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1914-1918: The World at War. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY & Edited by Mrs. Browne. Differing Viewpoints. “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”. Causes of the War. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1914-1918:
The Worldat WarBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H. S.Chappaqua, NY &
Edited by Mrs. Browne
Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”
Causesof theWar
Causes of World War I Long Term Causes
– Militarism• Military power seen as a symbol of national
prestige• Glorification of war by all powers• An arms race among Great Powers
– Alliances• Agreements among nations to aid each other if
attacked
Causes of World War I Long Term Causes (cont’d)
– Imperialism• Rivalries between British, French & Germans
– Nationalism• French wanted revenge against Germany• Pan-Slavism develops in Eastern Europe• Russia is protector of Slavic peoples• German pride in military & industrial growth
1. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Germany, Austria-
Hungary, Italy, France, Britain, Russia] in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
ExpendituresFrance 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%
Germany
73%
2. The Alliance SystemTriple Entente: Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!Allied Powers: Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II [Rus]
George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Allied Powers:
Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Central Powers:
Enver Pasha[Turkey]
Europe in 1914
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
Why?
The Road to World War
The“Spark
”
The Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & His Family
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne– June 28th 1914– Killed in the city of Sarajevo– Killed by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian
nationalist and member of the Black Hand
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassin:GavriloPrincip
Member of the nationalist group The Black Hand
Austria-Hungary Responds
1. Austria wants to punish Serbia for the murder
2. Austria gets support from their ally, Germany
3. Austria declares war on Serbia on July 28th, 1914
Russia Mobilizes
Russia is ally to Serbia and “big brother” to all Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe– 1. Czar Nicholas II orders the mobilization
of troops against Austria-Hungary– 2. Germany sees this as an act of war
The Conflict Broadens
Germany wants to defeat France before engaging Russia (to avoid a 2-front war)– 1. Germany orders the Schlieffen Plan– 2. Germany invades Belgium and violates
their neutrality– 3. Britain declares war because they are
Belgium’s ally and ‘protector’
The Schlieffen Plan
German Atrocities in Belgium
Summary… so far…. A Serbian murders the Archduke A-H declares war on Serbia Russia declares war on A-H Germany declares war on Russia (and
France) France declares war on Germany Germany invades Belgium Britain declares war on Germany
Who’s To Blame?
Mobilization
It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!
Home by Christmas!
No major war in 50 years!
Nationalism!
Recruitment Posters
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the Central Powers
Austro-Hungarians
A German Soldier Says
Farewell to His Mother
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
France Germany Russia Britain
Mill
ions
A Modern War of theIndustrial Revolution:
NewTechnology
French Renault Tank
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
British Tank at Ypres
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
A Multi-Front War
The Western Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
Trench WarfareThe Western Front• Large trenches• Bodies used to
repair the trenches• Often filled with
mud, muck & water• rats• Barbed wire• Had to go “over
the top” to attack• No Man’s Land
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
The Western Front
Verdun – February, 1916
e What: Germany tried to overrun the French defenses & break the stalemate
eWhat: Each side had 500,000 casualties.
eWinner: A French “technical” victory
The Somme – July, 1916
e What: an Allied offensive against Germany
e What: 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
e What: Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
eWinner: none … stalemate
TheEastern
Front
The Eastern Front The Eastern Front
– More mobile than the Western Front– Extensive use of the calvary– Higher casualties– Covered larger areas of land
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The Eastern Front and push to Tannenberg
The Battle of Tannenberg, 1914 What?
– Russia had pushed into eastern Germany– Germany regroups at Tannenberg– Russian troops had few supplies & were
poorly equipped Winner?
– Germany wins; Russia suffers one of the worst defeats in the war
The Italian Theater
The Italian Theater
The Battle of Caporetto, 1917 What?
– Fought along the Italian border– 35 German and A-H divisions used heavy
artillery, grenades and flamethrowers to break Italian lines
– Over 300,000 casualties
Winner?– The Central Powers
The Middle East
The Gallipoli ”Disaster”, 1915
The Battle of Gallipoli, 1915 Background
– The Ottoman Turks had closed off the Dardenelles to Allied ships
What?– The Allies send a massive
force to open the Dardenelles
– The troops are bogged down on the beaches
– The battle lasted 10 months
– Over 200,000 died
Winner?– The Ottoman Turks &
the Central Powers
The War at Sea
The British Blockade of Germany
What?• The British try to “break”
Germany through a blockade
• Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic Ocean
Winner?• stalemate
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
The“Colonial
”Fronts
Fighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German
Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Womenand theWar
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
e “Mata Hari”e Real Name:
Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
America
Joinsthe
Allies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare– After the Germans sunk the British liner the Lusitania (1915) killing 128 Americans and the French steamer the Sussex (1916), the US threatened to break diplomatic relations with Germany.
