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LABOR AND ECONOMICSA Creeping Famine N THE olden days faminexrhich often leaped suddenly npon the populace. Ci-iilization, however, is threatened with n-hat might be termed a creeping famine, under the r:ame of the high cost of living. Like a creeping palsy this may gradually briag paralysis to a world. The meakest, physicany and pecuniarily, come first under this benumbing iduence. A poor family has been accustomei to many necessities and some comforts. =st, increased cost of living takes away the c o d o r t s one by one. The necessities are anxiously scanned, and cheaper substitutes take the place of one necessity after another. The effort is made to maintain the nntritive r d u e of food and. the warmth of clothing, but cheaper food and older clothes are the rule. Income does not rise with expense; for the employers are fightinz the high cost of business, and oppose and postpone wage increases sa long a the worker can be induced ta cut his : : li+ng d o n 7 to a subsistence basis. h h o r must lire, arirl a siril;~forces a little %sen from a desperate or prcfiteering employer. But strikes rzisc the general cost of business; and the r;orl:er pars for 133s own mas-raise, plus the s~.itl:(;::;i;nl profit the emplorer takes through i ~ c r i l i r ~ price-increa~es. te H izii cost of Iiring c x e p s rrp, and a,mSn the f;t:lii:; inori c3i.icr.cy is impaired Little sister, unri~~rr,~:~nri>:b(!. sickly; disease steps in, ,gem do(7tor~.prfsc~iptions, drugs and finally the undi~rta!i~r-a:~ appalliag problem an top of all t h a t hay hrm c:ltlured. Less and still lcss can LC bgught ; hopclespess comes-and t h e next

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strike for a raise is the work of a desperate man Though the raise comes, it is less than circle is repeated. needed; and the ~ c i o n s How real this is and how rapidly the creeping death is rnounting appear in the figures for the lil-ing cost of a family of k-e:1918 i313 Incrcu. Xonse (Rent, Insuranm. ITeat. etc. \ ..SZO(i.lS.. SXS.W..27% .. Food -m1.m.... &31.403% Gothing : Wlfe 56.55.- 100.4831%

Clothing: Husband Clothing: Chlldre!r ( 3 ) Doctor, Boob, Car Fares. Mlse

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1 4 1 . 153.99- 7% 4.3136.00- M658.-47a 1 6 8 - 196.W.- 5% 8.0 $l.B50.86 $1,91813 33%

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The cost of living has not stopped rising: it is still on the move. Temporary expedients gire it panse; but after a rest, it resumes the climb. m a t does it signify? The Bible tells. T e are at the door of the kingdom of Qod. Tbe grandest blessings ever imagined are about to be ushered in But first the present order of things is divinely permitted to break down, fall to pieces, disintegrate through its own imperfections. I t was all divinely foreknown. J e m said that a t this time, "There shall be famines and tronhles: these are the beginning3 of s o r r o d . (Mark 13: 8) Margin reading saya, "The word in tile original importeth the pains of a roman in travail"-as thongh the troubles 01 the clash,- of the old-world period wonld come in wcccssive spasms. Again, "I mll increase [more and more] the famine npon you and mill break your staff of breadn. (Ezekiel 5: 16) But not for long; for in only a few years, after hmna~ity'sheart is softened hp trouble and men have turned for refuge to God, "lllere shall be ~ h o ~ eof sblessing" (Kzekicl 34: 26) ; r and '3d pour you out a blessing, that there l

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I r @hAge fm J a v 7, rwo hSothing arouses public suspicion like tampering with the private pocket-book Yt is a short cnt to dispossession," comments a man p r o d nent in pnblic affairs; and '2 men responthe sible for policies in any industry wish to be deprived of it without tine discrimhations as ta rights and equities, the sure, quick way ie to permit the public to believe that these men a m profiteering7Whether profiteering is a came of high ppdccs or a n incident connected therewith, lbe public it as a leading cam for have the lessened purchasing p o m r of wages Sooner or Inter pnblic indignation is likely to look for a '5ctim, and the man that today has acquired the .worst name is Mr. Profiteer. It was doubtless of this class that the Wise Ifan vke many ae: "There is a generation, vhose teeth are a s swords, and their jaw teeth ~ v e s to devour the Poor from off , the earth, and the needy from among men''. (Proverbs 30:14) The Psalmist also said : TVby bOssteth &on i mischief, 0 lnighty n man God destroy thee ;he away, and pluck t h e oat of thy dwelling place, and root thee out of the land of the living". 13.

shall not be room enough to receive it".Malachi 3 :10. I t is not easy to pass through the birth-panqs of the coming age of blessings, but all who possess meehese, courage and faith will come through it in safety.

Clean Hands

T I is not the Gnt war that has presented HSopportunities for "easy money. Every war business men who have has Eeen thousands had hard time ma&g ends meet but to whom as a dance mahg for a litdo ,var looked as prosteers galore Kilo had money, as money and realized that a big Tar meant for them a 'Wing". This might have by the examplc of other nations to minimize profiteering. Some inordinate profits would be inevitnot be laid down to able, becanse preverlt all proftcc-ing ~ t h o n stifling honest t profiteering, tax to laws were i a&anm providing. t h d n undue profits should automatically flow bach- as national be-pry. There wodd t m e s into be fcw amassing inordinate wealth. It forestalled some of the disturbance of confidence that wonld necessarily follow war. American foresisht failed in this particnlar. The n ~ m l e r millionaires has doubled tines of 1916, a ~ there are thousands of newly-wealthy ~ d rnen rhosc hands are not clean. %''here lires by tens of thonsanfh heen cheerfully I k d down, where hundreds of thou~ a n d s a w suffered wounds and mfions have h undergone privations, it is a moral asset t0 h a w clean hands. I n a day of universal sacrif i hands that drip nith blood-money a m 8 ~ ~ public menace. Any cia-s of bnsirless mpn that outrages pulllic sentiment is doomed as soon a s pnhlic 5entiment is aroused againkt it. The liquor l~usinesb abus~cl public confidencp. and the public turned upon it to destroy it. Thc public n s e mr r Targave Cornmodom Vanderh~lt's 'hublic-bedamncll" policy of milroad manaqcment. and they t n q d upon the r.ulroads w i t h a pnblicrcgulatio? systcm that rmde railroad manage~ n ~a t n mghtmare. I t is not hard lo foresee that the new crvp of millionaires and nearmillionaires hace placcd themcl~esin a Frecarious position.

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FPhatCoaCdo~Do? N giv someg to shd fplt bv fie paborn of the lamdriu den ss& by window that signs which once cost ten cents to have lamdried would be fifteen cents, and those once helve

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,,ng be eightecn e n h But what cod^ a larmdrp d o t me small hand lamdries do little or no but send Rork out to w d e d by lamdries. They inn oat the piw, do them up with their affn tag-, and get what m t they can-from $1S to $25 a meek. This inmme is eqnivalent to $9 to $12.50 before the wm, and is not an extravagant return for a man who rmdertdes the responsibility of a business Perhaps now the hand laundrp proprietor can get $30 to .0 a % week. and be alrle to bay better food and clothing and r ~ n a h ~ t f c flat for the children, and enjoy t r a very 11ttIe of the 'place in the suu" cvcry one has thc right to. Thc origin of the rise m s &e needs oE Cho morken tc improw thr m e a p r liring they mt by ironing. The Shirt 'Ironers' r n i o n members have PFires and children, and want them to be

The Gidm Age faJanuary 7 . rgzofairly well fcd and clothed. They thkk it not unreauourble to ask ten cents for ironing plain dtirts and twclrc cents for shirtra w t cob ih and cuffs, for which they had m-&ved eight cents, a s m which became insuflicient for food, rent, clothing and shoes for the amity. For the pre-War wage of eight had i n buying power t four cents o The situation is made complicated by a side issue. Enterprising little promoters makc the conditions diEcdt. They create independent laundries and apply formd methods of pushing tho business to a point where it may be sold a t a profit of one or two hundred dollars. In these promotion Iaundries there are no Union ironers, but the proprietor, his wife and d the children, do the ironing. With no proper wage cast it is e a s j to ask cut prices for wo* md shaw such a profit on the boob that some odd-be lamdry proprietor can be induced to buy the business i'or a f c v hundred dollars. In addition, the steam laandries have a rising cob t of doing business, cansequently keep raising the wholesale rate to the hand l a ~ d r i e sBetween a l these factore it loaka as though a m l t e and cightcen cent shirts might come to stay. For m d e r d the -~eq ahat ebe could a laundry do? hi Bible clap men were required to set fhat not merely the worliers but even the cattle had plenty to cat; for it w s the law that "thou a shdt not rnrlzzle the ox when he treadeth ont thc corn". (Dentcronom? 25: 4) We who look for the Golden Age snrcIy mght to be ancl to pzy little if it is gabg to hclp some feI1ow worker to get some of the plenty n7c would like to cnjoy ourselves.

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his trouble in o w the company. The a t m k cost him little or nothing, bat it is the capital etock that controls the company. In eighteen p the Steel Corporation, bosides large s&ries and c - m oo to b d m and o e a l s , grid paying fie jnterest and dividends on a billion and a half of stocks cmd bonds, has laid up assets t4 the vaho of more t a six times the original value of the hn properties. In1917the Steel Corporationeamdfifty per cent on the original d u e of the properties, and in 1916 another fifty per cent. 0 r d b d - y it earns about fourteen per cent on the original value. The S e l Corporation emp1oq.e~more men te than were ia the United Ststea st the begimhg of the World War, and has d e p n d d upon it more people than the entire popnltrtim of some of the mantries bmlved in ths E n r o w disputes. It is an elnpire or monarchy within a republic Its snbjects long f o r representation in the government of the industry Upan which their lives depend. Ths workers for the Steel Corporation bsrs the Mt right to o r w h , and togeth men i all the n as C o ~ r a t i o n had to to b * gether the ahopa themselves. T o Pnaidant d h tha S e l Carporatio& Mr. Gary, denies thir te Be is & g to bat aitb of It is that a third to a Out On a million men in the stsd bwi-~~ess when M . r refnsed to treat with their representstives. The statistics of steel production a pa cent in the output, maintained for many web No doubt the Steel Corporation felt that i b tremendous profita xnade during the war a m s a c i e n t to carry it orer until the strike is won, a g e a t str&e there are hardahips and injndces. Not infrequently7sfi.igo-bd. 7 , or "detectivesu, as tilep are called7me their to aronse one a M t other. Thus, they Serbians to 9 back Fork, telling them that if they do not the Tb]rarls 1 4 1 grt their jobs. 'I1hc Steel Corporation has done something at Gary toward AmericanifJng the a l i e n s employed in {hemills there, but ~t needs to do morc and should instantly dismiss "detectives" engaged in the kind of work hen,

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LJtoneyin Steel IIERlC is monry in the steel business, and the bnsincss is an empire in itself. The 1,nitcrl State? Steel Corporation was formed r~l'.;\l~W?+ > oars ago 0nt of tWelv0 steel phJlt~ of --a!rous 1;irrds. I:;?.O(H) acres of coal lands, I - ~ > I llirv(+dpital.tack o f *tiM.000.n0() Tor bimst?lf' jnd his msociates, to pay him for mentioned.

