1953-1961

Eisenhower Bio Born in Denison, TX Moved to Abilene, KS at

the age of 3. Enrolled at West Point Supreme Commander of

D-Day Invasion (1944) Supreme Commander of

NATO (1949) President of Columbia

University (1948-1953)

Eisenhower Bio (cont.) Health Issues?

Used to smoke 4 packs/day Crohn’s Disease-1956 Stroke-1957

Excellent athlete, once tackled Jim Thorpe

Spent a lot of time on the golf course!

Almost ran for President in 1948 for the Democrats

Ike before the Normandy Invasion

Election of 1952/1956 Ran against Adlai Stevenson

(D, Illinois) The General vs. the Egghead Ran on the campaign, “Korea,

Communism, & Corruption” Promised that if elected he

would go to Korea Nominated Richard Nixon as VP

Election of 1952

Election of 1956

Foreign Policy- “The New Look”

Focused on BrinkmanshipAuthored by Secretary of

State J. Foster DullesPush the communists back

to their pre-1945 borders by any means necessary

If they say no, nuke ‘em!!!Used covert action by the

CIA to interfere w/communist governments abroad

Massive Retaliation Massive buildup of

Nuclear WeaponsIt was cheaper than building

large military forces

Mutually Assured DestructionIf one country attacks the

other, the other will be destroyed-Nuclear Deterrence

Domino Theory April 7, 1954

You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.

Worried about SE Asia & Japan

Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 Speech Recommended that the

US would use armed forces to protect the Middle East from the spread of Communism

How does this compare w/ Truman Doctrine?

1. Korean War (Tie) “I shall go to Korea.” Threatened to use

nuclear weapons to end the war

Ceasefire signed in July 1953

2. Vietnam (Loss) Fall of Dien Bien Phu (1954) US paying 80% of the French

costs of the War French lose battle to Vietminh Allies set up Geneva

Conference to split Vietnam @ 17th parallelNorth-Communist-Ho Chi MinhSouth-Nationalist-Ngo Dinh Diem

“Laos is the cork in the bottle to contain communism”

3. Cuba (Loss) Turns communist in 1959 Revolution led by Dr. Fidel

Castro (Overthrows the Batista Government)

Castro needs help from someone to consolidate powerTurns to USSR (90 miles from

Florida)US no longer trades w/ Cuba

(Sugar)No more Tourism (Las Vegas)

Dealings w/USSR Nikita Khruschev

New USSR LeaderStalin dies in 1953

Comes to the US in 1960Visits 3 Places

○ Washington D.C.○ Disneyland (CA)○ Pittsburgh, PA

What was his favorite destination and why?

4. Iran (Win) Began in 1953 Iranian leader-Mohammed

Mossadeq Iran wanted to nationalize

its oil fields Operation AJAX-remove

Mossadeq from power and install Shah Reza Pahlavi

Tried to teach Pro-Western values…

5. Guatemala (Win) July 1954 Second instance of CIA

involvment Overthrew the Arbenz

government

Why? Chiquita Bananas?

United Fruit Company had land taken away

6. Warsaw Pact (Loss) Formed in 1955 Defensive

Alliance between USSR and Eastern Europe

Just like NATO…

Because W. Germany joined NATO

7. Open Skies Initiative (Win)

1955 Proposed Treaty

between US & USSR that would allow each country to fly over the other.

Problem-USSR didn’t have an air force

8. Suez Crisis (Tie) In 1956, Egyptian

President Gamal Abdul Nasser needed $$ to build the Aswan High Dam

Israel, UK, & France invade

USSR threatens to help on Egyptian behalf

US denies sale of oil to allies Last time US can use oil

as leverage in the world!

9. USSR Conquest of Hungary (Loss)

Hungarians revolt against USSR and withdraw from Warsaw Pact (1956)

Hungarians turn to US for help!!Truman Doctrine???No US help, nuclear

sledgehammer is to big!!!

10. Sputnik (Loss) October 4, 1957 Means “Baby Moon” First Satellite to orbit

the EarthWon the Space Race!

Orbited every 96 minutesLater versions carried

a dog!

US Response to Sputnik

1. NASA-Organized a space program for the country

2. NDEA-National Defense Education ActUS would give billions for educating high-

school students in Math, Science, and Foreign Languages

11. China (Win)

Islands of Quemoy & Matsu (1954) Truman lifted blockade of 7th fleet

The Belief was to Unleash Chiang into China-invasion from Taiwan

China starts attacking Quemoy/Matsu w/artillery

What does US do? Threaten w/ nukes!! China threatens again in 1958 (Shelling) Again China backs down!

