtrum• Premaxilla, jaw and gingiva associated with 

upper incisor teeth• Primary palate = median palatine process

• Lateral nasal prominences• Soft tissue• Bone

• Nasolacrimal groove• Labiogingival laminae

Page 5: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Development of the Palate

• Primary palate (median palatine process)

• Secondary palate – lateral palatine processes• Fusion → secondary palate

Page 6: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Malformations: Cleft Lip and Palate Incisive fossa separates anterior and posterior parts

Anterior clefts – unilateral (E) or bilateral (F)• Complete vs. incomplete

Posterior clefts–unilateral (C) or bilateral (D)• Complete vs. incomplete

Causes of palate clefts Failure of fusion between different prominences 

and processes• Cleft lip (with (E‐H) or without cleft palate)

1/1000, 75% malesMaxillary with medial nasal prominences

• Cleft palate (with (E‐H)or without (C‐D) cleft lip) 1/2500, ⅔ females Lateral palatine processes with each other & with 

nasal septum & with median palatine process• Primary palate clefts (E‐F)• Secondary palate clefts (C‐D)• Primary and secondary palate clefts (G‐H)

Page 7: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Malformations: Facial clefts

• Oblique (orbitofacial fissure) (E)• Maxillary with lateral nasal prominences

• Lateral (macrostomia)• Mandibular with maxillary prominences 

• Median (A)• Between medial nasal prominences

Page 8: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

• Mixed nerve

• Largest of the cranial nerves• Three branches:

• Ophthalmic nerve (GSA) ← superior orbital fissure

• Maxillary nerve (GSA)← foramen rotundum← pterygopalatinefossa

• Mandibular nerve (GSA, SVE) ← foramen ovale ← infratemporal fossa

trigeminal ganglion

Pons

Page 9: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

• Emerges from two roots on the ventrolateral surface of the pons• The large sensory root (GSA) ‐trigeminal ganglion in the trigeminal cave of the dura matter

• The small motor root (SVE) originates from the pons pass beneath the ganglion• Join the mandibular branch for mastication

Page 10: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve Nuclei

• Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (SVE)• Location – pons • Connections

• Cortex• Reticular formation, red nucleus, tectum

• Fibers course 

Page 11: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei• Main sensory nucleus (GSA)

• Touch & pressure• Location, Extention• Relation to 

• Motor nucleus• Spinal nucleus

• Spinal nucleus* (GSA)• Pain & tempreture• Location• Extentions

• Medulla – C2• Somatotopic organisation

• Ophthalmic – most caudal• Mandibular – most rostral

*receive GSA from other cranial nerves• Mesencephalic nucleus (GSA)

• Proprioception • Location, Extension 

Page 12: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve Sensory Nuclei

• 1st order neurons • Trigeminal ganglion

• 2nd order neurons• Trigeminal nerve sensory nuclei• Central axons cross midline

• Form trigeminal lemniscus

• 3rd order neurons • VPM nucleus of thalamus• Internal capsule

Page 13: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Maxillary Nerve: Branches• Menengial branches• Zygomatic branch – inferior orbital fissure• Zygomaticotemporal n. ‐Zygomaticotemporal foramen

• Zygomaticofacial n. ‐ Zygomaticofacialforamen

• Posterior superior alveolar n. –posterior superior alveolar foramen

• Infraorbital nerve – inferior orbital fissure – infraorbital groove –infraorbital foramen• Middle superior alveolar n. • Anterior superior alveolar n.

Page 14: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Maxillary Nerve: Branches

• Ganglionic branches (pterygopalatine nerves)• Greater &lesser palatine nn. –Greater & lesser palatine canals/foramens

• Nasal branches (posterior superior lateral, posterior superior medial, & nasopalatine nn.) – sphenopalatine foramen

• Pharyngeal branch – pharyngeal canal

Page 15: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex
Page 16: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Mandibular Nerve: Branches

• Meningeal branch –foramen spinosum

• Nerve to medial pterygoid• Anterior division

• Masseteric n.• Deep temporal nn.• Nerve to lateral pterygoid• Buccal nerve

Page 17: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Mandibular Nerve: Branches

• Posterior division• Auriculotemporal n.

• Relations – TMJ, middle menengeala.

• Lingual n.• Relations – submandibular duct

• Inferior alveolar n. –mandibular foramen• Mylohyoid n. (GSE)• Mental n. –mental foramen

Page 18: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex
Page 19: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Ophthalmic Nerve: Branches

Superior orbital fissure• Frontal nerveScalp • Branches:

• Supraorbital & Supratochlear nn.

• Lacrimal nerveLateral part of upper eyelid• Carry parasympathetic fibers to lacrimal gland via zygomaticotemporal nerve

Page 20: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Ophthalmic Nerve: Branches• Nasociliary nerve‐ Branches:

• Comunicating branch to ciliaryganglion‐ sensory fibers from short ciliary nn.

• Long ciliary nn.‐ carry sympathetic fibers (dilator pupillae m.)

• Posterior ethmoidal n. (ethmoid& sphenoid sinuses)

• Anterior ethmoidal n.• External nasal branch (tip of nose)

• Infratrochlear n. (medial part of upper eyelid & part of nose)

Page 21: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex
Page 22: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex
Page 23: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Trigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion• Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities

• Loss of corneal reflex (V1) (afferent limb)• Paralysis of the muscles of mastication

• Deviation of the mandible to the weak side• Paralysis of the tensor tympani muscle – partial deafness to low‐pitched sounds

• Trigeminal neuralgia• Test 

• Sensory – by touching face using cotton ball • Motor – by assisting masticatory muscles (masseter & temporalis) on clenching

Page 24: 19-Trigeminal Nerve (V) - كلية الطبTrigeminal Nerve (V): Lesion •Loss of general sensation (hemianesthesia) from face and oral & nasal cavities •Loss of corneal reflex

Corneal Reflex