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A clever kind of camouflage which has k e n precticed in s t least one locality is to give dead mills the appearance of being busy by burning tar in the chimneys and sending up a thick, black smoke, and to arrange electric lights in such 3 way as to convey the impression that a mill is m.nning when it is actually cold.

Rail& Pcrplexitiea OR screral years railroad managers, or those responsible for the properties, have h e n in p a t perplexity. They have the inexorable paprolls to meet; and yet they are restricted hy their charters, or othenvise, in hat they can charge for transportation. In the effort to get around their diEculties they do some strange things. Of conrse. as everybody knows, the fmancien and others \-rho could get hold of the properties, robbed the Erie, Kern Raven, Pere Marquette, Alton, Rock Island, Frisco and many other lines, in the most $hameless manner; ?nd the dear public, who paid the bills and who still continnea to pay, could only cheer feebly when the first generation of robbers turned the p m pertiee over to another, presumably to perpetuate the good work. The death of Mr. Shonts, and the efforts of the company of which he was president to churn up public enthnsiasm for an increased subway fare in New Pork City, has drawn general attention to another railway, the Interborough, one of the gwatest railways in the world in point of number of passengers carried, and in point of safety. I n the summer of 1918 the Interborough Company needed $33,000,000 to pay for certain improvements, and current interest obligations of $11,500,000 per year. The money wa. borrowed from J. P. N o r p and Company, and a statement filed that in the ten years from 1907 to 1917 the gross operating revenues of the road incrseventy-four per cent and the net income a~ailable interest p n p e n t s , 179 per for cent The statement went on to show that the company's expected increase in profits on a five cent fare basis mould be d c i e n t to meet RU indebtedhem ,up to 1926, and contained the statement+at "the en,gineers state that in making the eshmatea, full allowance has been made for the unfavorable conditions brought abont by the wnr". A p p a r e n t l y the Interborough wanted the

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uouey so M y in the summer of 1918 that it concealed the real facts, or else the reel fPds were purposely hidden from sight in the summer of 1919 when the process of "chnming" for a larger fare was started I t is intensting to watch one of these "chnming" operations, and see how the public is graduaJly hornsrpoggled. One step was to have a "strike" for higher wages on the part of the men. The Interborough paid the hall rent, lights, printing bills, and time spent in attending the meetings of the 'hnion" that did the striking. Perhaps they thought there ~ ~ o n be more money in getting ld the Inen to force them to pay higher wages SO that they could force a mnch larger sum out of the public in the form of an increased f a s a The wage increase is expected to nm to about $5,000,000 per year, while the fare in=l 320000 asked for d run to $ ! , 0 , 0 . I n e n the railroads are returned to the men who mere running them previously (we can not say to the owners, for the "financier&' who rn these railroads were not the owners) we s M probably see the Interborough elamor far increased rates repeated on a gigantic scale. It is always the ealcula.tion of those who rob t e h 'people on a grand scale that the whole matter will be forgotten in a few yeam ;and it generally is. From 1900 to 1910 eighteen railroads of the United States ,gave away stock bonuses aggregating $150,414,000, besides paying liberal cash di-ridends to stockholders; and now of course, the men to whom these bonuses mere given are hoping for perpetnal interest payments on these gifts. President Cuderwood of the Erie haa stated that the Government operation of the railrod would have made a mnch better showing than it has made if the payrolls had not been eves loaded with unnecessarp employes who m m given positions for p o l i t i d reasons. Early in the War it was reported that master mechanics of railroads had orders to make repairs of locomotivcs and cars in such a manner as to cause, not serious accidents, but little delays so annoying to passengers and shipperzi 3s to discredit governmental ownership. Similar reports were in circulation abont railway signd systems. If the railroads were not managed bp irresponsible indivicludq it might be possible for the same rules for efficient service to apply to railroad execntives, directors atlid finnnoiesa, as to railroad workera

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The Golden Age for January 7, rgto r;

231i

SOCIAL AN 0 EDUCATIONALDBod bfrbfriIionttima ING the Fall of 1919 an unusual number d millionaires passed away; and the manner id which their fortunes were obtained, how they e used and how fhey r e r e disposed of r e are? as always, items of general interest, because they are out of the ordinary. As far as most of ua are concerned, the nearest r e can hope to come to this subject is to read abont it, But there is one thing abont it that is enconraging, o r discouraging-depending on how r e look at i t w d that is that when we clie we each ef us leave as mPch as the wealthiest; that is t say, we leave everything, d we have. o l S n e the world began, nobody has given ic away such a colossd fortnne as Andrew Carnegie. His known gifts aggregated more than $330,000,000; and inasmuch a s a t his death he left no more than abont $30,000,000 'he mnst have given sway many more millions of which w record stVOives. In his will Mr. Carnegie remdibered a half dozen Britbh statesmen by ,008 a year; alsa s and living wive8 s buried at Sleepyor, who recently died in of $60,000,000 worth o l City. A '&andson of stor, and a t one t m ie f the water. evcn to nistcr to Italy, he eventually renounced his country, saying, "8mdrica is not a fit country for a gentleman to live in". But this was before the passage of ihe Espionage Act. Mr. Astor was 3 "climberw, for abont a quarter of a centttry trying to break in to English societv, and &ally succeeded. The -mr rnas+bis opportunity: and for his gifts to the L'ritish cause, he was made a viscount, whatever that is. I t is estimated that his efforts to gab into the peerage cost him $12,000,000. IIis daughter-&law, Lady Astor, an American girl, rau f o r b e &at in the House of Commons d e vacant by her hnsband when he moved up into the House of Lords. This shows a considerably Ligher line of thought than that inddged by 8

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Mrs. Astor on this side of the water, a connection of J\?illirun T17aldorf, who recently &tingaished herself by appearing in a m l race ue a t the hhinebeck, Dutchess County, N. Y ,fair. . I t is hsrd to see &hatBmerica ever got in i-eturn for the rnilliol~sthat it gave to the ..Qstora. Theodore P. Shonts is dead, too. Mr. Shonts was reckoned as one of the trorld's great engineers, having received a t one time a fee of $7,000,000 from one ~ ~ e s t e r n railroad. Chosen by the C n i t d States Government to b d d the Panama Canal, he made splendid progress with the work, but suddenly resigned to lake the presidency of the Interborough, giving as his reason that his love for his family wodd net permit of his rejecting the offer the Interborough had made him. Apparently, Mr. Shonts did think a lot of his family a t one time, for, the allowance wxcb he gave to his vife and two daughters WUS, for Inany years, $V3,000 p r year. But he wreaged his fortune by plmges in the stock market, cat his family'e allowance to $45,000 per y c u (which would still be large enough for s w of o us to live upon, in a pinch) and finally beeam catranged from them altogether, and eagag;ed other apairt3uent.s. However, only two years ago he paid one jewelry bill for his f d y m ~ t in6 to $135,000. Mr. Shonts left an estate valued a t $475m. E e dirided $200,000 alnong his two daughters, rr sister and two niecee, reserved $100.000 for the pa>-mcnt of a tlebt to his v-ife which he acknowledged owing to her, and gave her $5,000 outright. 'fie balance of his estate he gaw to a worn= not related to the family in any may, an es-actress. Yr. Shorltv m d e eight separab nills since 1900, which indicates that the possession of money does not necessarily bring ono rest of mind; and it can not be said that his career, RS a n-hnll-, is anything the ~ o u t h of tho country should emulate. Col. Roosevclt denounced b bittcrlp a t thc time he left the employ of the Government, issuing a public statement that Shonts had left his country for the &c of mere lucre. Col. Raoeevell, liimself, is one of the wealthy men a-ho died during the past year, his total fortune aggregating a littlo less than on0 million dollars

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Ihe Golden Age far January 7,IWO

