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19,2/ /046 Institute of Hydrology Natural Environment Research Council CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive

19,2/ /046 - COnnecting REpositoriesIV BEECHES map Scala 1:10000 BB31 SU385.833 8819 Balt B817 8813 • fge 882 BB 428 8812-38 681 6812 BM+ • esze 8844 6E27 6315 51.1.925V29 •

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  • 19,2/ /046Institute ofHydrology

    Natural Environment Research Council

    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

    Provided by NERC Open Research Archive

    https://core.ac.uk/display/385622?utm_source=pdf&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=pdf-decoration-v1

  • 1••0OtO•:••.•••••••

    ••••••••OA,•••••••

  • •'S‘t)\

    CA (C.

    •••••• BURNHAMBEECHES• GROUNDWATERMONITORING•

    1989- 1993•••••••••••••••

    Institute of HydrologyCrowmarsh GiffordWallingfordOxfordshireOX10 8BBUK

    • Tel: 0491 838800Fax: 0491 832256Telex: 849365 Hydrol G••

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    Contents

    Page

    INTRODUCTION I•

    • 2. RAINFALL DATA I

    3. WINTERHILL GRAVELAND CONNECTEDSOLIFLUCTEDGRAVEL I

    • 4. SOLIFLUCTEDGRAVELON THEINTER-TERRACEBLUFF 2

    • 5. BOYNHILL GRAVEL 2

    6. ALLUVIUM 3•

    • 7. READINGBEDSAND CONNECTEDSOLIFLUCTEDGRAVEL 3

    •8. CONCLUSIONS 4

    9. FIGURES

  • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

  • Burnham Beeches GroundwaterMonitoring1991-1993••

    1. INTRODUCTION•

    This document was drafted by IH, at the request of the Corporation in order to assess the

    results of the monitoring programme up to 1993.

    The groundwater monitoring programme established in 1989 and 1990 has been continued by

    the Corporation. Water levels in wells have been monitored weekly and rainfall measured at

    one locality daily with only occasional gaps during holidays (shown as 1 mm on the rainfall

    hydrographs). Consequently a good dataset has been built up of conditions prior to the

    proposed gravel extraction. It is understood that pumping at the existing pit ceased in 1991

    and has not been resumed since.

    The data has been entered onto GRIPS (the IH GRoundwater Information Processing System)

    up to the end of 1993 and output in the form of well hydrographs accompany this document.

    Rainfall data is similarly presented. As groundwater flow in the monitored area is complex

    it is difficult to draw a conventional water table map. Two maps representing high and low

    water levels in 1993 are presented however which show some of the aquifer units identified

    in the 1991 IH report. The monitoring results from each aquifer unit are discussed below.

    The data from BB25 is presented but not discussed since it has only been monitored since

    16.02.93 and water levels in the chalk aquifer are considered of little relevance.

    ,41

    2. RAINFALLDATA

    •Overall 1992 and 1993 were wet years following the drier years of 1990 and 1991. This is

    reflected in the hydrographs eg from wells at the back of the Boyn Hill terrace (BB24 BB26)

    and at the base of the inter-terrace bluff (BB35, BB36 and B1340) which show little response

    to rainfall until the winter of 1992193.

    The winter of 1991/92 was unusually dry. Hydrographs from, for example, the Winter Hill

    terrace (13B13, BB14, B817, BB31, and BB32) do not show a winter peak with a subdued

    summer peak in 1992.

    .The variability of rainfall and corresponding hydrographs, demonstrates the need for several

    years data.

    •3. WINTERHILLGRAVELANDCONNECTEDSOLIFLUCTEDGRAVEL

    This aquifer unit together with the Soliflucted. Gravel unit at the pumping test site is

    delineated in blue on the water table maps, with flow in a southwesterly direction.

    Wells in the Winter Hill Gravel aquifer are BBI3, BB14, B817, B1331,BB32 and BB34.

    Hydrographs all show a rapid response to the same rainfall events with apronounced seasonal

    fluctuation as well. Water levels are generally more shallow than found in the Boyn Hill

    Gravel and Reading Beds aquifers. B834 shows more pronounced response to rainfall events

    and also responses not shown on the other Winter Hill Gravel hydrographs eg in September

  • ••

    1991 with a peak on 17.09.91.

    Wells in the Soliflucted Gravel in presumed hydraulic connection with the Winter Hill Gravel

    are those wells at the pumping test site screened in gravel ie 13134213,BB42-1, 13842-2, BB42-

    3B and BB42-4 which although at a lower elevation, with the exception of BB42-2, show

    similar hydrographs to the wells in the Winter Hill Gravel. The more peaky hydrograph of

    BB42-2 has an affinity with Winter Hill Gravel hydrograph at high water levels but an affinity

    with the lower elevation Reading Beds Sand hydrograph (B842A and I3B42-3A) at low water

    levels indicating connection with different aquifers at different seasons. Water levels at BB42-

    3B are consistently lower than the other wells screened in gravel at the test site indicating

    leakage to the lower Reading Beds aquifer around the well.

    4. SOLIFLUCTED GRAVEL ON THE INTER-TERRACE BLUFF

    Delineated in red on the water table maps this aquifer is represented by wells BB8, BB 10 and

    131322.

    Hydrographs all show little seasonal range of water levels but variable levels from week to

    week responding rapidly to rainfall events.

    Wells BB8 and BBIO are located where the gravel is thin and during the summers of 1989

    and 1990 BBIO was dry, whereas 13138was consistently dry until the exceptionally wet late

    November early December of 1992.

