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1930s Dictators come to power in Europe and AsiaBritain, France, and U.S. could not agree on steps to take to ensure collective security.
THE PATH TO WAR
Bell Work: Label map of Europe.Label Countries and bodies of water listed.Use pages 608 and A-5 to label.
DECEMBER 1, 2014
HIROHITO AND TOJO
Industrialists had to import most of raw
materialsJapanese imports were costing more than they were making on exports
JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Japanese military leaders believed
Japan was destined to dominate East Asia
Democracy was “un-Japanese”
Military leaders and some civilians
believed Japan must seize territory
in Manchuria Rich resources
there Invaded without
government permission.
President tried to stop them He gets
assassinated!
JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA
Military is in control of the country
Nationalist policy of expanding was strongly
supported
China protests to League of Nations1933 Japan withdraws from the LeagueManchuria incident revealed League was powerless.Boosts expansionists ambitions of Italy and Germany
JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Summer of 1937, Japan invades ChinaChiang Kai-Shek-NationalistAllies with Western powers1937-1945 Nationalists, Chinese Communists, and Japanese will fight for control of China
JAPAN’S EXPANSION
Italy makes a move for Ethiopia1934-Disputed zonesBenito Mussolini demands apology and reparationsEthiopia ask League of Nations to investigate
ITALY’S CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA
League decides neither side was to blame1935-Italian army invades EthiopiaEmperor Haile Selassie appealed for help from League.Economic sanctions-Stop trade against ItalyLeagues action’s ineffectiveMay 1936-Mussolini annexed Ethiopia
ITALY’S CONQUEST OF ETHIOPIA
Spain-Social and economic chaosKing Alfonso XIII-abdicated 1931Spain becomes a republicJuly 1936 right-wing uprising in Spanish Morocco.Spreads to Spain
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
General Francisco Franco-NationalistSpanish Republicans-battled for control of Spain.International Brigade-fought against fascism
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Germans and Italians aided the NationalistsSoviets support LoyalistsHitler viewed participation in Spanish Civil War would strengthen ties with Italy.Vital supply of Spanish iron ore and magnesium.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Herman Goering-head of LuftwaffeSpain becomes testing grounds for LuftwaffeCondor Legion-all German air and ground force.
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Soviets stop sending aid to Loyalists1938 Franco launched final offensiveMarch 1939-Franco entered MadridWar ends-Franco becomes new ruler of Spain.Fascist dictator
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Same year as Spanish Civil War-Hitler declares lebensraum-more living space.
HITLER ON THE OFFENSIVE
Since 1919-Treaty of Versailles forbid German troops in the Rhineland.Hitler sends troops March 1936.G.B. and France do nothing.
OCCUPYING THE RHINELAND
ROME-BERLIN AXIS PACTAgreement
between Hitler and Mussolini to cooperate on several
international issues
ANTI-COMINTERN PACT
Agreement between Japan and Germany and Italy – Agreed to exchange info about Communist Groups
The countries became known as the
Axis Powers
Joseph Stalin urged West to unite against Axis powers.Fearing war, the West refused.
OCCUPYING THE RHINELAND
HITLER IS DETERMINED TO TAKE OVER OTHER LANDS.
European leaders believe war can be avoided…
1. They wanted to avoid another conflict
2. Some thought Hitler’s demands to unite German speaking people was
reasonable
3. Some believed the Nazis would be more interested in peace if they got
more land
AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Hitler wanted to control this area because German
speaking people were there and :
1. Food supplies
2. Defensible frontiers
3. Soldiers for Germany
AUSTRIAFeb. 1938 – Hitler’s threat
Suhuschnigg Agreed ………..Second thoughts
Put it to a vote
Hitler sent troopsTook control
Announced ANSCHLUSSUnification of Austria and Germany
European countriesjust watched
it happen!
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Hitler announces claims to Sudetenland
Large German speaking population
Alarmed people more than his actions against Austria because:
AustriaSame
languageSame cultureAuthoritarian government
No allies
Czechoslovakia
Different languagesDemocracyAllied with
Soviet Union and France
RESPONSE BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Czechs resisted demandsFrance threatened to fight
if Germany invadedNeville Chamberlin
GB prime ministerPromised to support France
MUNICH CONFERENCE
Meeting between leaders from
GermanyItaly
FranceBritain
Purpose:Decide
Czechoslovakia’s fate
MUNICH PACTBritain and France agreed to allow Germany to take the
Sudetenland - this was
APPEASEMENTChurchill thought Chamberlin showed weakness with this
agreementHitler said - this is all the land I want – I will not take any
more!