– The Sussex Pledge was made which stated that the Germans would not sink neutral boats and the Allies would not blockade
– On February 1st, 1917, Germany announced (return to) a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare which warned that they would attack any ship headed for Allied ports.
Zimmerman Telegram– A message from the German foreign secretary,
Arthur Zimmerman to the German Minister in Mexico
– Urged a military alliance between Germany and Mexico promising Mexico support in regaining their lost territories in the United States.
The Zimmerman Telegram
Cultural Ties– Many Americans felt ties to the culture and
language of Britain and to the democracy of France
– Others sympathized with the Central Powers because of a similar heritage and ancestry.
Russian Revolution– In March 1917, the czar was overthrown– The US assumed more moderate forces would
take over in Russia, therefore if the US went to war they would be joining an alliance of democratic nations
The YanksAre
Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
Posters:
WartimePropagan
da
Propaganda What is it?
– Ideas spread to influence public opinion either for or against a cause
What form can it take?– Slogans, posters, artwork, songs, etc.
What types of messages can it send?– Can be either positive or negative– Can arouse certain feelings like pride, guilt
or hatred
Australian Poster
American Posters
Financing the War
German Poster
Think of Your Children!
“Art”of
WorldWar I
“A Street in Arras”John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
The End of the War
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died
Germany in 1918 Last Offensives
– With Russia out of the war; Germany attempts to push West and defeat the Allies
– 2nd Battles of the Marne & the Somme failed Kaiser William II abdicates on Nov 9th New Government Weimar Republic
– One of the 1st acts of the new government was to sign the armistice … left many Germans bitter
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
9,000,000 Military Deaths
The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against ArmeniansDistricts & Vilayets of
Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922Erzerum 215,000 1,500Van 197,000 500Kharbert 204,000 35,000Diarbekir 124,000 3,000Bitlis 220,000 56,000Sivas 225,000 16,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000European Turkey 194,000 163,000Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800
Cost of War– Human Costs
• Over 20 million dead and wounded• The creation of the “Lost Generation”
– Political Costs• Collapse of governments• Unrest in colonies• Increase/Spread of communism
– Financial Costs• War loans• Destruction• Reparations
The Paris Peace
Conference& The Treaty of
Versailles
The Paris Peace Conference
January 1919– Representatives of the Allied nations met in
Paris to make the final settlement for WWI– Each nation had certain interests – Germany was not invited to attend– Russia did not attend because it was in the
middle of a civil war
The Paris Peace Conference: The Big Three
Britain– Prime Minister David Lloyd George– Wanted Germany to pay for the war ($)
France– Premier Georges Clemenceau– Wanted revenge on Germany & national
security against future threats United States
– President Woodrow Wilson wanted a just and lasting peace
Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson’s basis for the peace settlement
– Reduction of weapons by all nations– Self determination: all nations should have
the right to decide their governments– To create an international organization to
guarantee peace, independence & territorial integrity
– Create a new world order based on democracy & cooperation
The Versailles Treaty New nations were created out of the German,
Austrian, Russian & Ottoman Empires– Finland– Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia (the Baltic States)– Poland– Czechoslovakia– Austria– Hungary– Turkey– Yugoslavia
The Versailles Treaty
The Versailles Treaty League of Nations
– Created as an international peacekeeping organization
– Wilson hoped it would be able to fix unfair territory issues that remained after the Treaty!
Mandate System– Nations in the Middle East that had been
promised independence did NOT get it!– Instead made into “mandates”
The Versailles Treaty & The Mandate System
The Versailles Treaty Unfair treatment of Germany?
– Article 231 “War Guilt Clause”• Germany was responsible for starting the war
– Peace dictated by the victors• Germany had to pay reparations ($$) for ALL
damages that the Allied governments had encountered
• Germany lost her colonies, her military, and territory in Europe
• Many Germans were outraged by the terms
The Versailles TreatyGermany’s “Stabbed in back” theory
• Many Germans did not know how badly the war had been going (thanks to the propaganda!)
• Many thought the new German government had made a huge mistake by accepting the treaty
• They felt betrayed by the new Weimar Republic • …. This would cause HUGE problems in the near
future and would lead to the rise of
Notable Results of World War I
End of 4 Empires New Republics formed Women’s Rights Europe’s Supremacy is closing Psychological Cost of War
– Value of technology?