1930sFDR & the New Deal

Mr. PagliaroSeymour High School

@PagsAPUSH

A New Deal fights the DepressionNew Deal-n-A series of economic relief programs approved by congress between 1933 and 1936.

Part 1 Objectives Summarize the initial steps Roosevelt

took to reform banking and finance. Describe New Deal work programs. Identify critics of FDR's New Deal.

New Deal Goals Direct federal aid for individuals Provide the 3 Rs

› Relief› Recovery› Reform

Restructure American capitalism Deficit spending on public works

› Revive economy

Criticized as

creating a socialist economy

FDR’S key for recovery…“Do something…”

FDR’s Fireside Chats FDR addressed the nation informally 31x Calm the fears of Americans; “Good evening, Friends…” New Deal address:

1. On the Bank Crisis - Sunday, March 12, 19332. Outlining the New Deal Program - Sunday, May 7, 19333. On the Purposes and Foundations of the Recovery Program - Monday, July 24, 19334. On the Currency Situation - Sunday, October 22, 19335. Review of the Achievements of the Seventy-third Congress - Thursday, June 28, 19346. On Moving Forward to Greater Freedom and Greater Security - Sunday, September 30, 19347. On the Works Relief Program - Sunday, April 28, 19358. On Drought Conditions - Sunday, September 6, 19369. On the Reorganization of the Judiciary - Tuesday, March 9, 193710.On Legislation to be Recommended to the Extraordinary Session of the Congress - Tuesday,

October 12, 193711. On the Unemployment Census - Sunday, November 14, 193712.On Economic Conditions - Thursday, April 14, 1938

FDR’s First Hundred Days1933

The First Hundred Days All of the following were addressed:

› Restore public confidence in banks Emergency Banking Act - FDIC

› Creation of jobs in public sector› Raising farm prices: restricted production

Agricultural Adjustment Administration Subsidies for fallow fields

› Homeowner mortgage support› Internal improvement of rural areas

First Hundred Days The following programs were

established:› Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)› National Recovery Administration (NRA)› Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)› Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Agricultural Adjustment Act Raise farm prices –

decrease production› Crop controls› Subsidies for not

growing Farmers “rented” unused

land to Fed. Outraged hungry

Americans

National Industrial Recovery Act

June, 1933 Created by NRA Fostered government-business cooperation:

› Businesses self-regulated: Created codes of fair competition

› Guaranteed right of workers to form unions› Established Public Works Administration

NRA & NIRA declared unconstitutional, 1935.

Civilian Conservation Corps CCC employed unemployed youth

› (+ remainder of Bonus Expedition Force)› $ sent home to family

Public works, conservation in gov’t owned rural land

Segregated

CCC’s ten approved general classifications:

1. Structural Improvements: bridges, fire lookout towers, service buildings;2. Transportation: truck trails, minor roads, foot trails and airport landing

fields;3. Erosion Control: check dams, terracing and vegetable covering;4. Flood Control: irrigation, drainage, dams, ditching, channel work, 

riprapping;5. Forest Culture: planting trees and shrubs, timber stand improvement,

seed collection, nursery work;6. Forest Protection: fire prevention, fire pre-suppression, fire fighting, 

insect and disease control;7. Landscape and Recreation: public camp and picnic ground development,

lake and pond site clearing and development;8. Range: stock driveways, elimination of predatory animals;9. Wildlife: stream improvement, fish stocking, food and cover planting;10. Miscellaneous: emergency work, surveys, mosquito control

Tennessee Valley Authority May 1933-Modernized region w/:

› flood control› electricity generation› fertilizer› manufacturing› economic development

Currently serves 9 million in 7 states1 of TVAs 48 hydoelectric

dams

Major Acts 1933-1935 Repeal of Prohibition (21st Amendment) National Housing Act (created FHA) June 5, 1933 – End of Gold Standard Indian Reorganization Act:

› AKA Wheeler-Howard Act Allowed tribal council to employ legal counsel Prohibited tribal council from engaging any land

transitions w/o approval of tribe Authorized tribal council to negotiate with the

Federal, State, and local governments

The 2nd New Deal1935-1936

2nd New Deal Three goals:

›  improved use of national resources› security against old age, unemployment

and illness› national welfare program 

Social Security Act - 1935 Federal pension system

› Funded by taxed wages/employer contribution Retirement age set 65 Large aging population = threat to Soc. Sec.

