1MIT0110 SSM 4 Written Communication_Referencing and Plagiarism

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Study Skills Lecture 4Study Skills Lecture 4

Study SkillsStudy Skills

Lecture 4Lecture 4

Written Communication 2Written Communication 2

ReferencingReferencing

PlagiarismPlagiarism





References are used to show to aReferences are used to show to areader:reader:

The source of a quotationThe source of a quotationDocument or validate the source of Document or validate the source of

the information usedthe information used

A reference to another part of yourA reference to another part of yourwritten textwritten text





When do you need to give a reference?When do you need to give a reference?

To show sources of inspiration (general)To show sources of inspiration (general)

T

o sh

ow th

e source of specific th

eory,T

o sh

ow th

e source of specific th

eory,argument or viewpointargument or viewpoint

To use specific informationTo use specific information ±± statistics,statistics,surveys, case studiessurveys, case studies

For direct quotations (to illustrate a point)For direct quotations (to illustrate a point) For information which you choose toFor information which you choose to

paraphrase rather than quote.paraphrase rather than quote.





Some useful phrases to introduce material fromSome useful phrases to introduce material fromreference sources:reference sources:

To quote from Jones (1999), ³«To quote from Jones (1999), ³«

As Jones (1999) points out, «As Jones (1999) points out, «

According to Jones (1999), «According to Jones (1999), «

Jones (1999) suggests that, «Jones (1999) suggests that, «

In her article µIn her article µname of articlename of article¶ , Jones (1999) makes¶ , Jones (1999) makesthe point that «the point that «

In µIn µbook titlebook title¶ Jones (1999) explains that ...¶ Jones (1999) explains that ...

Writing in 1999, Jones proposed that «.Writing in 1999, Jones proposed that «.





All external sources referenced in the text must be included inAll external sources referenced in the text must be included ina reference list or bibliography.a reference list or bibliography.

The information provided allows a reader to locate the sourceThe information provided allows a reader to locate the source

quickly and efficiently:quickly and efficiently: Authors surname and initials or first nameAuthors surname and initials or first name

Date of publicationDate of publication

Title of book, paper or articleTitle of book, paper or article

Place of publicationPlace of publication

PublisherPublis

her

There are various established styles of referencing.There are various established styles of referencing.

Try to use the Harvard referencing style, but most importantlyTry to use the Harvard referencing style, but most importantlyuse a consistent styleuse a consistent style




QuotationsQuotations

Use quotationsUse quotations sparingsparing, keep brief and ensure they, keep brief and ensure theymake a valuable addition to your writingmake a valuable addition to your writing

Ensure:Ensure:

Words are copied exactlyWords are copied exactly

Use three dots («) to indicate any omitted wordsUse three dots («) to indicate any omitted words

Put quotation marks around any individual wordsPut quotation marks around any individual wordsyou quoteyou quote

Say exactly where the quotation comes fromSay exactly where the quotation comes from

It is rarely necessary to quote more than oneIt is rarely necessary to quote more than onesentence. Other information should besentence. Other information should beparaphrased and utilised by yourself to justifyparaphrased and utilised by yourself to justifyyour academic argument.your academic argument.




What is plagiar ismWhat is plagiar ism --

Oxford Dictionary definition:Oxford Dictionary definition:

take and use (the thoughts, writings, inventions,take and use (the thoughts, writings, inventions,etc. of another person) as one's own.etc. of another person) as one's own.

pass off the thoughts etc. of (another person) aspass off the thoughts etc. of (another person) asone's own.one's own.

New Webster¶s Encycopedic Dictionary (1997)New Webster¶s Encycopedic Dictionary (1997)

Plagiarism is ³the unauthorized use of thePlagiarism is ³the unauthorized use of thelanguage and thoughts of another author and thelanguage and thoughts of another author and therepresentation of them as one¶ s own´.representation of them as one¶ s own´.




Plagiarism / Unf air pr acticePlagiarism / Unf air pr actice

What does it include?What does it include?

