Name _____________________________ Period ________

Biology Mid-Term Review Sheet2016-2017

I will take my Biology Mid-Term Exam on: _________________________

Part One: VocabularyFor each of the following vocabulary terms, write a definition or description in your own words, and describe or draw at least one example of each.

Vocabulary Word Definition/Describe Examples(Describe or Draw)

Scientific Method1. Hypothesis proposed explanation to a

scientific questiontestable statement

2. Theory well-tested, evidence supported explanation of phenomena

Cell Theory, Endosymbiosis Theory

3. Independent Variable

factor you change in an experimental test

manipulated variable (MIX)

4. Dependent Variable factor that MAY change in an experimental test

responding variable (DRY)

5. Control factors held the same across an experimental test

Properties of Water6. Element pure substance made of only

one type of atomhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, zinc

7. Compound substance made of 2 or more elements chemically combined

water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), glucose (C6H12O6)

8. Cohesion attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

“cooperate”, surface tension

9. Adhesion attraction of water molecules to other polar molecules

“add a different molecule”, capillary action

10.Surface Tension cohesion of the top layer of water molecules to form a “skin”

bug walking on water, floating paperclip

Molecules of Life (Biomolecules)11.Carbohydrates organic molecule that is the

primary source of energysugars, starches, cellulose

12.Lipids organic molecule used for long-term energy storage, protect, cell membrane, structure, insulate

fats, oils

13.Proteins organic molecule made of amino acids

enzymes, muscle, hair, nails

14.Nucleic Acids organic molecule responsible for storing and transmitting the genetic code

DNA and RNA

15.Monomer smallest unit of a larger more complex molecule

building block, the ‘brick’

16.Polymer large organic (contains carbon) molecule made of monomers

the brick wall

Characteristics and Origin of Life17.Endosymbiosis theory that states that

eukaryotic cells developed from tiny prokaryotic cells combining with larger prokaryotic cells

Lynn Margulis, chloroplast & mitochondria have own DNA protein

18.Stimulus (Stimuli) trigger mechanism that causes a response

light, chemical concentration, touch, temperature

19.Metabolism sum total of all types of chemical reactions that build or breakdown molecules to store or release energy

anabolism (build molecules), catabolism (digestion – breakdown molecules)

20.Homeostasis maintain stable internal conditions in cell or organism

healthy!

Cell Theory21.Prokaryote cell that does not have a

nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

bacteria

22.Eukaryote cell with membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles

plant, animal, fungi, protists

23.Cells basic unit of life found in all living organisms

Cell Organelles24.Organelle membrane-bound structure in

eukaryotic cells with specific functions

mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vacuole

25.Nucleus organelle that contains DNA control center/brain of cell

26.Mitochondria organelle that transfers energy from food into ATP molecules

‘powerhouse’

27.Chloroplasts organelle that has chlorophyll (pigment) & is site of photosynthesis

food factories - farms

28.Cytoplasm fluid matrix in cell29.Endoplasmic

reticulumorganelle that forms folded internal membranes that make lipids & proteins

factories

30.Vacuole stores food, water and wastes storage facility31.Ribosomes site of protein synthesis construction

Cell Membrane and Cell Transport32.Cell membrane phospholipid bilayer boundary

of a cell that controls import/export of nutrients,

city limits

gases, H2O, & wastes33.Cell wall rigid structure surrounding

cell membrane; provides support & protection

found in plant cells, fungi cells & bacteria cells

34.Passive transport diffusion of substances across the cell membrane without using energy

35.Diffusion movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Spray cologne – diffuses across room

36.Osmosis diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration

deshelled egg in distilled water or karo-syrup

37.Facilitated diffusion diffusion of substances across cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, no energy required

help!

38.Active transport protein pores pump molecules from area of low concentration to area of high concentration; requires energy to move against the concentration gradient

sodium & potassium proton pumps; endocytosis & excytosis

39.Equilibrium when concentration of molecules is the same on both sides of a membrane

equal

Circulatory System40.Circulatory system transport gases, nutrients,

electrolytes, wastes & hormones to & from body cells

the body’s freeway

41.Blood connective tissue made of RBCs, WBCs, platelets & plasma

42.Heart organ that pumps blood through the body

43.Blood vessels structures that transport blood through the body

arteries, veins & capillaries

Excretory System44.Excretory system removes wastes (CO2, salts &

urea) from the bodylungs, skin, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