12. U-2 Incident (Loss)

In 1960 a U-2 spy plane crashes into USSR Piloted by Francis Gary

Powers

US denies any knowledge-it’s a weather balloon

Khruschev produces evidence of plane and pilot at Paris Conference

Ices Relations w/USSR

Highway Act of 1956 As a soldier in 1919,

Ike was asked to go from NY to San Francisco w/ a military convoy 2 Months to do it!!

In WWII, the autobahn and its use in defense also peaked his interest.

Today, 47,000 miles of interstates in the US

Other Uses National Defense-1/5

miles must be straight Evacuation from natural

disasters

US Highway System

Interstate Highway Numbering Numbers that are

Even go East and WestEx: I-80, I-70, I-76

Numbers that are odd go North and SouthEx I-79, I-95

Interstates that have 3 numbers are special!

An even number in front of an interstate means it connects in 2 placesEx: I-279, I-495

An odd number means that it connects in 1 place (Spur)Ex: I-579, I-376

Local Highways

I-279 Corridor

I-376 Corridor

Creeping Socialism Ike pushed “Balancing

the Budget” more than anything.Only came close 1 time

in 8 years. America was

becoming too liberal Ike cut back on

military buildup (10% GDP)

Block any new expansion of Social Welfare Programs

Modern Republicanism In all things that deal

with people, be liberal. In all things that deal with money, be conservative.

It seemed like Ike just hovered over issues and never used the power of the Presidency!

Operation Wetback (1954)

Increasing numbers of illegal aliens in the 1950’s

US orders deportation of 1.4 million Mexicans

Most voluntarily went back to Mexico

Others put on boats or trucks and taken to Mexican Southern border

Ike’s Popularity

Jonas Salk Created vaccine for

Polio in 1952Polio attacks the

nervous system (paralysis)

Headquartered at University of Pittsburgh

First dose given to 2 million kids aged 6-9

Baby Boom-Birth Rate Chart from 1945-Present

Baby Boom 76 million kids born

between 1945-1964 Oldest Boomers turn

64 this year! Means that they can

start accepting early Social Security

Today, 28% of the population!

Civil Rights-Education

Brown vs. the Board of Education 1954-Topeka, Kansas Linda Brown

8 year oldHas to walk 2 miles in

order to attend a “Black School”

Wants to attend the “White” School that is ½ mile away

Brown cont. Brown family takes

decision to court Overturns Plessy v.

Ferguson (1896) Things can be “separate

if they are equal” Decision by Warren

Court Judicial Activism-

Supreme Court will solve social issues if someone else won’t

Schools should be desegregated “With All Deliberate Speed”

Brown cont.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955-Montgomery, AL Rosa Parks sits down on a

bus As the bus fills, she needs

to move to the back of the bus!

She doesn’t-She is arrested w/$10 fine

Boycott cont. Rev. Martin Luther

King, Jr. organizes a boycott

How?? Churches

King was arrested and held for 2 weeks

Boycott went on for 381 days

In the end, Montgomery finally allowed bus riders to sit where they wanted & city starts to integrate!

Lynching of Emmitt Till (1955) Mississippi Till was vacationing,

he was from Chicago Whistled at a white

woman 3 days later,

kidnapped, beaten, shot, thrown in the river.

4 men arrested, all found innocent by an all white jury

Little Rock 9 (1957) 9 Black students want

to attend Little Rock High in Arkansas.

Governor Orval Faubus Orders National Guard

to prevent the students from entering.

Ike sends in US army (101st Airborne) to escort and protect the students

1958-School was canceled all year

1959-School was integrated!!

Civil Rights Act of 1957 This is the first Civil

Rights bill since Reconstruction.

It became a federal crime to prevent someone from voting.

Not very successful!! Thurmond’s

Filibuster!

Civil Rights Act of 1960 Allowed the Federal Govt.

to inspect polling places Became a crime to

anyone obstructing the federal registration process

Longest filibuster in US history125 hours & 31 minutes

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

1960-Greensboro, NC 4 black college

students from NC A&T wanted lunch @ Woolworth’s

They were denied so they just sat there.Day 2-27 people just satDay 3-300 people satDay 4-1000 people sat