Using words more or less exactly as theyUsing words more or less exactly as they

have been used in articles, lectures,have been used in articles, lectures,television programmes, books ortelevision programmes, books oranywhere else (without indicating thatanywhere else (without indicating thatthese are quotations)these are quotations)

Using other people¶ s ideas or theoriesUsing other people¶ s ideas or theories

without saying whose ideas they arewithout saying whose ideas they are Paraphrasing what you read or hearParaphrasing what you read or hear

without stating where it comes fromwithout stating where it comes from(Cottrell, 2003, page 133)(Cottrell, 2003, page 133)





Different forms of plagiarismDifferent forms of plagiarism Direct duplication, by copying (or allowing to beDirect duplication, by copying (or allowing to be

copied) another¶ s work, whether from a book, article,copied) another¶ s work, whether from a book, article,web site, another student¶ s assignment, etc.web site, another student¶ s assignment, etc.

Paraphrasing of another¶ s work closely, with minorParaphrasing of another¶ s work closely, with minorchanges but with the essential form and/orchanges but with the essential form and/orprogression of ideas maintainedprogression of ideas maintained

Piecing together sections of the works of others into aPiecing together sections of the works of others into anew wholenew whole

Submitting one¶ s own work which has already beenSubmitting one¶ s own work which has already been

submitted for assessment purposes in another subjectsubmitted for assessment purposes in anot

her subject

Producing assignments in conjunction with otherProducing assignments in conjunction with otherpeople (e.g. another student, a tutor) which should bepeople (e.g. another student, a tutor) which should beyour own independent workyour own independent work

((see also University regulations relating to unfair practice)see also University regulations relating to unfair practice)





Intentional plagiarismIntentional plagiarism is plagiarismis plagiarismwhich arises from intention to deceivewhich arises from intention to deceive

Unintentional plagiarismUnintentional plagiarism is plagiarismis plagiarismwhich arises from lack of knowledge orwhich arises from lack of knowledge orunderstanding of the concept of understanding of the concept of plagiarism, or lack of skill in using theplagiarism, or lack of skill in using the

relevant academic conventionsrelevant academic conventions





Some definitions:Some definitions:

Group workGroup work means a formally established project tomeans a formally established project tobe conducted by a number of students in common,be conducted by a number of students in common,

resulting in a single piece of assessment or a numberresulting in a single piece of assessment or a numberof associated pieces of assessmentof associated pieces of assessment Legitimate collaborationLegitimate collaboration means any constructivemeans any constructive

educational and intellectual practice that aims toeducational and intellectual practice that aims tofacilitate optimal learning outcomes through facilitate optimal learning outcomes through interaction between studentsinteraction between students

CollusionCollusion (unauthorised collaboration) involves(unauthorised collaboration) involvesworking together with others without permission toworking together with others without permission toproduce work which is then presented as workproduce work which is then presented as workcompleted independently by the student. Collusion iscompleted independently by the student. Collusion isa form of plagiarism. Students should not knowinglya form of plagiarism. Students should not knowinglyallow their work to be copied.allow their work to be copied.




Plagiarism / Unf air Pr acticePlagiarism / Unf air Pr actice

Plagiarism is taken very seriously.Plagiarism is taken very seriously.

It could mean:It could mean:

Failure in an assignment (carrying zeros)Failure in an assignment (carrying zeros)

Failure in the module (carrying zeros)Failure in the module (carrying zeros)

Permission to rePermission to re--take for a maximum of 40%take for a maximum of 40%

Referral to University Authorities for consideration of moreReferral to University Authorities for consideration of moreserious actionserious action

(see University Regulations relating to Unfair Practice)(see University Regulations relating to Unfair Practice)



Detecting Unf air Pr acticeDetecting Unf air Pr actice

During marking all academic staff are looking to ensure thatDuring marking all academic staff are looking to ensure thatthe work submitted is that of the student. The following isthe work submitted is that of the student. The following ischeckedchecked ±±

Written in a style and language consistent with studentsWritten in a style and language consistent with students

normal stylenormal style Answers the questions set, not some other questionAnswers the questions set, not some other question

That answer is in the students own wordsThat answer is in the students own words

Electronic files are submitted through Electronic files are submitted through turnitinturnitin,, plagarismplagarismchecking, software. The report is interpreted. This canchecking, software. The report is interpreted. This can

identify the amount of the assignment actually written byidentify the amount of the assignment actually written bythe student in their own words, the amount of quotations,the student in their own words, the amount of quotations,any unany un--attributed copying from various information sourcesattributed copying from various information sources

(see example of (see example of turnitinturnitin report)report)





Plagiarism and CopyrightPlagiarism and Copyright

There is a close relationship betweenThere is a close relationship betweenplagiarism and copyright issuesplagiarism and copyright issues

Copyright infringementCopyright infringement takes placetakes placewhen a person takes a substantial part of when a person takes a substantial part of another person¶ s work and incorporatesanother person¶ s work and incorporatesthis in the author¶ s own work. Inthis in the author¶ s own work. In

copyright law this is permissible onlycopyright law this is permissible onlywhere the author has the license of thewhere the author has the license of theoriginal author.original author.