45.Filtration high blood pressure pushes all molecules out of blood into filtrate

function of nephron in kidney

46.Reabsorption after filtration, kidney reabsorbs needed nutrients & water into blood

convoluted tubules & loop of Henle

47.Excretion process to eliminate the body of nitrogen-containing wastes

Nervous System48.Nervous system monitors body to maintain

homeostasis using nerves, brain & spinal cord

the body’s boss

49.Neuron a nerve cell50.Reflex arc neural pathway that does not

have to travel to brain to cause automatic & rapid response to stimulus

flinch reflex to something hot or painful

Endocrine System51.Endocrine system regulate mood, blood

pressure, growth & development, digestion & reproduction to maintain homeostasis

endocrine glands and hormones

52.Hormones chemical messenger secreted by endocrine gland into the blood stream to affect other parts of the body to maintain homeostasis

insulin, glucagon, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, ACTH, thyroid hormones, aldosterone

53.Regulate to control or monitor54.Glands organ that produces and

secretes chemicalsendocrine – hormones into blood; exocrine – through ducts

Defending the Body Against Disease (Bacteria, Viruses, Immune System)55.Bacteria single-cell organism,

example of a prokaryoteeverywhere!

56.Virus small microbe made of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

not living

57.Bacteriophage virus that attacks & invades bacterial cells

58.Inflammatory response redness, pain, swelling, fever – caused by increase blood flow

59.Antibiotic chemical compound that stops or slows growth of bacteria

penicillin, Z-pak

60.Probiotic substance that supports growth of nonpathogenic bacteria in digestive system

active cultures in yogurt

61.Pathogen chemical substance or organism that causes disease or illness

Photosynthesis62.Reactant substance that takes part

in & undergoes change during a chemical reaction

in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide & water

63.Product substance that forms in photosynthesis,

from a chemical reaction glucose (sugar) & oxygen64.Photosynthesis use solar energy to

convert CO2 & H2O into sugar-storage of energy

65.Autotroph organism that makes its own food using light or chemical energy

plants, photosynthetic bacteria, chemosynthetic bacteria

66.Heterotroph organism that consumes other organisms for energy

animals, decomposers, detritivores, scavengers

67.ATP adenosine triphosphate – high energy molecule

Energy Transformations in Ecosystems68.Ecosystem all living & non-living

factors in a specific areamarine, forest, desert, etc.

69.Producer organism that makes own food; found in 1st trophic level

plants, photo- & chemosynthetic bacteria

70.Consumer organism that must acquire food energy from another organism

animals (herbivores, omnivores, carnivores), detritivores, decomposers

71.Decomposer organism that gets energy from breaking down organic matter

some bacteria, fungi

72.Food chain feeding of one organism on another in a sequence

73.Food web show a variety of energy transfer options within an ecosystem

many levels, many organisms, many food chains

74.Trophic level feeding position in a food chain, pyramid or web

75.Biomass total amount of living tissue in each trophic level

76.Energy ability to do work – stored in biomolecules

ATP, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

77.Energy pyramid visually demonstrates amount of energy available from one trophic

can show energy, biomass, population, biological magnification of toxins

78.Succession ecosystems rebuilding primary-rocks break down into soilSecondary-repair after fire, tornado, etc.

79.Stability number of organisms living in an ecosystem is basically unchanged

unchanging

80.Competition relationship where organisms fight for the same resources

animals fighting over watering holes

Part Two: Concept ReviewComplete the following or answer the question. Be specific and thorough.

Molecules of Life (Biomolecules):1. Circle the elements found in each of the four biomolecules below:

a. Carbohydrates: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

b. Lipids: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

c. Proteins: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

d. Nucleic Acids: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus

2. Label each of the following monomers with: the monomer name, and the polymer name.

a. monosaccharide/glucose & polysaccharide b. fatty acid & triglyceride/lipid

c. amino acid & protein d. nucleotide & DNA/RNA

Characteristics and Origin of Life:3. List the 7 characteristics shared by all living things. Put a * next to the characteristic(s)

also shared with viruses.1. Organized into 1 or more cells 5. Adapt & evolve*2. Respond to stimuli 6. Maintain homeostasis3. Reproduce & pass traits to offspring 7. Obtain & use energy4. Grow

4. Describe the main idea of the Endosymbiosis Theory using the following terms:mitochondria chloroplasts prokaryote eukaryote plants

animalsMitochondria & chloroplasts, organelles found in eukaryotic cells, look a lot like prokaryotic cells. They have their own DNA, make their own proteins and divide on their own. The theory states that mitochondria were aerobic prokaryotes that became part of larger prokaryotic cells and are now in animal & plant cells; similar with chloroplasts, only found in plant cells.