The next month he invaded all of Czechoslovakia
HITLER WANTS POLAND
Danzig – Baltic Seaport 90% German
Highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor
Britain and France now realize appeasement is a
failureAnnounced if Poland had to
defend its borders – they would help defend
Hitler now realizes he might have to
fight on two fronts to get PolandSO…
NON-AGGRESSION PACT
Hitler and StalinStated that USSR would not
defend Poland when Germany invadedSecret Agreement
USSR and Germany would split Poland in half
THE WAR BEGINS
Sept. 1, 1939Germany invaded Poland
Sept. 3, 1939Britain and France declared
war on Germany
Bell work: Read the article Europe, 1939 and answer questions 1-23.Turn this in when finished!You have 15 minutes!
WAR IN EUROPE SECTION 2
BLITZKRIEG IN POLAND
Lighting warfareHit hard and fast with everything
you haveUse radios to coordinate
Sept 27 – Warsaw fellPolish capital
October 5 – Polish army is defeated
Stalin-Forced Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia to accept Soviet military bases.Goes to war with FinlandFinns forced to surrender.
FALL OF FRANCE
Sitzkrieg/Bore War/Phony WarNo fighting for the next six monthsFrench were waiting along the
MAGINOT LINE Line of fortifications and concrete bunkers along the German border
Waiting for Germans to make a move
INVASION OF SCANDINAVIA
April 9, 1940Germany attacked and controlled Norway and Denmark in a month
Neville Chamberlain steps down.May 10, 1940-New British Prime Minister-Winston Churchill
WINSTON CHURCHILL
HITLER TURNS TO FRANCEGo around Maginot line
Through Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg
Britain and France sent troops to Belgium
Germany sent tanks a different route to invade France
French troops were elsewhere so Germany had an easy time invading
FranceGermany maneuvered lines to trap
British troops in Belgium
DUNKIRKOnly port in Northern France not controlled by GermanyThe only way out for British
and French troopsFor some strange reasonHitler ordered his troops…
Why???????????What ever the reason it created a 3
day delay
DUNKIRK
850 ships gathered to evacuate troops
Planned to rescue 45,000 troops Were able to rescue 338,000
British and French troops Miracle at Dunkirk
Almost all British equipment was left
Three weeks after Dunkirk France fell and Germany set up a puppet
government
BATTLE OF BRITAINWinston Churchill – British Prime
minister-May of 1940Refused to surrender to Hitler
Germany used Luftwaffe (German Air force) to attack Britain – day and night
from June 1940 to October 12, 1940Britain refused to be defeated
New technologyRadar – detected planes
Allowed Britain to shoot down German planes faster than Germany could replace them
Hitler called off the attack
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1937
Established the “CASH AND CARRY” policyWarring countries could buy
non-military supplies from US if they provided own
transportation – no loans
NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939
After Britain and France declared war on Germany – FDR announced a change to
the Neutrality ActWarring nations could buy
weapons on a “Cash and Carry” basis
DESTROYERS FOR BASES
Britain needed destroyers but had no money
US wanted bases
A deal was made
LEND-LEASE ACT
$40 billion of weapons sent to Allied countries
ATLANTIC CHARTER
Churchill and FDR (Aug 1941)
Statement of war aims1. World of Democracy
2. Non Aggression
3. Free Trade
4. Economic advancement
5. Freedom of the seas
Mussolini wants to build a Mediterranean empire!June 10, 1940-Italy declares war on France and Britain.British attack Italians on Dec. 9, 1940.British victory against Italians along the Libyan coast.
EASTERN EUROPE & AFRICA
Churchill diverts troops to southeastern Europe to stop German advance.German forced British into a second Dunkirk.
EASTERN EUROPE AND AFRICA
General Erwin Rommel- “The Desert Fox”Led German divisions in France (tank force) to rescue the ItaliansApril 11, 1941-Rommel pushed Brits out of Libya except for a small force at Tobruk.
