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8/14/2019 1)Medieval Ages
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IIIB.ARCH.,2NDYEAR B (2009-2014)
Asst.Professor, Periyar Maniammai
University.godwin
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UNIT 1ROMANESQUE
1.1 - THE MEDIEVAL AGES05.07.2010
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
EARLY MIDDLE AGES
HIGH MIDDLE AGES
LATE MIDDLE AGES
The
Medieval
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The
Medieval INTRODUCTION
The Middle Ages(adjectival form: medieval) is a period of European History from the 5th century
to the 15th century.
The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in A.D.476.,when Romulus Augustus,
the last Roman emperor in the West, resigned and stepped down from his Kingdom.
The Middle Agescan be subdivided into three intervals,
Early Middle Ages (476-1000),
High Middle Ages (10001300),
Late Middle Ages (1300
1453).
The Early Middle Ages saw the trends set in depopulation, deurbanization, and increased
barbarian invasion.
During the High Middle Ages (1000 1300 A.D.), Christian-oriented art and architecture
flourished The codes that were created, set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic
philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason.
The Late Middle Ages were a period initiated by calamities.
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The
Medieval EARLY MIDDLE AGES
EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)
Breakdown of Roman Society
As the Roman rulers became incapable of supporting the Civic infrastructure, Cities and
merchants lost the economic benefits of safe conditions for trade and manufacture.
Between the 5th and 8th centuries, new and powerful individuals filled the political void left by
Roman centralized government.
The Muslim conquested, the area of the Roman Empire ,in the 7th and 8th centuries .
By the end of the 8th century, the former Western Roman Empire was decentralized and
Rural.
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The
Medieval EARLY MIDDLE AGES
EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)
Church and monasticism
The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism
within the west.
The style of monasticism that focuses on community
experience of the spiritual life.
The Catholic Church was the major unifying cultural influence,
and a centralized administration through its network of
bishops. Due to the literacy they possessed, they often played
a significant role in governance.
Monks and monasteries had a deep effect upon the religious
and political life of the Early Middle Ages. They were the main
outposts of education and literacy.
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The
Medieval MEDIEVAL MONASTERIES
Medieval Monasteries
Medieval monasteries were the wealthiest land owners in Medieval England - more so than any
medieval king.
Medieval monasteries dominated the church in Medieval England as the monks who lived and
worked in them were considered to be extremely holy.
The local people worked on monastic land for free - to show their love of God.
Many monasteries performed important tasks within their community. Some monasteries
medieval hospitals attached to them. The medical treatment was done by the monks.
Some monasteries were renowned centres of learning and culture.
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The
Medieval EARLY MIDDLE AGES
EARLY MIDDLE AGES (476-1000)
Art & Architecture
Between the 4th century, and the 8th century, theestablishment of Churches and Monasteries, and a
comparative political stability, caused the
development of a form of stone architecture loosely
based upon Roman forms and hence later namedRomanesque.
The features are massive stone walls, openings
topped by semi-circular arches & small windows.
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The
Medieval HIGH MIDDLE AGES
HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000-1300)
The High Middle Ages were characterized by the urbanization of Europe ,military expansion & the
conversion of Christianity.
The High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. The Crusades, who were the
christian army power, have an undeniable religious aspect.
Monastic reform was similarly a religious movement effected by monks and elites.
Landed elites financed the construction of new parish churches in the European countryside,
which increased the Church's impact upon the daily lives of peasants.
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The
Medieval LATE MIDDLE AGES
LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300-1453)
The Late Middle Ages were a period initiated by calamities. During this time, agriculture was
affected by a climate change , in the form of periodic famines, including the Great Famine of 1315-1317.
It was also a period when the Catholic Church was increasingly divided against itself. The
divisiveness of the Church undermined papal authority, and allowed the formation of national
churches. The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between France and England lasting 116 years, from
1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the English kings to the French throne.
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UNIT 1ROMANESQUE
1.2 - THE ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE05.07.2010
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CONTENTS
Romanesqu
e
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
The general impression given by
Romanesque architecture, in both Religious
and secular buildings, is one of massivesolidity and strength.