Cell Theory:5. Compare and contrast a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. You may draw a Venn

diagram.Prokaryote Only Both Eukaryote Only

cell wall (peptidoglycan) cell membrane many membrane-bound organellessmall & simple cytoplasm large & complexno nucleus has genetic material has a nucleus

ribosomesCell Organelles:6. Compare and contrast a plant and an animal cell. You may draw a Venn diagram.Plant Both Animalcell wall cell membrane nucleus lysosomecentral vacuole Golgi apparatus ribosomes centrioleschloroplast smooth & rough ER mitochondria

Cell Membrane and Cell Transport:7. What is the main component of the cell membrane? What is this component’s major

function?Phospholipids; regulate what enters & leaves the cell

8. Proteins are also found in the cell membrane. What is the major function of proteins here?Channels for larger or charged molecules or proton pumps

9. What types of molecules move through diffusion?Oxygen, carbon dioxide

10.What types of molecules move through osmosis?Water

Excretory System:11.How does the excretory system help to maintain homeostasis?

Eliminates wastes, regulates water in the blood, maintains blood pH

12.List three methods used by the body to excrete waste. For each, name the organs and body parts involved and describe how the waste is removed from the body.Lungs – carbon dioxide is exhaled; Skin – excess water & salts are removed in sweat; Kidneys – filters urea, excess salts & water

Nervous System:13.What is the main function of the nervous system? to maintain the balance between

internal and external environments by monitoring the other body systems

14.Draw a sketch of a neuron (nerve cell) and label the following:dendrite nucleus axon myelin sheath axon terminals

15.What is the function of the myelin sheath? acts as an insulator to increase the speed of nerve impulses

Endocrine System:16.How does the endocrine system help to maintain homeostasis? uses chemical

messengers (hormones) to respond to changes and monitor the cells of the body

17.What is a positive feedback mechanism? Describe an example of positive feedback. increases or amplifies a process; ex. a woman in labor – oxytocin increases labor contractions, which increases the production of oxytocin.

18.What is a negative feedback mechanism? Describe an example of negative feedback. stops or reverses a process in the body; ex. when you are hot, your body begins to sweat in order to bring your body temperature down.

19.Insulin levels are regulated by the endocrine system. a. What organ produces insulin in the human body? pancreasb. What does insulin do in the body? enables the absorption of glucose so that

it can be used by the bodyc. What disease is caused by decreased production of insulin? Diabetes mellitus

(Type 1)

Bacteria, Viruses, and Immune System:20.Why do most scientists consider viruses to be non-living? they have no cytoplasm,

internal metabolism, and cannot grow or divide; they need a host cell to survive

21.Describe what happens inside the body during the inflammatory response. Include specific names of chemicals and blood cells. white blood cells move to the infected area – the WBC’s release a chemical signal to increase WBC production – some WBC’s engulf (eat) pathogens and others release histamine which dilates the blood vessels to make them more permeable.

22.Describe how bacteria can be beneficial to –a. Plants – bacteria fix nitrogen into a usable form, ammonia (NH3) so plants

can use it <called nitrogen fixation>b. Animals (including humans) – nitrogen fixation; clean up oil spills and

sewage waste; protect the body from bad bacteria (acidic environment); probiotics promote the growth of good bacteria

23.Compare/Contrast lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses. Be sure to include the following: (a) how does the virus enter the cell? (b) what happens when the virus enters the cell? (c) what happens to the cell after the cycle is complete? (Feel free to draw a picture.)Lytic Cycle – virus injects DNA into cell; viral DNA takes over host cell’s DNA to develop new viral parts; viruses assemble and burst out of the host cell; host cell is destroyed.Lysogenic Cycle – virus injects DNA into cell; DNA fuses with host cell DNA and goes into a dormant phase; host cell functions normally; trigger causes viral DNA to activate and make new viruses; new viruses either rupture out of host cell or they are released without harming the host cell.

Photosynthesis:

24.What does the term “synthesis” mean? “to make”

25.Give at least 3 examples of synthesis. (1) photosynthesis (making sugars), (2) chemosynthesis (making compounds using chemicals), (3) building proteins (linking amino acids together.

26.In which part of the plant does photosynthesis occur? in the leaves (inside chloroplasts)

27.Review the equation for photosynthesis below. Describe what the equation means in complete sentences using the following terms in your explanation:reactants products energy oxygen carbon dioxide chloroplast

glucose waterThe reactants of carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose sugars and oxygen gas as a waste product. Sunlight is required to provide the energy for this process to occur in the chloroplasts of plants and in some bacteria and protists.

Energy Transformations in Ecosystems:28.Food Chains:

a. Draw a food chain that includes a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. Label all organisms in your food chain using these terms.grass (producer) mouse (primary consumer) snake (secondary

consumer) hawk (tertiary consumer)

29.Food Webs:b. Examine the food web below.

c. Label each organism on the food web above using the following terms:decomposers D producers P primary consumer PCsecondary consumer SC tertiary consumer TC

d. Circle the level which stores the greatest amount of energy. producer level

30.Energy Pyramids:e. Examine the energy pyramid below.

f. Draw an arrow to show the direction that energy moves in the pyramid.g. Color the level where the most energy is available green.h. Color the level where the least energy is available blue.i. What are these levels called? trophic levels