EASTERN EUROPE AND AFRICA
A Global Conflict
SECTION 3
Spring of 1941-Germany controlled almost all of western Europe.Japanese controlled Manchuria and much of ChinaEnd of 1941-S.U. and U.S. join the conflict
INTRODUCTION
1941-Hitler turns attention to S.U.Wants vast Soviet landsWheat of UkraineOil reserves of Caucasus region
INVASION OF THE S.U.
BATTLE FOR STALINGRADHITLER AND STALIN
May 1942
June 22, 1941-Operation BarbarossaSurprise attackGermans destroyed Soviet air force, disabled thousands of tanks, captured ½ mil soviet soldiers.
INVASION OF S.U.
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
Hitler orders men to destroy S.U. economy-oil fields, industries, and farmlands of
S.U./Ukraine.
Germans forced to fight from house to house.
Stalin orders his men to protect Stalingrad at all costs.
Scorched-earth policy
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
Supply route-Volga river-Supply route for Russia.
Major Railroad junction.
Long Battle-May 1942-Feb. 1943
Soviet Counter Attack-Soviet reinforcements surround Stalingrad.
250,000 German troops trapped inside.
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
February 2, 1943-Germans surrender
91,000 Germans surrender.
5,000 survived Soviet Prison Camps
TURNING POINT IN THE EAST!
BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
BATTLE FOR STALINGRAD
Hitler’s “New Order”Nazi’s would rule Europe and exploit its resources.Nazis began to implement plan.
THE NAZI ORDER
Millions of Jews forced into labor and concentration camps.1939-1944-7.5 mil people deported to Germany .Forced to work in factories, mines, and fields.
THE NAZI ORDER
SECTION 3THE HOLOCAUST
CHAPTER 20
HOLOCAUST
a sacrifice completely consumed by fire
GENOCIDEA deliberate extermination of a
specific group of people6 million Jews
5 million others
11 million total
NAZI IDEOLOGY
Persecuted all opposition
Forced Jews to live in Ghettos
Felt Jews were evil
THE FINAL SOLUTION
Wannsee Conference
WANNSEE CONFERENCE
Held in Berlin to determine “Final Solution of Jewish people.”
January 20, 1942-15 Nazi leaders
Plan to round up Jews and take them to concentration camps.
Healthy Jews would work as slave laborers
Elderly, young children, and others were sent to extermination camps to gas chambers.
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
BUCHENWALD
200,000 prisoners12 hour shifts
EXTERMINATION CAMPS
AUSCHWITZ
300 BarracksGas chambers could kill 2000 at a
timeSome days 12,000 were gassed
Estimated 1,600,000 were killed at Auschwitz – of those 1,300,000
were Jews
Crematorium
AUSCHWITZ-LARGEST EXTERMINATION CAMP
JOSEPH MENGELE-NAZI DOCTOR AT AUSCHWITZ. “ANGEL OF DEATH”
BRUTAL EXPERIMENTS
ESCAPED CAPTURE AFTER WAR. DIED A FREE MAN IN 1979.
NORDHAUSEN CONCENTRATION CAMP
AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR
CHAPTER 20
SERIES OF EVENTS LEADING TO PEARL HARBOR
Britain pulls ships from PacificUS is concerned that Japan might try to take the unprotected British
possessions SO…….
Export Control Act
Restricted sale of strategic material to other nations
US stopped selling plane fuel and scrap iron to Japan
Japan’s reaction
Got mad and formally became an AXIS POWER
FDR got worried
If drawn into the war the US would have to fight on 2 fronts
CUT OFF TRADE WITH JAPAN
Japanese push southward July 1941
Taking over French military bases in Indochina (present day Vietnam, Cambodia,
and Laos).
U.S cuts off trade with Japan.
Japan needs oil to fuel its war machines.
Japan is angry.
US extends Lend-Lease shipments
Japan’s successes
Emperor Hirohito
US oil embargoJapan responds
NOVEMBER 26, 1941
A large fleet leaves Japan headed for Pearl Harbor to
try and maintain peace.
PEACE NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE
Tojo promises emperor Hirohito that Japanese gov’t would attempt to maintain
peace with the U.S.
PEACE NEGOTIATIONS CONTINUE
Tojo promises emperor Hirohito that Japanese gov’t would attempt to maintain
peace with the U.S.