The load bearing structural members are its
walls, or sections of walls called piers.
Walls The walls of Romanesque buildings are
often of massive thickness with few and
small openings. They are often double
shells, filled with rubble stones.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Piers
In Romanesque architecture, piers were often
employed to support arches. They were built of
masonry and square or rectangular in section,
generally having a horizontal moulding
representing a capital at the springing of the
arch, and may also have horizontal mouldings
at the level of base.
Although basically rectangular, piers can often
be of highly complex form, with half-segments
of large hollow-core columns on the inner
surface supporting the arch, or a clustered
group of smaller shafts leading into the
mouldings of the arch.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Columns
Columns are an important structural feature of
Romanesque architecture. They were primarily used
for Structure as well as decoration purposes.
Monolithic columns cut from a single piece of stone
were frequently used. They alternated between more
massive piers.
They do not bear massive weights of masonry, such
as cloisters, where they are sometimes paired.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Drum Columns
In most parts of Europe, Romanesque columns
were massive, as they supported thick upper walls
with small windows, and sometimes heavy vaults.
The most common method of construction was to
build them out of stone cylinders called drums.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Capitals
The Corinthian capital is essentially round at the
bottom where it sits on a circular column and squareat the top, where it supports the wall or arch.
This form of capital was maintained in the general
proportions and outline of the Romanesque capital.
This was achieved most simply by cutting a
rectangular cube and taking the four lower corners
off at an angle so that the block was square at the
top, but octagonal at the bottom.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Arches & Openings
Arches in Romanesque architecture are semicircular. It is believed that there is a direct
imitation of Islamic architecture.
While small windows might be surmounted by a solid stone lintel, larger windows are nearly
always arched. Doorways are also surmounted by a semi-circular arch.
Vaults & Roofs
The majority of buildings have wooden roofs, generally of a simple truss, tie beamor king post
form. In churches, typically the aisles are vaulted, but the nave is roofed with timber.
Vaults of stone or brick took on several different forms and showed marked development
during the period, evolving into the pointed ribbed arch which is characteristic of Gothic
architecture.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Barrel Vaults
The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel
vault in which a single arched surface extendsfrom wall to wall, the length of the space to be
vaulted, for example, the nave of a church.
However, the barrel vault generally required
the support of solid walls, or walls in which thewindows were very small.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Groin Vaults
Groin vaults occur in early Romanesque
buildings. They were most frequently used for
the less visible and smaller vaults, particularly in
aisles.
A groin vault is almost always square in plan
and is constructed of two barrel vaults
intersecting at right angles. The entire arch is a
structural member.
Groin vaults are frequently separated by
transverse arched ribs, strongly projecting and
polychrome.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Buttresses
Because of the massive nature of Romanesque walls,
buttresses are not a highly significant feature, as they are inGothic architecture.
Romanesque buttresses are generally of flat square profile and
do not project a great deal beyond the wall. In the case of aisled
churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults over the aisleshelped to buttress the nave, if it was vaulted.
In the cases where half-barrel vaults were used, they effectively
became like flying buttresses. Often aisles extended through
two storeys, rather than the one usual in Gothic architecture, so
as to better support the weight of a vaulted nave.
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
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Romanesqu
e CHARACTERISTICS
Towers
Towers were an important feature of Romanesque.They take a variety of forms, square,
circular and octagonal. The apses were sometimes framed with circular towers. Large paired
towers of square plan could also occur on the transept ends. In England, for large abbeys
and cathedral buildings, three towers were favoured, with the central tower being the tallest.
In Italy towers are almost always free standing and the position is often dictated by the
landform of the site, rather than aesthetics.
As a general rule, large Romanesque towers are square with corner buttresses of low
profile, rising without diminishing through the various stages.
Towers are usually marked into clearly defined stages by horizontal courses. As the towers
rise, the number and size of openings increases.This sort of arrangement is particularly
noticeable on the towers of Italian churches, which are usually built of brick and may have
no other ornament.