Rabbi Levkthal, of BrooHpn, thinks that the ;\lrs. Bussell Sage is another famous millionairt: ~ - h o &ed during the latter part of 1919. Big F i r e have gotten e start that nothing can She \vas a wonderful womau, desen-illg oE the stop. He eaid recently: "The war has let loose qrcatest rcspcct. Out of 8 11ct c s t a t e of the passions of the people as ncvcr before. It $45;L61,724 she gave $40,UW,000to philallll~ropy Itas opened u p a flood of intense h a t d s and atld education, while the appraisement of 11cr strifes that can not k controlled. S p e ~ d a t o m l~ersonalwardrobe showed that its ralnc \vas are greedily buyil~gup the nceessities of Me; $388. She always dressed neatly, and her warcl- trnsts. like Pharaoh's lean Enc a t the b a r b of the n robc was maint-ed tor that purpose and ~ ~ o t Xile, arc swallowing u p industry ai'tcr i dud^-, and yet n e ~ c seem satisfied". r ~ucrelyfor d i s p l e . j man :rith an income of $70,000,000 pet l Thcn there was another milliomirc, little L l o m ~ .but nemrtl~elcss the posscsvor of a p a r can swallow up a good many big businesses large fortune. Solonloit ScLinasi, a Turkish every ycar altd not notice it. Evcn tho little cigarette maker. lcft all estate of $IS.C)~,cHjO. Milk Trust. ir. New Yort City. i s estimated to Tllnt seen~s like a large fortune to be coiiecied clea11 up $330,000 pcr day, o r $E2,830.000 pcr out of such a business as making and selling year. i n the profits they make OE from Sev "coffin nails". \iVonder how many buildings 1Fork's hungry kiddies, and that amount will vere burned by the cigarettes for which Mr. buy quite a few industries everg yew. In EngSchil~asi was responsible S One hotelkerper in Iand the taxes do something toward curbing the Willimantic. Conn.. has stated that he >.as rapacity of the money-grabbers. The old estates burned c~utseven times, i n various localities, are unable to keep the pace and are being and that in each case the fires were prorcn to broken up. This is s good thing for the countq; it is distributing the wealth more e~enly. have been started by cigarettes. During the mar, w t 4,000,000 of the workers ih A n d Some Lioe Ones ? HE number of millionaires i n Great Brit3in absent, ~ t produced in the United States about is about the same i proportion to tire p o ~ u - $550 for each man. woman and child in the n lation that it is here. I n Great Britain there comtrp; enough, if properly distributed. to are 148 i~tdiviclualsuith an annual income of give plenty to everybody. Harrington Emerson, ih over $500,000, in thc UiJted States there arc the great efficiency expert, w t eight other and 456 ~ i t h Iik? incon~es. One of these lives in industrid engineers of similar standing. Has Chicago, and has a prrsolial income of marc issued a solemn warning fo the great business than $70.000,000an~~uallp. do not h w who men of the c o n t r y that the cause of prese~tt We this is, and it would be against the lam to tell, unrest in industry is the acquisition of wealth form-hi& no adequate service has h e n rendered if we did b ~ ~ o w ; we can make a guess. but Mr. Philip D. Armour is a very modest apThc charge of these cngincers is that labor pearing arld cconornical man, for one i n his shares with capital in this form of pirulder: statio~lin life; a n d hc says that he b u y tTFo and their cl~argc jost. The policy of eilhcr is suits per Fear. 0r.e straw hat. tl~reeneckties, capital or labor, of exacting profit w i ~ o u t six suits of underwear, two dozen pairs of rendering full7 compensating service, has wadisocks, all overcoat every other rear. and a soft ed enormous stores of hams11 and natural reliat once in fire years. occasionally touched up sources and can not c o n t i ~ a e vitkout a wred; with ink in the meantime. that - d l smaell everything in sight. The five big packers, of whom Mr. A m o u r Wc do uot know whether the ldng an3 queen is perhaps the leading spirit. are interested in of Belgium expected too lnncb profit on theii higgm.things than seeing h o r ~ i i c ~ the:- can recent trip througl~Ameria. Tho trip is rcly (loll up. Thcp haxn rained a grip a n man? of ported to hare coct them $1,000.000: but we of hare not the lcsst idea that they \rent baclc to the big holcls of the C O ~ L ~ V '.f i e supplyi~tg meats to six of t l ~ c e a t hotels in Sew Tork Belgium r;itl~less money tlaan thev had whe~l p C i t ~ ?upposed in each cazc to nct the packer they came. The same may be sGd for Car&nal is who has t h o ~ o tract about $S0,000 profit ppr Mercier. He came over here "just to sco Amcrn clnntun. f lic S:~tior~al Yholesalc Grocers -1s- ica": but in prerp plzcc Ile n e n t bis a b i r e r j soc!ia:ion deelarcu that 373 Amcricsui railroads passed the i:at, snd the p e a t hnri.ican public, arc g i ~ i n g l ~ e t Big Five a favored service. that lo\-es to hare it so, paid cheerfull)..

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Ihe Golden Age far J a n t q 7,

1920

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cod in ~ p i i z i r g e n S IT in Oklahoma or in k a o n a ? mould be the first question about Spitzbergen. But no ; it is a group of islands within the arctic circle some 400 miles north of S o m a y , with a climate which Xr. Vilhjalmur Stelaneeon, the arctic explorer, assares is "no worse than that of

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Vjdnipeg". "The mild climate of Spitzbcrgen," says Dr. \V. R. Bruce, who has j n v ~ s t i g ~ t e he principnl Id ialmd or" the a r d ~ i p r k g o ,9 s due lo tl?e warm drift ihat rewhas the w s t a r n si~ores from the Atlmtid'. .By 8 "mild climate" the dontor seems io mean that i i is not q ~ u t e bacl a s ice-bound as Grt?enlnnd ; and UKLLSpi tzbergen will he a good place to live is sug-gsted by the dream iha; the i~lmds nilI become 3 great ~ t e e l cenicr. "Tor", says Mr. Stefansson, "Lhere is no reason why greok swel mills should not be erected i n Spitzbergen, and thrir product shipped to a l Norihern Fmope". This is a modern replica l of the counscl!of Henry .tTudson in 1607, who said h t T would 'profit to adventure Spiizt bergen", in o q e r words, to make it the subject of a sto~lc-sell&gpromotion scheme. This may indeed not be h p o s s i b l e torlay, for was it not the Bostdn of Ayer S; Lon,gyear, some years ago, thak eqiol.ed Spitzbergcn's mineral possibilities, bat-probably wisely-sold out to a more o p t i d s t i c Korn-egian syndicate7 And did not a British company go to the islands and start to "advcntme" them7 Hon-ever, all the cancerns that have tried Spitzbergen have quit, with the one result suggested by Xr. Stefansson's remark, ' do not h o w what iheq- occom. I r,llshed:'. . 'IIe great explorer is enthusiastic over the po.=sibiliiics ol; this "farthest-north" proposition: T b e c o d is better for s t e m Furposes t I!sn the bent IT'clsh coal, a d &at meansit is the b.2.t i!i t h e v:orld. T'ur?re seems to be an a h o s t ~:!;iimiv?d m o u n t of Ulc highest grade of iron ore; it is this ore which constitutes ihe wealth of ~ ~ t x b & ~and in.i?icl? is Likely to mdie it ef one of l.lle-r;rrtate:~tsteel mnnufactaring centers oi' tile wor!d. The Fittebllrgh district is the only one ikpi has ihr? samc characteristics a s Spi:.:b~l.:cn. The high-grade con1 and equally go~d iron ore a r e practically aontiguoau, nnd1

both are so close to the sea that shipments can he made by gravity trams. Outcroppings of both c o d and iron are a l along the coast, and l the meath~redcoal is so good that the miners can oee it in their stoves during cold seasnns." The truth about Spitzbergen is that i t is a very co!d place. Thr! temperature is somewhat \varmrr than Ecllr Island, hdtvay to Yorwny; bnt the tllennom~terarernges abotlt tw~nl.ytl~rce P ~ I ' , - Pon : h ~\;-arm ~vcst ~ R side, ancl from r.1tvc.n to hurtcon rlngr~es the cold cast .side on of the principal island. Thc west shore is moderated by the mnrmpr, yet cold, Atlantio Ocean p~~rrents; i t b ~ the.rast coasl is bothrd bp n frigid arctic c n r r ~ n t and is prsctically nnin, hnbitahlt-. I n wintcr evPn the west mast is rnad~ almost unendurable by the persistent east winds lh3t s ~ i c e p with arctic severity from the ice plains and mountains of the central plateau and the cast coast. T,et us compare the Spitzbergen climate with Winnipeg; for do not the explorers say that it is "milder than Winnipeg", and that "records show that the mercury never reaches the same depths in Spitzbergen that it does in Winnipeg and other thriving settlements of Canada"? E u t Winnipeg hns its snmmer heat enongh f o r crops and trees to grow, whilo the Spitzbergen climate, according to the Britannicn, p e r m i t s the p o w t h of only one "trcc", the arctic willow growing not over two feet high and bearing a few leaves not larger th,m 3 nlan's finger nail. l%ere are also some crowberry and cloudberry bushes, poppies, some grass in favored valleys and plenty of bright ,green moss. There are in fact 130 rarietibs oL flowering plants of arctic species I t has never been possible to inhabit ths islands permanently. Hunters have occasiondly bee11 f o x e d to minter there, and the islands have been made the bnsis of a few arctic expeditions which penetrated a couple of hundred miles f a r ~ h e r north orer the ice-covered Arctie Sea. The ice closes in on the coast in September ancl does not relax its grip until Nay, a condition quite different from Winnipeg, which is accessible by rail al the year round. Transl portation to and from Spitzbergen is suspended while the ocean ice locks the harbors. From October 14 to February 3 Lhere is no sanlight,

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'['he Golden Age c 7r January 7. j

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.hut ta,ilight, crc~lptfrom December 1 to 20, jcal times tbe islands weza cntircly covered with thc dark :lrctie night, lighted h o n - e r ~ r the deep ice sheetr;. That the ice is gradually disby bright rlcnr moon. appearing whr:n mcasnrcd hy n period of t r o l'rior to tho prcscnt tliscorcries of iron orc thou~anri years or more is crlcoura@ng for the and good coal tlic archipljlago has uevcr been bcliuf that tho archiprlrrgo uill rventually be thought 11-orth fightil~gover by the predatory entirely clear of ice ficlds and glaciers. The European ~iations,I n tile summcr of lG'12, BOW- s m o +'load that dcpojited the arctic ice cap, ever, British whnlrrs and fishers coming there and caused the glauinlion of much of the northinformed the Dutch n-orkcrs on the ground chrn heri~ispherc,plnyed havoc with the Spilzthat they liald a cornlni~sionfrom the King "for bergen climate. Its effects are slowly melting thc depression oP an>-Vlemil~gs interlope?, away, and in the course of the nest few hundred or but they hoped of course thst the Dutchmen years will probably be entirely gone, as the would go qriietly. The Dutchman, however, earth becomes more likc the Eden it is promised said thst "bcing a sin~plefisherman, Ile hmem to k. Then this group of arctic islands will nothing about these matters: hr: had been sent come into their own, and there may be steel by IGs employers. and lvould do what he had w o r b in S p i t z b e r g e ~But not until then. ~ h e n told to do". This it is cloimed was the last attempt of tho English to assert their "rights" Building to Cost Mom intending builder of a house should get against the Dntcli. But now that the islands his building under way at once unless he have assumed "importance" because there is sometlling there worth grabbing there may be mants to pay considerably more for it-SO my further assertions of rights by one nation of experienced builders. Scxt spring is expected Europe o r another. to see a fifteen per cent increase in the cost I f any worlcers want to find a good lonesome of building materials alone. place to winter in, they might try Spitzbergen, The factors producing tbe rise are labor if wealthy promoters decide to invest some shortage, unrest, and mounting cost of labor money there. It is not a particularly good p h and materials, according to one of the h g e a to bring up s family, so those that apply 8bodd concerns in the East. Tnldng the 1909 cost as a basis of loo%, the bc single, o r xldowers? or possibly p a s s widowers seeking "ills they hcow not of," to cost of building each year has been as foUo\vs : m 1914 u . 4 y o escape the ills tliey hare. I t is probable that 1 -oO?!o ~ O %.Wo 19x3 87.9% there would be movics supplied, and once in a I1311R% 3 . 11 L O S . 5 r 00 while rm airplane from Norway; for, s a y 3fr. 1912 9% 95.470 1017 -1s64f Stcfansso~~, ':Spitzherqen \I-ould not be cut off lD13 -9228% 1918 -l?l.855 ---.... .174.81; from the ~:.orld, even XI-hen inaccessible for Flrst half o f 1010 I f labor increases in cost with other iteme, a ships. The radio woulii providc coumunication; and wiih tllc rnpid development of aircraft it building ncst spring will cost at least 169% of would have cost i 1W9. n is quite possible that a re,gzr passenger and what the s.une I ~ u i l h g One of the stablizers of n social order is a f~.t?iqht. vrvice migllt bc mnintzined. It is scldon1 that yo11 find Iil'ty miles of unbroken' icc home. Ir' all thc people oiwed their homes, evcn in the l'nrlhest ~ ~ o l . tarid seaplanes rronld there aould be only n fraction of the cnrest h, there is. How to get the people posseseed of fin(-lmany open spaces in rrhich to land" There is some hope for even Spitzbergen I n the sense of security that comes from sitting the *boniferous era the islands viere all down beneath one's o m roof is 3 problem the united. nncl were corerecl vith extensire peat nise men of today mould like to solve. They bogs in nrhich "the nlnr~l1ryprcss flomered, w i l l be no more able to solre this insolvable dropping ils l e n ~ e s ant1 blossoms into the problem than any of the others that oonfront mnrshes.. There were also sequoia! poplars, them. Eut neverthdess the time is near, when under- ^they [the common people] shall build houses, birches, &an& and large oaks, and tl~lck brush f m l y deve'loped under their shadow; and inhabit them; and they shall plant vineand in. contrast nit11 the almost total absence yards, and eat the frnit of themJ' (Isaiah 65: of insert lire nnw, thonaands of insects swarmed 3l), for these are the things that will be broiight in the tllicliet." In comparatirel~ recent geolog- about by the wise men of the Golden Bgs