PEACE TALKS
U.S. military breaks Japan’s secret communication codes.
Learns Japan is preparing for a strike.
U.S. does not know when or where.
FDR warns Hawaii, Guam, and Philippines
Peace talks go on for a month
NOVEMBER 27
US commanders at Pearl Harbor received a warning of
a possible attack Pearl Harbor was not
mentioned as a target
DECEMBER 5
Japanese gov’t goes to D.C. to negotiate
peace. Japanese Navy told to prepare for an
attackBreak Japanese code
There will be an attack
When or where?????Tojo-orders attack
DECEMBER 6
Decoded message from Japan saying to reject any and all peace agreements
Roosevelt said “This means war” but wanted to wait for
Japan to strike first
DECEMBER 7, 1941
JAPAN’S ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR
ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR
Dec. 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor-largest U.S. naval base
1st wave 7:55; 2nd wave 8:55
Sank/damaged 21 ships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers, and 6 other vessels. Destroyed
188 airplanes.
Less than 2 hrs- 2,403 Americans killed.
1,178 wounded
DECEMBER 8, 1941
82 - 0 388 - 1
DECEMBER 11, 1941
Germany and Italy declare war on US
THE AXIS THREAT
September 27, 1940Axis powers sign the Tripartite Pact.
Purpose of the Pact was to keep U.S. out of the war.
The pact was an agreement to defend one another in case of an attack
Would become a two-ocean war. Fighting in Atlantic and Pacific
ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ
Commander of the US Navy in the Pacific
Began planning attack against Japan
Had to use aircraft carriers
ADMIRAL CHESTER NIMITZ
Commander of US Navy in the
Pacific
Began planning
attack against the Japanese Navy using
aircraft carriers
JAPANESE ADVANCES
In the first six months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conqueredland in Asia and in the Pacific.
Japan had so much land, Hitler’s Empire looked tiny!
Japan even took two Alaskan Islands!
GENERAL DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR
Japan attacked Philippines 2 hours after
Pearl HarborMac Arthur is the US
Commander in the Pacific
Bataan Peninsula Defended Philippines for
3 monthsOrdered to withdraw by
FDR
DOOLITTLE
Planned the “Pearl Harbor” style attack on
JapanBombed Tokyo
Land in territory
overrun with Japs
71/80 survivors
DOOLITTLE RAID
DOOLITTLE RAID
DOOLITTLE RAID
BATTLE OF THE
CORAL SEA
BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
BATTLE OF CORAL SEA
May 1942-U.S. against JapanBoth sides launched all out
air-strikes against each other.
Caused more damage to U.S. Japan did not have enough
fuel had to pull out.
BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA
BATTLE OF MIDWAYJune 1942
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
Yamamoto plans attackJapan unaware of ambush-U.S.
waiting for them at Midway.June 1942 U.S. destroys the Japanese
fleet.Yamamoto orders his fleet to retreat.Battle of Midway a turning point in
the war.
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
BATTLE OF MIDWAY
OPERATION TORCHGENERAL ROMMEL
OPERATION TORCH
General Erwin Rommell-EnemyKnown as the “Desert Fox”
Head of German forces known as the Afrikan Korps.
OPERATION TORCHGENERAL EISENHOWER AND GENERAL
PATTON
OPERATION TORCH
Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Patton Working together to defeat
Gen. Rommel and forces.Eisenhower-American invasion of
North Africa Nov. 8, 1942General Patton-led forces in Morocco.
Captured city of Casablanca.Troops in Algeria seized cities of
Oran and Algiers.
OPERATION TORCH
OPERATION TORCH
May 1942
OPERATION TORCH
BATTLE OF KASSERINE PASS
BATTLE OF KASSERINE PASS
U.S. underestimated the Germans. U.S. outnumbered and
outmaneuvered.Lose 7,000 men and lost 200 tanks.Finally push German forces back.
May 13, 1943 German forces in North Africa surrender.
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
Hitler’s subs were ordered to …US ships were
unprotected and easy to spot
Radar and SonarCrash Ship
Building program-1942-140 Liberty
ships/month
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
U.S. supply ships escorted by Navy convoys.
Convoys have sonar to detect German u-boats.
Air patrol have radar to detect German u-boats.
Mid 1943- the tide had turned.