CopyrightCopyright

Copyright law does not prohibit copyingCopyright law does not prohibit copyingaltogether, but it does place a limit onaltogether, but it does place a limit onwhat a person can copy from an existingwhat a person can copy from an existing

work without incurring a penalty or legalwork wit

hout incurring a penalty or legalrecourserecourse

That amount is legally referred to as aThat amount is legally referred to as a

³substantial part´. The law defining what ³substantial part´. The law defining whata substantial part is has developed overa substantial part is has developed overtime since 1709.time since 1709.




Differ ences betweenDiffer ences between

Copyr ight & Plagiar ismCopyr ight & Plagiar ism

A plagiarised work will not always be anA plagiarised work will not always be aninfringement of copyrightinfringement of copyright

A copyright infringement occurs in a largeA copyright infringement occurs in a largenumber of cases of plagiarismnumber of cases of plagiarism

There is no penalty in law for plagiarismThere is no penalty in law for plagiarismas such, however an individuals reputationas such, however an individuals reputationand credibility may be affected by word of and credibility may be affected by word of mouth criticismmouth criticism

A successful claim of copyrightA successful claim of copyrightinfringement may lead to damages beinginfringement may lead to damages beingpayable to the author of the original work.payable to the author of the original work.It is also a criminal offence in the UK.It is also a criminal offence in the UK.





Can you identify plagiarism?Can you identify plagiarism?

Examples from Cottrell, 2003, page 134Examples from Cottrell, 2003, page 134

You need to ensure:You need to ensure:

You understand the problemYou understand the problem

Understand why copying is wrongUnderstand why copying is wrong

Understand how it is dealt withUnderstand how it is dealt with

Actively ensure that you do not plagiariseActively ensure that you do not plagiarise




Par aphr asingPar aphr asing

This involves reThis involves re--writing someonewriting someonewordswords

Should not be overShould not be over--usedused

Must always be referenced to theMust always be referenced to thesourcesource

But can be useful to align text styleBut can be useful to align text style

with your own writing, to comparewith your own writing, to compareinformation from different sourcesinformation from different sourcesetc.etc.




MIT referencingMIT referencing

Use the Havard Referencing SystemUse the Havard Referencing System(FULL DETAILS ARE PROVIDED on the MIT web site(FULL DETAILS ARE PROVIDED on the MIT web site --

http://www.lamp.ac.uk/mit/pdf/referencing_guide.pdf http://www.lamp.ac.uk/mit/pdf/referencing_guide.pdf ))

ExamplesExamples --Appraisal Systems work best when all partiesAppraisal Systems work best when all parties

understand the aims (Jones, 1999, p.54)understand the aims (Jones, 1999, p.54)

Jones (1999) explains how Appraisal systems workJones (1999) explains how Appraisal systems workbest when all parties understand the aims.best when all parties understand the aims.

A recent academic study (Evans, 2002) «A recent academic study (Evans, 2002) «




MIT referencingMIT referencing

Some point of the Havard System:Some point of the Havard System:

When referencing in the text the name and date must beWhen referencing in the text the name and date must beincluded. Eitherincluded. Either ±± for example Jones (1999) thought that,for example Jones (1999) thought that,or some authors (Jones, 1999; Spencer, 2004) think that.or some authors (Jones, 1999; Spencer, 2004) think that.(page numbers can also be included in brackets)(page numbers can also be included in brackets)

If authors name appears naturally in the text the date mustIf authors name appears naturally in the text the date mustalways be included in brackets.always be included in brackets.

If an author has more than one publication in a given yearIf an author has more than one publication in a given yearthen small letters are added (2002a, 2002b, etc.) tothen small letters are added (2002a, 2002b, etc.) todistinguish between different sourcesdistinguish between different sources

Where there is dual authorship, both authors should beWhere there is dual authorship, both authors should beused (Smith & Brown, 2003)used (Smith & Brown, 2003)

Where there are more than two authors the reference canWhere there are more than two authors the reference canbe shortened (Black et al 2006)be shortened (Black et al 2006)

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1MIT0110 SSM 4 Written Communication_Referencing and Plagiarism