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minutes a t a directors' meeting, there is the B ailtctdHmm&m HOSE who made unearned millions out of great, jniq American stock m h e % where a -s a r a g r o d 1~~ b m &e New Ha-, of Pere M u - person r h o kllowa what eg

44

of and quette, Alton, Frisco, and many another h e r - made or is g o b to d%what ican railroad are perfectly sincere in their .report they mill publish, can often make a desires that the railroads shoulcl be returned fortune by 'Wise" moves in the market jmt before the report is mode public. t t e without delay. . hm To & Cisintelested onlooker there wodd We do not b o w how it W , but few seem to be no p d c d a r reason why fie Perm- years ago there were "anditars't who were on to aylvania ahould w s to have its road returned; their jobs so well that they had complete reih for the rentd which has been paid to it by the ports of the actual rec~ipt.5~f the road for a Gevernment amounts to 11.29% on its capitd month in the hands of the management several S do&, and that seems Like a pretty iiberal rate ~ P before the month had ended. This was J or of interest. But other roads have received even " o m ~ f i s h e d b ' a mefnl ~ u o l d i n g ace better rehms. m New Pork Centrd has celeration of deposits sufiient t~ mahe the received 12.96% on its capital stock, the Bnr- published reports W e e with the facts- And i n two or three days, in a lively stock market, a lington =.25%, the Reading 25.7% and "financief can do a ,mat deal for himself and Lackawanns 32.61%. his It is a great life. And then that capital stock How did it a l l eome i t existence? F a r be it from us to t l ; no el for we do not know. But it is currently reportJ am ~ e r u dear public would have stood a chance ed h t the capital stock of the New Pork Cenof cnrbing the old time financier, and Contral contains $57,000,000 par value for which nothing waa ever paid except the cost of print- gress was actually making some progress with ing and distributing it; and we partly believe the difficult problem, when tbe great railway it. On this $57,000,000 it is said that dividends brotherhoods accidently discovered a way to amounting to $120,000,000 have already been get some or aU of the money that has heretofore paid. As a maHer of fact the public has paid gone to financiers, oEcers, attorneys, consulting the cost of actual construction of the New York engineers and stockholders. Central four or five times over. and continues There are fourteen nnions of different classes to Pay it all over & a , every few Years in of railway employes, the four big brotherhoods interest and dividends of engineers, firemen, trainmen and conductors, When railroad presidents look about &em and ten others that are affi!iated with the Amerand see managers of steel plants making sd- ican Federation of Labor. The four big brotheraries of $1,000,000 per year, they cannot under- hoods mere the first to discover and to use their no stand why the "financiers" who put them i t strength; &d if there is anybody that doubts office should object to paying them salaries of that these four brotherhoods held up the whole $lM),000 per year; and the corporation attor- count- at the point of the pistol just before we neys-and wnsdting engineers see no reason went into the war, now mould be a good time why they should not be well rewarded for any to bring the truth to the light. special services they render. Eence fees runThey have exacted such wage concessions ning far into the +-honsanb, and o c c s i o n a ~ from the Corernulent as to x d e their increased ons, have S r e n another class a heart- wages m o u n t to more than &e total amount the disposition of these raila7ay whi& fie i;overlment paid to Ule radjvay properties companies for the rental of their properties. And aside from the salaries, and fees of Freight and passenger conductors now receive attorneys and engineers, and honorarinms of over $200 per month, and freight engineem $50 or more for each director who spends a fsw receive $392 per month. 'I!he latter m o u n t is

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only $296 1s h n $5,000 p& year. T h e t a are p . thirteen 8 t a h in the united Staies thni pay their governors not more than $4,000 p year; r and one of the88 is Texas, the hugeat &&a in the Union We believe that men who run on the r&& shodd be well paid, better paid thm most men; but we carrnot forget the under-dog in this pretty little game of hold-up; and the public, and the lesser railway anions, are the underdog, very much sa Big dogs ought to be h d l y to little ones. Some of the financial papers are criticising railrod engineers for wearing $12 silk shirts wheh they are off hb, and for permitting their wive8 to wear $lo silk &o&iqp~ But perhaps these railway men have a good right to wear s sach finery as the "Wcid' and "auditors" who have milked the same cow in the past, but have done it in s more quiet and gentle mmner. The average wage of all railroad men in Jdy, including over-time pay, was $EL50. I f tkis represents a f d month's work for each man it is not too much, but the men in the lesser unions comp!ain that the four great brotherhoods get most of the money and will not permit the rank and Gle to receive any benefits a t all except as they rise with them and above them. There would have been a strike of some 500,000 shopmen in August, but they postponed a walkont at the request of the President in order to @re the Government a chance to reduce the cost of living. Since the threatened shopmen's strike the trainmen and conductors hare renen-ed their demands for immediate wage increases to conform to the increased cost of living. The Government declined the general increases asked, amounting altogether to an enormous sum, but did set aside $3,000,000, which was used to equalize the compeosntion of suck engineers, firemen, cnnductors and trainmen tu are employed in the slow frpight train service The railway otiiciala claim that w railmay wag~s'bavei n c ~ a s e d , eficiency of the emLhe ployes has d ~ c r e ~ sand a Pennsylvania n l ~d; imad oacial goes so far as to claim that it now m a ten mea t prodare t e same r e d k a h as were yxamplish~dby six men b f o r e the war. %'herei3.a.n offset to this in the fact that rsilroad e%ginps haul three times more today lban t b ~ y cnnld h d thirty years ago, their a weight having inrreased from 127 tons to ! 4 Z taw, EO that Eewer empLoyea pre required For

the tonnage moved. In the m e t i m ~ rl$erthe age freight car has increased in capacity fmm 5 tons to % tons. The trrrtlic of this coantq has dodbled everp ten or M v e years, but tbe employes have nOt doubled with the t r d i c ; nor has it been neoessarp that they should do SO.

R a h a u Bbmaces AILWAYS go to pieces rapidly. On the Chiand Northwestern Railroad, the line loses eleven C ~ per day; and taking the M corn* M a whole, there are from 80,000 to ~ 0 0 freight c r m p p e d annually. Tiee 0 as decay and rails wesr out Bridges are. an important fscbr, and they too wesr out On the New Pork Central l n s east of Buffalo there ie are over 4,000 Bridges and treaties, and 15,000

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culverts and other crossings.

There are various ways of strengthening their lives, wch na riveting reinforcing material to weake n d parts, putting in additional girders, making long, weak spans, into short, strong ones, and,using we& b r i d ~ s places where only for light duty will be required of them. But eren with all this they do wear o a t For four years the railroads have bought comparatively little; and since the armistice the Railroad Administration has been restricted as to the amount of funds it could spend for additions and betterments, so that i t is now estimated that during the next three years the railroads should have $3,500,000,000 to invest in 20,000 new locomotives, 10.000 passenger cars and 800,000 frcight cars, v i t h another $2.500,000 for new trackage and shops. The maintenance of the roads has been supposed to be kept up, as was a.g-reed upon when the r o d s were taken over bp the Covenlrncnt ; but early in November the President of the Cotton Belt Road dechwd that murh of that road mas a t that time m a d e for normal operapoint or tion, and in some districts was a i t l ~ e danger, due to rotten ties, loose and rnisqinq bolt^ and defective drainaqc. Parhaps i'und: will be n e e d d to agaia put some oi t l ~ e q ~ properties in fimt-cla--s condition. AA to biUs payabl~,the rzilwsys ow$-flip Governm~nt $775f,51,000 for cspcndiluri..: made for h ~ t t e r m ~ n tAs to working czipi~d,t1lr.y a need a month's working rrprnses, esiirnnt~d f o r all the roads at G,::i3,00,000. T n ~ n (hey need ~ O , l l W , C W more every montfi, to makeweakened bridges and prolon,$ng

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gnorl ~ h c F P T ~ _ TIOFS which the Governmeat ~ P n o i r .us;zins (or pb7ery monrl~1 h 2 t i r eontuloes to cjperntr be road', provided they continue to pay the presclrt Iilturns of inwrest and dividcnda (Lt .;honid be remarked in & connection that =ore than ~hirty-nine per cent of railway shares pay no divid~nds.) Atop or all this is the h i s t e n t demand of the railnay employes for more and ever more wages. Icrpecting that shortly, in harmony with the Presidenf's promise, the roads would be returaed to their former managers, these manap r s a r now sayiug some pretty severe things ~ about ihe Government. They are accusing former Administrations of having starved them mid r u i n ~ dtheir balk and investment credit by insufficienl traffic r a t e s , a n d the present Admir~strstion having modgaged the body, oT life a n d soul of the railway properties to gratify the esactions while stimulating the excesses of the four great brotherhoods. They deehim that sinca the b e , ~ n gof the war railroad wage rates have risen 85%, m d costs of materials loo%, taken together a rise of 90% in cost of operation. To meet these rising costs the average rates for freight and passenger service have been raised 35%. During the war the average trainload was increased from 452 tons to iZ5 tons, but even with this saving i operating costs the net cost of transn portation during the war was increased 805.

ably less returns. Fevertheless, thc lark of tonnage, due to the falling off iu h t w l and coal production, on a w m t GJ' Ihe strilrcs in those industries, is forcing the i ~ s u e ; n J some .h~n crease in %ight rates is certain, to talie cafe of the great overhead expense from nhich the railroads m o t escape. But just chink for a moment of what an increme of 25% in the freight rates - 1 mean to 4 the country. When the consumer pays t3is increased freight laate experience 11as shown that he always pays five titnes the crnount of the increase. For instance, if the freight rate on coal is increased ten cents per ton, the c u tomer pays an increase of fifty cents, the other forty cents being always divided up srnlong the dealers and middlemen as profit on he transaction. Hence the anticipated increase of some $575,000,000 per year would in practice increase the living expenses of each family of five persons by something over $200 per >-ear.

