1.London and Edinburgh in the Early 19th Century

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WELCOME TO ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 1/1B:REVIVALISM TO MODERNISM

AH1B students must enroll through PT or SSO on EUCLID

AH1B and Architecture students must also sign up for

tutorials: DO THIS VIA LEARN

LEARN: Front page for all, separate folders for Architecture

and non-Architecture students.

Tutorials start in week 2

Exam results due at end of January


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AH1 Tutorial Arrangements (Semester 2)

Please note that AH1 tutorials will run as normal this semester. For those of youwho were enrolled in AH1 (ARHI08005) and AH1A (ARHI08001), you may

remain in the same tutorial slot as last semester. However, if you wish to movegroups because of a timetable clash, please contact the Course Organiser.

Those who are new to the course (taking AH1B), please go to the 'Users and

Groups' link on the menu bar at the bottomleft of the LEARN page. Then click on 'Groups'. Here you will find 10

tutorial groups (lettered A-J) from which to choose. The times are

spread across the week. Select a group that fits with your timetable.Times and locations are given in each instance. Each group can hold a

maximum of 14 members.

Architectural Design students (ARCH08005): this semester you too will need

to enrol in a tutorial group. If you follow the instructions above, you will find a setof tutorial groups marked K to R designated 'architects only'. Please enrol

yourself in one of these groups. DO NOT enrol in any of the groups marked A toJ. If you encounter any difficulty, please contact Prof. Ian Campbell

([email protected]).

For all students: please remember that tutorials do not commence until the

beginning of Week 2. Check group information for locations.


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ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY 1, 1BRevivalism to Modernism

LECTURE 31/1

London and Edinburgh in the Early Nineteenth Century:

The Monumental, the Modern & the Picturesque


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Early 19th century - Britain:

Great imperial power

Leading industrial nation

Constitutional/national issues - effectively resolved

Good place to introduce some important themes for

Architectural History 1B, as well as continuation of some of

Themes of last semester:

Industrialisation & Architecture Modernity and development of new building types

Modern city planning

Local and national identity The Picturesque and the city


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Thomas Shepherd:

Metropolitan Improvements, 1827-30

London & its Environs in the Nineteenth Century, 1829-31

Modern Athens! Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century, 1829-31


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John Nash, 1752 - 1835

Contemporary and rival to Soane

Major architect in Regency London

Semi-official position as architect to

Prince Regent

Responsible for 1st major urban remodeling

of London

Major figure in developing Picturesque

for the city

Very successful country house practice

Early contact with main protagonists inPicturesque controversy

Partnership with Humphry Repton, c1795-c1802

More direct response to Picturesque than Soane


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William Henry Playfair, 1789-1857

Son of James Playfair, advanced neoclassical architect

Born in London but moved back to Edinburgh after his fathersearly death

Brought up by uncle - John Playfair, famous astronomer

Trained under William Stark (1770-1813)

Very well connected in Edinburgh and was the dominant figure inthe first half of the nineteenth century

Architect of the Athens of the North


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John Nash and the Regent Street, Regent Park development

c.1810 - decision to develop Marlybone Park area, west of the city

Taken over by Department of Woods and Forests -

National and Royal project

Various architects consulted; main rivals to Nash produced

design, which was more urban and builder like, than the

enchanting rural plan which their lordships adopted (James Elmes)

Nash design embraced all the beauties of landscape design


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John Nash, Plan of Regents Park, from Shepherds Metropolitan

Improvements, 1829


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Nash believed wealthy landowners would prefer park to urban layout

Designed a series (50) villas for park, carefully screened by planting

Some urban aspects - but quickly removed, partly under the influenceof the Prime minister (Robert Jenkinson, Earl of Liverpool)

Prince Regent - great supporter. Intended to have pavilion in park

Work started on the planting and layout. Finished 1816

Regents Canal finished 1820

Take up of sites very slow and few villas

actually built

by 1841 - public Park and Zoological

gardens

South Villa


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John Nash, Plan of Regents Park, from Shepherds Metropolitan

Improvements, 1829


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Urban development of the park restricted to the edges

Regents Park Circuit is now recognised as one of

Nashs greatest achievements

Circuit creates a scenographic and pictorial montage of great

variety and, in that sense, relates to the picturesque

Park Crescent, 1812

Earliest terrace

Formal transition between

Regent street and thePark itself


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John Nash, Park Crescent, 1812-22


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John Nash, York Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)All entrances on opposite side of building

No divisions between gardens Both aspects enhance sense of palace in park


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John Nash, Hanover Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)


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John Nash, Hanover Terrace and Sussex Place, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)

Note contrast between the two terraces


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John Nash, Ulster Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)


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John Nash, Junction of Ulster Terrace and Park Square West, 1821-30


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John Nash, Cambridge Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)Decimus Burton, Coliseum, 1823-27 - Panorama of London


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John Nash, Chester Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827) Monumental Corinthian order