    5. BOYN HILL GRAVEL

    Delineated in green on the water table maps this aquifer is represented by wells 884, BB 1I ,

    BB24, BB26, B827, BB37 and 8839.•

    Groundwater flow is confined to an area between the brickearth with an initial steep hydraulic

    gradient to the south then a gentle gradient to the southwest towards the inferred sink holes.

    Hydrographs 8837 and 8839 show a seasonal response to recharge, particularly following

    the rainfall of November 1992. Weekly variability is less than wells in the Winter Hill and

    Soliflucted Gravel aquifers above, giving characteristically smooth hydrographs during this

    period.

    8827 was dry when drilled but surprisingly became wet on 03.09.91 (a dry day following

    10 previous days with no rainfall). This well remained wct thercafter, recording a very peaky

    response to the high rainfall during winter 1992/93. Such a response is not surprising bearing

    in mind the aquifer here was found to be only 0.4m thick overlain by about 4m of brickearth.•

    The hydrograph of 884 does not have much affinity with surrounding wells. Levels fluctuate

    on a week to week basis responding rapidly to rainfall events. The response to the winter

    rainfall of 1992/93 is less peaky and of a similar magnitude to previous seasonal high water

    levels. Levels at B84 are consistently higher than nearby wells indicating local recharge in

    this area. Surprisingly the hydrograph of 13134has greatest affinity with the hydrograph of

    131329both in shape and elevation suggesting similar conditions or even a connection.

    •2

  • •••

    Hydrographs of wells BB24 and BB26 show a subdued response to recharge during winter

    1990191 and spring 1992 with minimal weekly variability but a good response to the wetter

    winter of 1992193.

    Monitoring of BB11 ceased on 26.11.91. The hydrograph of this well shows no affinity with

    nearby wells on the Boyn Hill terrace with the possible exception of BI34. Water levels at

    BB11 tend to respond well to individual rainfall events but do not show a pronounced

    seasonal effect.

    6. ALLUVIUM

    •Delineated in yellow on the water table maps this aquifer is represented by BB29 and BB30.

    •The hydrograph of BB30 shows a strong affinity with hydrographs of wells at the pumping

    test site screened in Reading Beds Sand (BB42A and BB42-3A) indicating hydraulic

    connection (also indicated by the drawdown of the pumping test reaching BB30). Both

    seasonal and weekly fluctuation at BB30 are more subdued than at BB42A and BB43-3A.

    In contrast the hydrograph of BB29, further downstream along Swilly Brook, shows both a

    more pronounced seasonal fluctuation and a good response to rainfall events.

    7. READING BEDS AND CONNECTED SOLIFLUCTED GRAVEL

    The Reading Beds aquifer is delineated on the water table maps in orange and is represented

    by 1 group of wells in the Reading Beds Sand and connected Soliflucted Gravel, 3 groups of

    wells in the Reading Beds Sand and 1 well (BB4I) in the Reading Beds Silt. The Reading

    Beds are interpreted as a multi-level aquifer system.

    The group of wells in the Reading Beds Sand and connected Soliflucted Gravel lie towards

    the foot of the inter-terrace bluff and comprise BB35, BB36, BB40 and BB43A. The saturated

    sand at BB35 was logged as pan of the overlying Sol iflucted Gravel sequence (though it could

    be classified as Reading Beds Sand). Only 0.7m of Reading Beds Sand was logged at BB36

    with the overlying saturated sands and gravels classified as Soliflucted Gravel. Hydrographs

    of both these wells show close agreement with each other and with hydrographs of 8B40 and

    BB43A screened entirely in Reading Beds Sand.. These hydrographs are all fairly smooth

    with a subdued response to both individual rainfall events and seasonal recharge except a

    seasonal response to the 1992/93 winter recharge. The affinity of these hydrographs with

    those of BB24 and BB26 of the Boyn Hill Gravel suggest a hydraulic connection of the Boyn

    Hill Gravel with the Reading Beds Sand at least as far as BB40 and BB43.

    The upper aquifer at BB43 (BB43B) shows a similar hydrograph to that of BB21 with minimal

    seasonal fluctuation. Whereas levels fluctuate slightly from week to week at BB21 they remain

    more constant at BB43B.•

    The hydrograph of BB20 shows a similar pattern to BB35, BB36, BB40 and 8B43A but there

    is a clear lagged response to seasonal recharge. BB20 is the only representative of this aquifer

    level within the Reading Beds.

    The hydrographs of BB42A and BB42-3A screened in the Reading Beds Sand at the pumping

    •3

  • ••

    test site show a strong affinity with hydrographs of wells screened in the overlying Soli flucted

    Gravel and nearby Alluvium aquifers (referred to above) suggesting hydraulic connection.

    •The hydrograph of BB41 in the Reading Beds Silt aquifer shows a similar pattern to the

    hydrographs of the nearby Winter Hill Gravel although BB4I is more peaky particularly

    during the 1992/93 winter recharge period.•

    • 8. CONCLUSIONS

    •As a result of regular weekly monitoring of well water levels and daily measurements of

    rainfall, a very good dataset has been established. This data is not only essential information

    necessary to safeguard groundwater levels under Burnham Beeches, it is also of scientific

    interest and value.

    The temporal variability of rainfall and the corresponding variability in the nature of the

    hydrograph response to recharge, demonstrates the need to have several years pre-extraction

    data.

    Each aquifer unit is characterised by a particular type of hydrograph. Hydraulic connection

    of both wells and aquifers can be inferred on the basis of the degree of similarity of

    hydrograph shape.

    •It would be worth considering further modelling, using the monitoring data in order to

    improve our understanding of groundwater flow in the area. This would aid assessment of the

    suitability of the existing network to act as an early warning system and also improve

    predictions of the effect of gravel extraction:

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