1

Higher Rates Propaganda HE nest thing for which the dear public may prepare themselves, in view of the bard facts which tha railway managers must face, is a strong propaganda for higher fiei#t rates. We are informed that such a propagznda is in preparation, with a fund of $1,000,000 baelr oi' it to see that the work does not lag. I a little while the chumiug process will be in n full m4ng and the person who does not fall in line will be a prd;erman or a Bolshevik or some atller animal suitable for incarceration The need of inancadrelief is evident, President I?lliott of the Xorthern Pacific even going so far a.s Lo cay that the d r o a d s must have an increme of 25% in the rates, even if there are no r n o r e \ u q e inoreases o r higher material costs. On-&heothrr hand there are wise people who think that if he railroads carry their rates any higher they will stimulate the tnrcb and bus linas and will have leas bnairrPnn and @

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Proposed RQS Remedies E AZiE not going to propose a new r d remedy. Congress has had Mty of these plans under consideration, and thirteen of them have been pushed mitb a great deal of energy. The President admitted to the Congress that the question is so intricate that he had no solution to propose; and the Con,mss is finding it equally hard to h o w what is the best thing to do. In view of the importance of having the question settled wisely the American Federation of Labor has urged Congress to continue Government control for two years from the conclusion of peace, so that the subject can be aolly d i s a s d at length, and without politics coming into it. The temptation is very great, on the eve of a Presidential election, to let the railroad question develop into a political issue; but in oar jud,.-ment this would 1 very unwise. w The President has vetoed a bill taking oat of his hands the power to f x rates, and this is i generally held to mean that he expects to retain rbe road? until July h t . In November two railway b u s were introduced and passed, the Cnmmins bill in the Senate a d the Esrh bill in the House. Il'eith~r bill becomes a law until it passes both houses and is signed by the President The ).:sc.h bill as passed ss a republican measnre, the democrab v o t , against i t I t provides for t l ~ c a~ntinaed af joint tarmiaals d other real use

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advantages which have corue about t h r o ~ h jllst aa much the function of the govenuuent in thea is gove-efit operation; it reqnires the railroads circumstances to see to it that transpo~ution crlle(luate, continuouj and regular as it k to maintain order, punish to appeal f o r advances in rates JJ+tllin sixty days horn time. the roads are turlled over, crime a d render jutice in any other field of hx.man the if they expect to receive continned assistance d v i * . " a genera1 thing the Chambers from the Government; it provides for continued loans by the Government for a year after t h o merW the corm* to favor are r e t m e d , all loans to be repaid to the this legishtion; for severd of tllem sent memor i a l ~tO Conpess ur$ng such legklation as Government within ten years, and interest would absolutely prohibit strikes or lockouts s k per ce~lt.I t alsoprorides a ~~b~~ courtof in forty members, half employers and half a- connection with railroads or other ~ u b l i c W T P O ~ ~ ~ -gaged ~ O ~ S i intestate n plopeq and a Supreme Labor Court of nine members, one third employerq one third em- foreign commera But the railroad men were ployes and one third public representatives, not enthusiastic for it, some of them even going appointed by the President, with assessments far as to that if the bill hemme law of damages against railway propertp for lo&- there wodd not be jails enough i the n the oats (that could never possibly happen) and mhile me appreciate as h e n l y any the fact against union propertg for strikes in violation of contract. I t leaves the rate-making to the that an interruption of the circulation of goods serious as an iIltt2lTUption of the ckCUl3Interstate Commerce Commission, providing is only that the rates must be just and reasonable. tion of money -and that the one would inevitThe financial papers believe that the principal ably lead to the other if long continued, yet we prevail over those can not see how any ~mployer can ever profit features of the Esch bill of the C k u n m k bill in the joint conferenoe by holding an e m p l o ~ e %@st his now under way. The Cummius bill plans for fom or h e F o r e h l W h d N o h wmpeting lines between NewYork d C % i and twenty to --five railway eystema covering the entire c o ~ t r y it authorkes the pooling i t Gkrmany does not have much to ssp in these ; of freight and puts all issues of =&ties ~ d e rdays Before the war the railways were datefederal control; the atandard authorized return owned, the employes were state employes and on the value of the property is fix& at five and i t was ille,gal for them to strike. The freight one hall' per cent, and i t is required that the rates in Germany have been nearly twim as rates &all be such a s to maintain this stan&.rd ; high as in thi~ country; but they have had an ill -rim of the fact that a rate which is sntfi- advantage over as in one item of the passenger cient to provide a fair refor a we& road servioe, as a person could buy a card ticket for aiTords an excessive retarn for a strong r o e a certain sum, giving him the right to travel all the excess earnings of the strong roads are to he wished dnring the year. This stimulated be diverted to the weak onea, wGch have here- passenger travel, and was a good thing all tofore suffered maoy wrongs at the hands of around. their stronger neighbors. In h c e only one sir& of the rdrorrds %%en the C i d s bill h s t pwsed it have been state owned and operated. The line crested great eseitment b e c a m of provision \hick has been under government opera~onhrrs m g railway strikes criminal m d had for+q per cent more employes in proportion pmlislunent for them. h support of this feato its earnings than the other hies, aud the oi' bill Senator C said: French l h i s t e r of P b i Works recently made nlc "A general snspewion i the movement of trnffic far a public denunciation of the whole systcll~,den a fowht would or or b*, a hgechrixg h a t the road a= run in the interest of the employes and nobody else. On the twentynurriberlaf w o w and duldren; and if it first of Octo'ber d thc r a i l o x i s of h c e were coxtin* a month ~3 ~ K O mon& it wodd p r = t i d y destroy half oar population. Our w e - .tf*ird would placed nnder the control of a committee combe so disordmed that h e l would be greater t h i~ posed of representutives from all the different a n t n y coiiceivhle wax i which we n& n u r g r It is m ba gf dww u d @or-

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The C j o h Age for Jamaty 7, 1 ~ 2 0?

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POLITICAL- DOMESTIC AND FOREICN --- ..

world. He found it impossible to impregnate tho selfish, hardened Ellropean leaders with the h t t m ideals. The jnster re,dntions expressed in the p r o p o d basic law of earth seem f a r from vhat \ms hoped for, but perhaps the best ol~tainable from the aggregation of diplomatic sharks that had long kcpt Europe in turmoil. I t is not surprising to see one of the leading Frencll publications beginnha to come frankly out with what amounts to a repudiation of the hopes of tlie world and a return to the darkness that cdminatcd in that catastrophic blunder of diplomats and kings-the World \fir. This was the inevitable outcome when, on the same day 3 ye? ago, President T\Ti3son stated that the Unite$ States would take no part in a reversion to the ottempt to keep internstiom1 poise by a b d a d e of power, and when Clemenccan said Be to the system balance of power and had never been in a c e mcnt 'with President \Tiison in d respects. The Tiger of lprancc has had his way Over the Idealist of America; act1 in accord w t him ih nrp the m ~ ~ ~ l i t i od r r s , the militarists, the mn n o h l ~ sand the k i n g af Ellrope. The hesitation 01b e r i c a to commit llerse]Q to tho rcpnflnnt policy of entangling alliances hns gimn the Europcw reactionaries the chance t say &at there is to be a renewal of the old o alliances, and that it wl be "the consecration il of a ncm (!) policy born of American liesitation". It is plainly "Europe for the Enropeanns"; Starting with the Anglo-French a c e other Zllianc~swill bo added, and notice i3 served that Europe intelldv to perpetuate "the direction of the policies of our Europe". -4mericn is left ollt not merely because of her deIap, but bee use she is not wanted. h e r i c a is wanted, ow@ver, but only to fnmi& money, credits, &nitions and troops, as needed; but - a e r i c a n irlcals find an extremely m ~ o m a w ket among the controllers of Euro ean policies. . The importance of the Fren pronounce-

merit is that it is the unmasking o f EwoaeaB T ITAS the honest expectation of Presidcnt diplomacy. Durbg the PrQMnceof President Wilson when he =pressed the hopes of ~ ~ i l s a n Peace Confemnec no o p n brmh o tha t lll&ty in the Fourteen Principles that tl~~.r?re- coarteey mm committed There r a no omrt of by a solntion mould bc furnished of the many act of opposition to I , d though the wm of a serious problems threatening the pcace of the Y- ago, mad b o t ~ the~lines, indim- th@ ~ n

The Old Alliances Again

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deep mdcrcumnt of b t e ~ m O P P ~ * ~ d the ideals of liberty of ~ ~ e e e h , F and ~ t religion for v h i ~ hthe Savage attacks on President Wileonhave the place of the studied c o u * ~ of a 7- WQ* The ~ a l f - h m - t dmaperation of S~~ and diplomats i~ replac& by a general E n i r ~ P U a d r s t what the American Pre!~ident 8bod among them. Thus v a s it ever with E 3 concerning nrhich lyashington said 134 Sears ago : "Against the inaidioua wilm of farcign k I conjure FMI to believe me, fellor ci=# M of a free p o p k ought to ba ~ ~ s b LW*; ~ r n i - i d r h"t65J and v i m Prm

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are essmtinlly foreign to our cone-. Hence, thcrdorc, ..wise in us to imp1ic3te onrse~vesnrtindd by it & ,

a VmJ remote ralption. COPtrof~isq

8he mtlst ot which

ties, in the ordimry vicissitiidea of her politim, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her f r i e n U i p or e~mitiPn. ''If we rcmnin one people under an e&i& g a m mmt, we may defy material injury from cuternd ammyanm; when \re may take such m attitude 8t1 niU enase the n e u M i f ~ we at any time r w k UP~ b . m ~ d O nspectcd; when huigerent n.tiw ul~ undcl the m ~ i b i i i Q m k l n g ~~~i~~~~~ Of not lightly l~azardthe giving url p w v d o n ; when we rhoosa or inrerest, bJ