Use of Triumphal Arches


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John Nash, Cumberland Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827)


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John Nash, Cumberland Terrace, 1821-30 (Shepherd, 1827) Designed to face Regents pavilion in Park Exemplifies the scenographic nature of the Park Circuit

Shampediment


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Regent Street

Londons Royal Mile- Carlton House toRegents Park

Rivalry with Napoleons Paris

Route partly dictated by what land was availableand what was economically viable

Runs between Soho in east and grander areas to west

These practical concerns allied to Nashs sense ofUrban Picturesque - Variety, Surprise, Incident all

mark progress of street

Changes of direction at Piccadilly, Oxford Circus and

Langholm Place


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Regent Street

First Section - formal, classical architecture:

Waterloo Place: Houses

Beyond vicinity of Carlton House - great mix of

Types and styles: hotel, club, offices, housing, church

That variety - and modernity - of typology was

typical of rest of street


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John NashUpper Regent Street looking

towards Carlton House(Shepherd 1827)

John NashWaterloo Place looking

from Carlton House toUpper Regent Street

(Shepherd 1827)


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John Nash

Commercial premises inUpper Regent Street(Shepherd 1827)


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Visual termination of first section is

Axial and formal.

Provided by County Fire Office (1819)

Design based on design attributed toInigo Jones for Old Somerset House


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View of Regent Street Quadrant


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View of Quadrant, 1852


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Regent Street

Next section of the street -no major eye-catcher buildings

Along this section - variety in architecture, includingtreatment of corners to provide interest along way

Next change of direction - Oxford Circus

At this point, steeple of All Souls Langham Place


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John Nash, Quadrant & Vigo Street Corner c1822 (Shepherd, 1827)


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Regent Street

Final planning problem:Junction of Portland Place and Langham Place

Solution - building which acts as eye-catcher but alsoreconciles the awkward junction of the two streets and

facilitates movement from one to the other

All Souls Church, 1822-25

Design solution which brings together urban and

landscape design


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John Nash

All Souls

Langham Place

1822


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James Craig, Plan of 1st New Town of Edinburgh, 1767


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Edinburgh in early 19th Century

Urban Picturesque

Contrast of town and country and importance of landscape

Sense of identity

Relationship with London

Influence of Nash

Appreciation of city as totality


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Kirkwoods Plan of Edinburgh, 1821


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1834 Plan of Edinburgh


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Thomas Hamilton, Royal High School, 1825-29


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Archibald Elliot, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, 1815

John Nash Waterloo Place, London, 1815


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W H Playfair, Plan of New Town to Leith, 1819

Importance of Stark Practicality in terms of feuing

Practical concerns with markets and influence of NashIrregularityin geometric scheme, achieved by collision of geometries


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W H Playfair, Regent Terrace, Calton Hill, Edinburgh, 1819


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W H Playfair, Royal Terrace, Calton Hill, Edinburgh, 1819


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James Gillespie Graham, Moray Estate, Edinburgh, 1822


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James Gillespie Graham, Moray Estate, Edinburgh, 1822Moray Place


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Thomas Shepherd, View of St Bernards Well, 1829


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The idea of Edinburgh as Athens

Hugh William Williams - The Athenian Acropolis, c.1817


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Hugh William Williams, Edinburgh from Arthurs Seat, c.1820


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Thomas Shepherd, Edinburgh from Blackhall, 1829


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W H Playfair & C R Cockerell, National Monument1819


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George Meikle Kemp, Calton Hill as Acropolis, c.1830


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arnold, Dana Re-presenting the metropolis: architecture, urban experience and social life

in London, 1800-1840,Aldershot, Ashgate, 2000 {3}

Arnold, Dana Rural Urbanism: London landscapes in the early nineteenth century,

Manchester University Press, 2005 {3}

Crook, J. Mordaunt Londons Arcadia:John Nash & the planning of Regents Park, London,

Soane Museum (annual Soane lecture 2000), c2001 {1}

Lowrey, John From Caesarea to Athens: Greek Revival Edinburgh and the question of

Scottish identity within the unionist state, Journal of the Society of

Architectural Historians, vol. 60, No. 2 (June 2001), pp. 136-157 {1}

Reed, Peter Form and context: a study of Georgian Edinburgh, in Thomas A Markus

(ed) Order in space and society, Edinburgh, Mainstream, 1982, pp.115-154{1}

Shepherd, Thomas London and its environs in the nineteenth century, London, 1829 {2}

Shepherd, Thomas Metropolitan Improvements: or, London in the nineteenth century, London1829 (There is a modern reprint of this in the Art & Architecture Library) {2}

Shepherd, Thomas Modern Athens! Or Edinburgh in the nineteenth century, London, 1829 {2}

Youngson, A. J. The making of classical Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1966 (later

editions available) {2}

Documents

1.London and Edinburgh in the Early 19th Century