CONVOY SYSTEM
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
CASABLANCA CONFERENCE
FDR and Churchill1. bomb Germany and
destroy their military, economic system and industries
2. Attack Axis at Sicily (the “soft underbelly”)
STRIKING THE “SOFT UNDERBELLY”
Eisenhower – head commander of invasion
Patton – USMontgomery – Britain
Sicily was captured by Patton and troops
King Emmanuel – Called Mussolini to Palace
Mussolini gets arrestedKing begins the surrender process
but Hitler refuses to lose Italy
BLOODY ANZIO
5 month battleAllied forces won
Partisans – Italian civilian militia-Helped Allies
-Captured Mussolini Killed him and hung him in Milan
Square
Bell Work: Read the article and label the map of the Pacific! It tells you
what to do!
Put the article back when you are through.
DECEMBER 9, 2014
Pick up another study guide at the back table. I just added a few more questions to it.Study section 3 and 4…Quiz today!
DECEMBER 10, 2014
1943 Conference in Tehran, IranRoosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill
Open a second front in in Germany
SECTION 5ALLIED VICTORIES
DRIVING THE JAPANESE BACK
D-Day and Japanese attack were planned at the same time!
Two pronged attack in the Pacific-Nimitz – attack through the central area
-Mac Arthur – use a southern route – through the Philippines
-Island Hopping -
MAC ARTHURGuadalcanal – first land offensive of the
Pacific war
Japan’s first defeat on land
Hopped to the Philippines “I have returned!”
Kamikaze - Used by Japan to defendUS captured Manila and continued
fighting until the end of war
D-DAY INVASIONOPERATION OVERLORD
FDR appoints Eisenhower to organize the attack
Where to attack – Hitler fortified …Decoy tanks
Normandy BeachPreparations and conditions
JUNE 6 – THE LONGEST DAY
Commander Bradley and Omaha Beach
BY THE END OF THE DAY …
BATTLE OF THE BULGE
-Aachen
-Germans
-McAuliffe
-Intelligence reports
From this point on the
Germans could only
retreat
UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER
April 25, 1945-Soviets stormed BerlinApril 29 Hitler- -marries Eva Braun -writes a letter blaming the war on Jews and his officers for losing itApril 30, 1945-Hitler shoots himself. Eva swallow poison. Bodies are burned.V-E Day – May 8 – Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany
BIG THREE-YALTAROOSEVELT STALIN CHURCHILL
AGREEMENTS:1. Stalin would attack Germany when the
Allied invasion of France started2. FDR and Stalin agreed to break up
Germany after the war3. Stalin Agreed to help the US against
Japan after Hitler’s defeat4. Establish the United Nations
6 months later-1945Churchill, Stalin, and FDR meet
Allies make plans for occupation of Germany
Issue an ultimatum to Japan-Unconditional surrender!
POTSDAM CONFERENCE
April 12, 1945 FDR dies of a stroke
Vice President Harry S. Truman will become the nation’s 33rd President.Clement Atlee replaces Churchill as
Prime Minister
IWO JIMA
US needed this island for B-29 bombers to reach Japan
Probably the most heavily defended place on Earth! - Tunnels
20,700 Japanese – 20,500 60,000 US – 6,800
FIRE BOMBS
Curtis Lemay-comm. Of B-29s(change strategy)
Napalm-jellied gasoline
You could miss your target and still inflict great damage
Very controversial because it killed civilians.
OKINAWAAPRIL 1945
The only place between allies and the final assault on Japan
Japan used kamikaze attacks againUS continue to fight and take over
Ends June 22, 1945Losses
US – 7,600 Japan – 110,000
OKINAWA
OKINAWA
THE MANHATTAN PROJECTFDR created the
committee to examine possibilities of the
Atomic bomb
J. Robert Oppenheimer
New Mexico
TO BOMB OR NOT TO BOMB
Huge debateDo you warn Japan or not
Decided no specific warningTruman made the final decision to drop the bomb to save the
lives of our military
August 6, 1945Enola Gay dropped
Little Boy on Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 Box Car dropped
Fat Man on Nagasaki
August 15, 1945
Japan Surrendered
V-J DAY
NUREMBERG WAR TRIALSHeld in Germany to try German officials
Many sentenced to death – others went to jail
First time a nations leaders were held responsible for war time actions