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j,,tice sl:311 counsel. t.,Vhy d so peculiar quit our Q I 7~0 stmd upon f o r e i s g r ~ m d ? by &rn,Lz,.mg ollr desklny Mfi tbt Of my p.rt 01 Europe, entacgle om renca m d prosperity in tho toils of European ambition, rirsL-hip, intcret, hnmor, or caprice? "'Tia our ~ I U Cpolicy to ~teerclear of pcrmrncmt rlli~ll~ps any portiun of the foreign s~orld.~' mth

*aimon? m, y

d

R%at has been the mental attitude of Eryopran diplomats is bccomillg that of Europe. Fostered by enrefully camouflaged anti-Wibon propaganda the people of the Continent a n

The Cotdcn . Age-fo r January 7. 1920

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Thousands of our forcign-born population in becoming. one yith the sentiments espressed at that the AmerimSennte "is in favor of Amer- several of the larger cities have eagerly availed icaJsnot meddling in European affairs. Well, themselves of the opportunity to attend night The beneficent a ~ p i n t i o n sor" schools where dramatic methods of tenching the Arnerican language are employed and where they c a n quickly gasp a working acquaintanceship with that diflcult, though very useful speech. Many librarians a d teachers have statecraft-alias "diplomacy"-and the E u r o p cheerfully carried extra work to render assistean politician needs no tutor in the use of ance in this comparatively new field. Becanyo of the individual and trne hnericanism of the prods t paint white blnck. o 1 donbtleas come Donbtlcm the best dmerjca.n.policy is to pay teschers some foreigners 1 m no heed t o Tories, and Bourbons, but to o b into a knowledge not only of the American serve the admonitions of W d g t o n and those 1nn.gnnge but d.w of b e b e r i c a n principles. and less known ones of P a d and Peter 'That ye I'his is surely c~rnm~ndable, worthy of of stadpto be quiet, anh to do your own bnsinese," encouragement r~gardless what motive may (I Thessalonians 4: 111, m d "Let none of yon Law been back of the starting of the movement. s d e r as 3 bnsybody in other men's a f f a i d . Y o ~ lFed and l*our Egea t - Peter 4: 15. 1 L ATOR General L c o w d Wood said some ~oeo;~merieani=ation Americanize ? . good t h i n p to tke students of IViliiams TSBTTXQ more noticeably in 1917 came 3 College i n an address delivered there Septemmovement to A m e r i k e the "poor, ignor- ber seventeenth He urged them, T e e p your ant foreigner" by means of teaching him a feet on the ground and your eyes on God". The reading ?nd writing knowledge of the American Major did well to urge these young men to keep langna,ne. Chamhers of Commerea seemod to their eyes on God. He need not worry abont be acting as godfathers, but who the real par- their feet There are very f e v young men in ent was' is not so certain. Some thought it was tlGs generation that do not have their feet on a part of a vnst British propaganda work, and the ground. But he meant to say that no young that the word "American" w s used in such con- Inan can be of real benefit to his country in the a ~bectionsto represent things American as the trying times in which me live d e s s he seeks British foreign oflice is supposed to think that to be ,guided by heavenly wisdom. And he is word should mean if America were a properly quite right. The Uajor urged too, and we think with dutiful daughter-to represent culture for the few and genlecl servility for the majority. ~nsdom, that we ahonld "support the ConstituCertainly no one living in tik lancl crrn hon- tion and those principles by which our country estly doubt t h e propriety of helping everyone has been made'' to the end that we might have who is desirous to be helped to a better under- "an Americanism with a national conscience". standing of the principles for which the vord We certainly do not want an Americanism that American has stnod and should stand-life, has no conscience; and i t is to the credit of the liberty, and the purs~ut happiness. Ent it is American people md the American Governof d&dt to understsnd hour foreign-born persons ment that they hove uever taken advastage of in-OF midst are to be attncted to those prin- the weak and helpless, except in the territory ciples' when such threatening and bull-dozhg taken from Mexico coincident with the d i v tactics as hare come x-ithin our knowledge are erq- of gold in California, and we are suffering employed to "Americanize". Any system which the disp1,lcrrsnre of the Mexicau people to this does not enconrage the self-respect of the day be-mee of that act. foreignpr q m o t succeed; any system ~ h i c h It pays Tor nation to deal justly with nation, maup nations ~ e u a to does no ledve him the power of choice as to as man with man. TOO ie whether e ml become an American citizen o r do right from fear of reprisal, bat the tm is il not, cannot succeed; for if he is to be 3 slave he at hand when the nations shall practice and may just prefer to be n slave among relatives learn KU no more, and became not pirates, hat a d acquaintances of his own native tonpoa peace-mhra, &ding their o wb so a r e . we".

America's President, which might have interfered with the designs of the European politicians, are tnrning against him. I t was in Europe that the term "Machiavelian" .was attached to

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7 h e Golden ,4ge for Jontcary 7. r g m

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AGRICULTURE AHD H U S B A I ; ----A

another dnrinq the later working hours. In CthSb~rrkian Panning BU Joseph P. M Y XTEREST has h e n amused by pour the district of which I write they had vcry r m n t article, entitled ''JI%ac Rotation of litt!e wine.

-kt the time I left my native land, twenty Crops Acconpliies", to tell you something of f-g condidom i n tlle coi~ntrp my birth, years ago, wooden plows, wooden axles and of ihc new state of Caecho-Slorsfiiq which lies wagons, ~voodenspoons, forks, etc., were stiil between Germany and wltat w a s formerly in vogue. 'fiere were no stoves. The co0kin.g s -\ostro-Hungry. Eoiztion or' crops lins been ~ n done on ~omethingresembling an aliai., p a t i c e d there for generations, and wilh ercel- 4 t h k-ood 2 s the fuel, and pots of earthenware. 'l'hc honscs wwverelighted with fat or ham woodl. 12nt remi ta. It zras not uncommon to find soup plates and Tl?ef2fntmcr.Jo? Cxecho-Slovakia clo"i:rossin,$' r ~ t 0 r . L 9 0 . Once I remember-ibey obtained un- o t h ~ plates in nse that had been wed constant4 ~rsudly a r g ~ I poiatOes, fLfteen or iwwnty Prom ly for I m n d r ~ d sof years I have seen =up one seed; hut big as they were they proved unfit plates .said to be five hundred years old. The b r ~ a d baked but four or five t i m ~ s is n for hliman baing* and wive uaed to feed animals. 'Chey xVeri? hybrids--nothiag else; and dthoagh pear, immenrv! loaves, ten to sixteen at one time. they were lsrge in size tllc middle or" tlle p o t a ~ o l!eforo this bread is consumed the outside of was ampiy o r filed with bad-smelling mster. it will be all covered with p e e n mold; but tho From .my e-sperience wilh these Ilybrids I bc- inside of the last loaf will be aa sweet and lieve that when "the carth si~allyield its in- pdatable as the first loaf, and as soft and juicy. crease" it will come along different lines than 3: have often wondered a t this. I n harvest time the farmers are accustomed tho "crotsing';" of plants. Large fruiu a be ? to sleep several hours daring the heat of the r d ~ e dby crossing, but not always of valre. Even in the cme of the human family, if the clay and to make up f o r it by workingeariy in frrtlier and mother are of diflermt rsccs the the moming and late at night. This makem it children are ~ometilccsunfit Por brain work. easier on the animals; and thus these Hrmgarians. 2s they were formerly called, show their Wonderful are the fixed laws ol" Cod. and sympathy men and The Czecl~o-SIavo!iiansare close students of i~ltelligencem from whichfor came, thobsssb, I n rhe t o I whole hygiene. Tnc towns are rescl-ved cnclnsivelp village, an3 the vicinity, is Wed with w i a for the residence o i liuman bclnga, the stables Ircc?, tll? same cs mentioned in the description for corn-s, horsce, etc., bcin,~ builc at a ciistance ol' l l o ~ e s 'Tnl:ernacle in the Wilderness. 'fie of filtcen to .thirty n?inutesJ ~311;. Pecple from peop!e make rheir furniture of this wood; and seventy to ilinety years of aze are i n robust, even when not painted or varnished it is health, vF.lo mr!1 oi' sisty to PPve:lty hsve red erccedingly beautiid. The color is greenish cheek? and black hair, and nnU: and act like mixed v;itil yellow and brown stripes. A charyoung people. Gray ]lair is seldom sccn. ac.*ristic of the wood is that it is neither soft The food consists principdly or potntcw, nor hard. I t does not decay a s does soft wood, black corn bread, n palatr,ble vegetable oil mrde nor will it split, nor is it given to wood worms, f r o n i . ' h ~sour milk or bsitcn!?i!!.:, and a little as is the case with so many hard w o d a Lt ia , meat once 3 meek. Doc~orszre seldom seen light to handle and easy to work except st the bedside of the dying. Eheunccism, '\Then I was a child I used to eat the blossoms gout, headaches, irdi,-cstion and other storr,ach of r s s tree. These are good to eat, meat to troubles.are ebsolutcly n n l a o m . The f a m o r s the taste, but with a peculiar flavor. The tree make t h b own alco!:olic d r i ~ kfrom plums. is full of thorns in the last two or three years Fonr o u ~ ~ of sthis "Sli\vo\ritY' mould ocke a of its growth, so that in plnoliing the flowers c mnn so drunk that he could not raise his hcad. one must tie carefnl o r he w i l l be injured by It iq nqed not as a beverage, hou-ever, but 3s t l 1 ~ sharp paiuta. When the seed gets dry it a stimulant, a tco~poonCu1 iLe morning snd looks like pcas in their pods. in

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?he Go&n Age fat. Januarg 7, 1920

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HOUSEWIFERYIIOW Keep R'ell tod BY u. R.p~.tnam,W.D. cnusril by the sluggish bovcl cc~lrlition i s a p \ W p e o ~ l eare a~.vare01 the ~ u l t l t u d eof penring. \3J not use cathartics? Becnnse they evarydrry clisngrecable fjrnptoms and ail- irritate the wails of the b w e l and produce ~ l ments of mankilld due to autointoxication, tho or cntnrrhal areas, which permit the oven freer absorption into the system of poisons formed absorption into the syatem of poisons. This is by putrefaction and fermentation of food-stuffs thc renson why many of the symptoms are