› Currently provides Federal Old-Age (Retirement), Survivors, and Disability Insurance Unemployment benefits Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Health Insurance for Aged and Disabled (Medicare) Grants to States for Medical Assistance Programs (Medicaid) State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

Wagner Act - 1935 Created after NIRA declared

unconstitutional Created National Labor Relations Board Ensured workers’ rights to:

› Unionize/organize/strike› Collective bargaining

Led to increased union membership* Didn’t apply to: agricultural employees, supervisors, public

employees

Works Progress Administration - 1935

Public works projects› Built public buildings & roads› operated large arts, drama, media,

and literacy projects› fed children› redistributed food, clothing, and

housing $7 Billion spent from 1936-1939

Sec. of Commerce, Harry Hopkins

WPA Mural from Torrington Recognize anyone?

Mr. Montuori & Ms. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY

The WPA “Dollar”

Artists of the WPA

Kansas Cityfrom

Politics, Farming, &

the Law

Thomas Hart

Benton,1936

The Annual Moveby Otis Dozier, 1936

Construction of the Dam

by William Gropper

WPA Bookbinding

The American Guide Series

Former Slave Interviews

National Youth Administration NYA

Court Packing Scheme - 1937 Supreme Court not a fan of New Deal

› 6/9 cases went against New Deal FDR attempted to add 6 more justices

› Upset with “old, conservative” justices› Justices didn’t retire: feared lost pension

Angered Public, Reps. and Dems.

New Deal & Minority Groups Helped many African Americans

through Depression No major action civil rights:

› Didn’t deal directly w/ racial segregation

CCC & WPA segregated FDR appointed 1st female cabinet

member: Frances Perkins, Sec. of Labor

Criticism & Praise for New Deal

New Deal Critics

Fr. C. Coughlin Sen. H. Long

Sen. R. Taft John L. Lewis

Dr. F. TownsendRev. G. Smith

Huey Long, Gerald L. K. Smith Share our Wealth

No person could have 300 times the average family fortune, Annual incomes would be limited to $1 million inheritances would be capped at $5 million. Every family was to be furnished with a homestead allowance of

not less than one-third the average family wealth of the country. Every family was to be guaranteed an annual family income of

at least $2,000 to $2,500, or not less than one-third of the average annual family income in the United States.

Pension would be made available for all persons over 60. Farm production caps/storage Free education Support of this program was to come from the reduction of

swollen fortunes from the top & taxes

John L. Lewis/Congress of Industrial Organizations

John L. Lewis broke from AFL in1935 Goals:

› Unify unskilled/semiskilled labor› Increase bargaining power› Cross into every basic industry

CIO organized all labor in each industry:› i.e.: United Steel Workers Assoc. (USWA)

Split with AFL over industry-wide organization instead of skill-based unions

Democratic Coalition The following coalition reelected FDR in

1936:› White southerners› African Americans› Minority groups› Unions

Shift in Voting After Emancipation/Civil War, African

Americans largely voted Republican FDR & New Deal saw African American

allegiance shift to Democrats

Impact of the New DealWhat did it do? What did it not do?

Accomplishments Reformed American capitalism

› RFC, NIRA, AAA, NLRB

Federal government = agent of social welfare› CCC, WPA, FHA, Soc. Sec., Wagner Act

Reduced unemployment, increased economic recovery› CCC, WPA, AAA, NIRA

Democrats emerged as majority party

What did the New Deal NOT do?

Fully pull US out of Depression Integrate Armed Forces Sponsor Equal Rights Amendment Specifically protect African American civil

rights Create Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824) Nationalize basic industries Provide legal protection for migrant workers

Depression/New Deal Stats1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940

Real Gross National Product (GNP) (1) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0Consumer Price Index (2) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2Index of Industrial Production (2) 109 75 69 112 89 126Money Supply M2 ($ billions) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2Exports ($ billions) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02Unemployment (% of civilian work force) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9

Relief statisticsFamilies on Relief 1936-41

Relief Cases 1936–1941 (monthly average in 1,000)

1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941Workers employed:

WPA 1,995 2,227 1,932 2,911 1,971 1,638CCC and NYA 712 801 643 793 877 919Other federal work projects 554 663 452 488 468 681

Public assistance cases:

Social security programs 602 1,306 1,852 2,132 2,308 2,517

General relief 2,946 1,484 1,611 1,647 1,570 1,206Total families

helped 5,886 5,660 5,474 6,751 5,860 5,167Unemployed

workers (Bur Lab Stat)

9,030 7,700 10,390 9,480 8,120 5,560Coverage

(cases/unemployed)

65% 74% 53% 71% 72% 93%

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