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in the bowels. Among these we m j ~ h mention agpaveted by tho strenuous use of c a t h a r t i ~ t periodic hcadnches, drowsiness during the day, in an effort to remove intestinal trouble. insomnia at night, and many crrscs of gcncrol Remedial Foods debility, nerrousness, shortness of breath re- ~liore PPLES for nen-ous dyspepsia, to correct gardless of exercise, pain about the heart, rbeuthe acidity of the stomach, for rhecmntism, mntism and neuralgias. insomnia and Liver trouble. Xany a y fiat they h a ~ passages from the e Clrapes dissolve znd dislodge gravel and bring bowel daily, and tllercforo their tronblo cannot be intestinal indigestion causing autointoxicc- the stomach md bowels to rr healthy condition. Meplant, o r rhubarb, is an aperient, is exceltion; but i t ia possible to hnre a passage every day and not have a free emptying of the bowel. lent for rheumatism and for purifying the blood. Peanuts for indigestion ancl corpulent dkbehs. Many are contented with a passage cacli day, Pineapples nro good for indigestion. The however s a l with an occasional miss, and ml, accredit their ailments to other causes. Loaded juice of a ripe pineapple is a n almost invaluabla bowel8 with gas formation and absorption of remedy for diphtheria, the acid seeming to dispoisons from the sluggish germ-infected masses solre the gronth in Che throat. 4 ia often the oondition existing in spite of the doily movements; and a cure can generally Ixo 1-5pounds thick r o d steak; I alp barley obtained by proper dietetics, which are sugflonr. Score meat and roll in flonr. Brown nn gested belom: Get a small grist mill and somo w h ~ a t .Grind onion in a tablespoon of fat. Pot steak (whole) the in 0 degrees i t very roarso for llreskfast food, whic:h m a p he into ~ o nsmlo pan, place 15 oven at 4 Corer the and r uncovered ior minutes. prepared by stirring it into slightly saltc~l boilinn r a t e r and cookinp: for t ~ ~ ~mli n uvt ~ s . 1x111 while etcnk is cooking. t Set tl;e mill tighter 2nd make rnthpr eoarw Slitfed Steal: . flonr, WECII makes di.licions gems and br~atl, 1 p ~ u n d round steak; 2 tnblespoons chopped when nsed half and ha1 f with white flour. I 'sc parsley; 3 cups boiled rice; 1 tempoon onion no white bread a t all. If yon do not bake brcati juice ; salt; Paprika: Blend the rice Hith the or gems, bay coarse bran or grahnnl bread. Pountl teak l l ~ i l thin. Sprcs~l Kot plenty of coarse rcgctabies; such as secsoning.with a l athe ~i riceustufied about 3 of ihc steak yr turnips, rutabagas, wlery, aspnmcguSuP, beets, an inch tluek. I:aU and tie in shape or fasten oniona, spinach, 1shn3arb and cabbage, also \~-i\-;,th s k e ~ o r s . Put into a covered pan with pie* of fruit, especinlly apples, fig$, a11d un- enough rater to keep from burning, a d cook seeded raisina. Drink a gla~sfnl w a t ~ after in the orcn fcr thirty minutes Take off the of r each meal. Cot the n c a t to three tirnes a \>-eel;. cover and h r o m before remoring from the and eubstitnte ml: arid eggs. Fish, bacon, ancl oven. Thiclcen the stock left i tllc pan for i! n chicken are the least harmfnl meats for any cno gravy. Or, if preferred, make individual s e n in thia ;bnd$ion iilgs. Cut a $-inch square of ste& place a tableSse tbst yon gst d c i e n t ezercise along w t i h :;Doon of the dressing in the center, roll the above mentioned diet. Xany nllo have not : - t d i around it and fasten. Place in a pan vith had a normnl passage for years =ill be gratised a little water, and cook as the ronst was cooked. to find themselves doing so, u d the ailments 'These are very good served wLth a tomato sauca

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me W e n Age for January 7. rgzo

IT w Philasophg J

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SCIENCE AND- IHVENTION --

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of Art BU muto* T . RT may be defined as the visible picture or articulate expression of the ideal of men talitv. The Universe is the visible, expressed material picture, of the ideal of the Supreme Xindthe masterpiece of masterpieces-3i5,000,000 s o h r systems suspended in space. "The heavens declare the glory of God: day unto day nttereth speech a d night unto night showeth knowledge; there is no speech nor language where their voice is not heard."-Psalm 19: 1-3. The characteristics of men are invariably expressed in their works, in the houses they build, the pictures they paint on canvas, or the social, religious, economic or political systems they form. They are all ided pictures, created in the invisible mind and visibly expressed Harmony or discord in color, tint, tone, groupiug or accent, bespeaks a sense of the fitness of things, or the lack of it, in the mind that creates the ideal By their works, and only by their works, may all be known. The social, political, religious and economic world we have known, and see about us now, is the ideal, expressed visibly, of an invisible mind. Jesus said that Satan is the prince (ruler) of this world (not the physical world). This explaim the riddle of confusion which we see about us. In a broader perspective, however, we note a greater picture, which the hlaster is painting. We recognize this present low, dark ideal of war and hate a s merely the dark pigment with which, obsessing men's minds, Satan is permitted to lay in the shadows, to accent by c o n t r ~ s tthe brilliant golden s d t highlights of the color scheme in the painting wliith the Master is preparing for the delight of a m e a q world, when Satan's rule i s set aside. Without shadows there could be no picture, no relief, but dnll monotony-a blank canvas. -

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to Satan is merely a hog-bristle brush, speak, dipped in black, iuld applied over the yellow (sunfight) nnde~tonepainting on the canvas, to represent the shadows. I the little n individual pictures that are being painted by every person, if the highest light-the accentbe placed on some insignificant accessory, or if the pieture lacks the bright, clear colora of s n light (truth), but is sombre with the muddy effects of error, hate o r pride, it w i l l be cast into the scrap heap! Every one paints hia picture, his ideal. In literal pictorial art, the colors form a chromatic scale, similar to the scale in imtramental or vocal music, having harmonions chords; and when the accent in the harmonions color-tones agrees with the accent of light and shadow and the accent of sentiment, a delightfu3 ideal resnlts, that rests, refreshes and i s i e , nprs an ideal that speaks as a living personaliQ-a masterpiece. By their works they are h o w n , A few hints to an amateur may illustrate the literal process : Snppose we are psinting a full-lmgth polr trait of a wm. The strongest light sitodd rest on the head and shoulders. Tbis locates the aceent; all other things are acaessories-subsicliary to the main effect-the accent The character of the man is what me seek to portray. This we find i n h i s f a c i a l expression, the visible pictnre of his invisible self-his color, the espression of his eyes acd month; there is the aceent of the picture. His hands, his clothes, the bookcase behind h m the chair w see dimi, e ly saggestcd-e few touches are sufficient to indicate them. They are only the accessories. A rather dark p a p canvas is the best ground on which to paint. After making tho sketch .md locating tlie lights, cover them with white, and leave to dry. French brilliant yellow o r Soples yellow, laid on thinly with oil that will (Inquicklv, mnst be applied first before each Cnpmln Hartshorn wns In several of the hardest lou$~t battles m the Civil \Vor. After the w u was over he resigned painting. Don't paint color over the same color, to u h c ny the p ~ o i w ~ o a art, snd for Efty years has becn of when dry, without first covering i t with yellow. one of the mOst7bnmful of porrmit pubtern Among Us Yellow is very lmninons and represents sunp6f~0ruwett President Gra- wbo sat iot hfm at tbe Whim Housc. an11 m q other men and women occupying pmml- l i g h t even in the darkest shadows (applied nent pas~rionsIn the United States nnd in England One oi under them). Yost artists fail to nae yellow Mr. H m ~ h o m ' s pupils, who paid hlm S3O.M) an hour for o t n s t r a & w l now Ulr? moJt succe&ul po-t a palnter In enough under all their work. Get bmk t sunlight effect back of every fresh painCsa BostW

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The ~oIJcrt for Janriary 7,1920 A,oe

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retl;nci~in.q mr~li.=h the canvnj kcfore prilll- \-ma m d e ; bill 1~ 511911 ju:i $ > , ? ~ ~ r en~vnke on ly ns hi? Z : 1 3~ i . , xcrl irr.i.ly .~,frfirrnch coat of pnirrt (11-in. goes to :li:i.l,. .li,sof, P . : I ~ .' . \ i ~ ~ . c c ..[~ 0 t n? 'I'ho panorcma (,I: 1 . h ~ grpnt I!] of mntiern his; ior tlie 110~11. Is ~ O N L I I ? ~ die ~.hii.llall c ~ ~ . z t i orob-ers 49.0OO year;-a il pir.:uly to 1; ,iltst qre in ihr~ir ,qrcr.r..q >h:nl I i L y ' his voIi.e, completed in lcas than LO00 Scars izom uow. and shall eomc forrli". (dotin 5 : 23, 29) The Satan put a very (lark shadow, covering ti,O&i Bible tells us hat the patrisrchs and the prtjpl~rts clicd and we r e g a t h e r e d to their years into the mighty picture. It; is h e [oil, . contzsstieg shadow that is to add briuiancp to f ~ h i (in~r!~cgrave), t h n i they hare not yet thc high Light, ihe accent to the great picture r ~ r e i v i d their rcs-arb. DO yon not think that illat .l'esus Christ m i l l put in nnder the direvtir,~~ tlicy werc coi:sc*iously ~raitingthrough all if o i the Supreme :Ll ind. It will be the completion, those centuries thcy would begin to feel imnoi of another pl~ysicalmasterpiece, t h o S O ~ B P patient a t the long delay? E u t yon see they are systems, but a new creation, 144,000 divine not conscions of the l n p x of time; and when beings, a still greater m a s t e r p i e c e t h e king- they are amak-rned, it will be t them a if they a s dom of heavcn 011 earth-glorious h t c n d ar,>-- lisd slept but a few ~ O L W B thing ever dreiunific! of by mortal man. \\'>at Other Inhabited Worlds an idedl I THIIKIC are other inhabited worlds outBU . ~ m.Trr:ilie A-C~;L . side of our solsr system we can never find Sleep HAT a pPtl!liar phase of nature is sleep! out anytking about thcm cxccpi; by revelation. i t is \vcll know1 that nll plnfiers are dark fie dorun upon oar beds at night, in ol~ject" tthc light v:e get f ~ o the~planets 0.1 oar n possess~n all onr mental faculties,and horn of o n n so!ar system beir,g sldght reeected from that \ye me going to lose consciousne.;. Akrl,j the thought gives no uneasin,,se, because their darA surfaces. I t would never be possible ns we are familiar wi& that condition. -911 olu. to manufac-ture instrumeats which mould enable lives we haTe ~ ~ l c s s e d in sleep -,ye US to the dzzrlr planets revolving about other have experienced i t ourselves. We know that Suns- The most that has h e n done in *hat when asleep, we l n o w nothing. IVe arc not even directioll is to determine by the spectroscope comizmt of our oT of the erdstenco that thcre are dark objects revolving about of in this w e a t nniverse. h d so sonle of those snns : and this is as far nu science he to go* a-e fall asleep in perfect s e c n r i t ~ . ITe awake The Scriptures s c m to indicate that this in the and at ollce our mental faculties their functions. \x,re are to t ~ e world is unique in God's universe in that "all we like sheep hare gone sstrap". (Isaiah 53:6) t. fireads of business where Te 1 s d them do- at ~ g h t . our joys a n d sorrows Some hare held the t h o u ~ l i tthat the "ninety and ninel vhich r e n t not astray (Luke 15:3 4 ) live in our memories jve are n u s t refer to the happy denizens outside of our Our friends h o w us, znd we knov them. et beaaiifd of death is sleep. globe thnt never b e x i llie sorrows of our fall ii~to men come to the end of this brief mortd ationsin, and rrill never Imnw the joys af restorwe and thc heights and lengths and breadths life, we lay it down just as we asleep at night Yet how many do it fewfully and \ ~ t h O' rpcl"ming lor'. apprehension, with reiuctance. iNiy! Because flfi,rlntniaqSlipping t h q fear for whit the awakening may be. They S TI313 wits~ern ~ 0 3 ~ according to Pro1, do not latow. They fear. Joh ~ d a r n o w T . fessor Atorrill. o i Colorado Agri(u1tural f h p the dmt; and thou .+tali seek Ci,lJcge, rimy oT the mouninb:: are sl;ppbg, in me in the morning and 1 shall no! he". (.lob 7 : p r o d u c i r ? ~ grouild movemt.nt:: of several f e t a 21) Again we rrad : %or in dear ti r hcre iq no V P U . '1.1;~- I E I > V P ~ P ~ c.\L iciti:ltly is not daug2r: ~ d m n c nf thee, iT1 the grave who sllsll bus; f o r no ea.rltquz!:i-s mrult. It iu most r give the4 t h q k s t " - - ? ? s ~ : 3. ti nol.icc.z!de in the Spring, ~vhfintbe sdil i wet. s And s+ihen w l i ~ n a die.:. Ile hn3 f d l ~ n Other -1~orlot2i.2" are a Lipping. Rusrih as n asleep. I t is t r a e hk sleep k of longer d u r a c i ~ n a kingdom (mouutain) sfipp~?d two years ~ 0 thgn the sleep with vhich we are all so familiar. Austriq too, had a L d slip, u l more s1.e said i Man ma~ldErsL d into d m from which he lo be in danger.

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RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHYAMNESTY FOR DEATH'S PRISONERSS WH4T I TEE PRISON? WHO ARE THE PRISONERS ? WHO I TEE CAPTOR ? WHO THE DELIVERER ? S*The P p k i t of the Lvrd Uod ir u;an me; 3ecc!ue tLc Lord Acth amintcd me to vreach good tiding8 ,un.to t h e meek: he h d h m t mc $0 b P f d up the broken-h.ec.r?ed, proclaim U & y to ih8 captirer, to snd the o p e n i ~ g the priEon to t h e m that are bound."-Isaiah 61:l. of

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senting death is one frequently made use or" in Holy Writ. Not o d p does Isaiah repeatecily emplop this illustration or allegory, but the Prophet Ewgiel indisputably refers to death under the word captivity. (Ezclcirl 16:53) I n the foregoing verses the Prophet had spokpn of the hiessings vhich fleshly lsrzel had received, and which she had not rightly appreciated. As also the Apostle says, Israel had many arkantages :chieily in tha: unto thrm mere committed the oracles of God. (Romans 3: 1,P) Therefore, when their conduct mas less to be approved than that of the surrounding heathen nations, God's people were more reprehensible than those pcoples. Severthcl~ss the Prophet holds forth a ray of hope for them all, when he e a p : "TFllen I shall bring agein [or cause them to return Prom] their cap!ivity, the captivity of Sodom and her d a u g h t ~ r s in ha hit ant^] and the captivity of Szvaria and her daughter^, then +I1 I briny an:in tllc captivity of thy captives i11 the rnidst of thcm". We are certain that this refcrer??~is to the c a p t i v i l ~of death; for Sodom had long lain in ashes before these words were ever uttered. and the onlv cantix-itv frorr? \x-hirll Sodom ant1 her daughters could hc broaght would be thp great cgptiriry of death.

This proclamation of Isaiah suggests four maill thoughts: (1) that of a prison; a place or co~iditionof bondage or confinement; (2) prisoners; those in rmch a place o r condition of bondage ; (3) the two foregoing t h o u g h h p l p the presence of. a captar; a d (4) a great dG l i v e ~ e rwho is here described as both p m d d m , in= liberty and also fulfilling his own prodmu+ tion by opening the prison doors to the poor prisoners. A s s d n g for the moment that death is the prison referred to by the Prophet Isaiah, let us !oolr_ back at the very beginning of manki~d'~ experience with death, by examining the h e p i e accomk We find that God made man perfect, a glorious being, richly endowed with happi- . ness, since God had made every provision for his well-being. Though made perfect, man wau at best a dependent creature, and there was provided for his bodily needs the fruit of certain trees in the garden of Eden. Solely f o r man's own good did God forbid him the use of O M tree, saying, "Of every tree of the garden thou mayst freely eat, but of the tree of the Imo~ledge good and evil, thou shalt not eat of of i t ; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die".-Genesis 2: 16. 17.-

Supreme Court Defines I)le&os

S o doubt Adam, who had a fuller appr~ciaIl'l~c~ I'ricoi! ATot Literal tion of life than any of ns has, knew what I Y ~ S I,ikem-i~r! lie P~.opl:.-t Isniall speaks not of meant by the word d ~ a t k .Even though he had solllr lirt?rnl caprirlt:: or Fome literal prison, no experience with death, his perfect mind j r i b whie!~ rllc . l ' ~ ~ , . ; . l ipchople ma?- or m ! not uonlii enable him to see lhat death would mean aIL~VP ganc, hnt I!? r.p~z!;sin pictorial lan~.:.!apr t h taking a m p of life, the life which bia Y&er ~ ol" tht? priwn-koir~i. ileath: \\hen hc m~nrirbna ball giveil him as a boon and a s a favor. Frobs61' t h e 'pm;.lai~ning o i i i l ~ , ? rto the mptirer: 2nd bly, ~hrrefore,more for our own benelit (lid t i h ~ ppninr?; ol' ~lr*:pri.40~ro them that are .]~hovahgive something of an elaboration of boon%. thaioh 81 : 1 j 11-e ~ o l ~ Iled only psqi- the thanght of death. (Genesis 3: 19) Surely l inglg"inicrr?t~d i f I ~ I,orr','s p ~ a P r o p h ~ t we harp h ~ m highest authority in the uniP t the werP.speak5n.y merely c.C s n x e lustoricnl occ.ur- verse gh-inq u s an explanation of the dpnih rpuc* b e l o n ~ i ~ i g t l ~ p TO n2.c long past. sentence. He d e s c r i h it as a return to I . b

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Dead li'olol~ Not A ~ j f I b k g dust of the ground or, in other words, to the elelnents of the earth from which W was In further sub&antiation of tlie Scripturd made. H e describes it as destruction, extinc- teachng o n this point we cite Ecclesiastes tion, as a blottirig out, oblivion; us a condition g 3, 6, 10. Part of the fiftll verse reads: "The in which man is deprived of all his life rights. living knol\v tllat ~ e shall die, but the *dead y We are quite well acquainted with the objec- knooa Verse six : "Also their t this text wllell love, and their hatred, and their envy is now o tion which sollle peopie they say: Yes, certainly. Everyone hnows that Surely these words are suggestive Adam's bodv returned to the dust, but that did of complete of one's life activities. not affect in anv \vay his soul, his real self, 1f the dead 1 ; r l o ~ iiothing, if they love not, hate which continued to lire'. But how do we knot not, and especiauy if they en\. not, there s u e that anything about Adam continued t~ lire ly carnot be going on in death. after the death sentenw was carried out on yhe subject is made equally plain in the tenth him? Where do we find ailthorization for such verse. One often hears the first half of this a thought in God's K o r d ? Jehovah deals nit11 verse quoted, but vc.0the last half, for the responsible part of an indi6dud, not mere- the remon that i t does not happen to harmonize with his body. Addressing himself to Adam on the subject of death. the a s a responsible being, he said: "In the sweat The first half reads: m a t s o e v e r thy hand of thy fare shalt thou eat bread, until thou re- findeth to do, do it a i t h thy ~ g h t y JThat i . s tnrn m t o the g r o ~ f i d ;for out of it \vast tho16 =Ivice for any one; but it becomes tagen; for dust tllozs d, unto dust shalt even more forceful when the whole verse is and thou retnm". Evidently the whole indiridual read: "\jThatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do was to be involved in the death sentence; and i t ,th thy might; for there is no work, nor 811 of this indicates that the prison-house of device, nor howlede, nor -isdom, in the grave, death is a condition of lifelessness, is a condithou goesf'. Thrown into modern partion in which one's rights mld privileges lance, ~s s k p l y me-: ~f yon ever -ct to ore entirely removed. accomplish anything, you had better be bnsp But someone interposes the objection: 'Surely doing it nfim; for after a while you will be d d it cannot be that the whole world of mankind and unaMe to -0mplish an7-g. $ mistaken upon t h h subject! Surely the proITe turn b h to the testimony of #e P& position of the heathen, that the dead arc not ist: "put not your trust in princes, nor i the n dead but that fithey are more alive than they mn of man [in human beinas], in whom there ever were before, must be correct, because so is no help. His breath goeth forth; he rehrneth @ n e r d p believed'. But, we answer, it should to his earth: in that very day iys thoughts not s ~ r p r i s eUS to find that there is generd perish." (psalm 146:3, 4) Then a n to the , & confusion and lack of authoritative information Prophet Isai& : ''The p a v e cannot praise thee, in the minds of human