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Adminisatration determines the specific goals & lays down the broad areas within which those goals are to be achieved.

Management is planning, organizing, leading & Controlling of human & other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively & efficiently.

INTRODUCTION.

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ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT

THINKING

(Plans , policies & objectives)

DOING

(Execution & direction of plans & policies)

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In 1923, the terminological conflict between the two terms was raised by Oliver Sheldon in his book ‘The Philosophy of Management’ when he emphasized administration as decision-making function and management as execution function .After that, this distinction between the two terms was emphasized by many and the terminological conflict proceeded further. Various views expressed in this regard have led to the emergence of three approaches.

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Three Approaches for Management VS Administration

Administration is above management: Administration is a part of management; Management and administration are

same.

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The general view is that administration relates to policy formulation and management relates to policy execution and these two activities are the same. For example, Spiegel states that:

“Administration is that phase of a business enterprise that concerns itself with the overall determination of institutional objectives and the policies necessary to be followed in achieving those objectives. Management, on the other hand, is an executive function which is primarily concerned with carrying out broad policies laid down by the administration.”

Since these sets of functions are different, different types of persons with different sets of qualities are required

Administration is Above Management.

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ADMINISTRATION IS THE PART OF MANAGEMENT. There is another of though which treats

management as more comprehensive function which includes administration also.

EX: Brech has viewed management & administration in the following way:

“Management is a generic name for the process of executive control in industry or commerce. It is a social process entailing responsibility for the effective & economical planning & regulation of the operation of an enterprise, in the fulfillment of a given purpose or task. Administration is that part of management which is concerned with installation & carrying out of the procedures by which it is laid down & communicated, & the process of activities regulated & check against plans.”

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Management & Administration are Same.

Management & Administration are synonymous, the difference between the two terms lies mostly in their usage in different countries or different field of human organizations,EX: Lipinski has made observation that:

“The British conception seems to be the general European usage in which management is given a broader meaning than administration. In American usage, administration includes management & organization.”

Management is normally used in business sphere. However, Whether administration is used in non-business field & management is used in business field does not make a fundamental distinction between the two because of similarly of the process involved in these. In fact, even this distinction is also disappearing

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Difference Between Administration & Management Basis of difference Administration Management 1. Level in organization Top level Middle and lower

level

2. Major focus Policy formulation and objective determination

Policy execution for objective achievement

3. Nature of functions Planning, organizing & Staffing

Direction, Motivation & Control

4. Scope of functions Broad and conceptual Narrow and operational

5. Factors affecting decisions Mostly external Mostly internal

6. Employer-employee relation Entrepreneurs and owners

Employees

7. Qualities required Administrative Technical

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Practically, there is no difference between management & administration. Every manager is concerned with both Practically, there is no difference between management & administration. Every manager is concerned with both - administrative management function and operative management function as shown in the figure. However, the managers who are higher up in the hierarchy denote more time on administrative function & the lower level denote more time on directing and controlling worker’s performance i.e. management.

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Top management spent more time in administration activities

As goes down in the organizational Chart more time spent in management

Board of Di rectorsPresident

General

Manager

Functional Manager

Foremen

Administration

Management

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The various applications of benchmarks of a profession can be analyzed as below-

Body of knowledge Formal education Representative Organization Ethical Standards Service Above Cell

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Management as a profession.

Professionalisation makes business more efficient, dynamic and socially responsible. Is management a profession

According to Abraham Flexner, A profession is –

1) A body of specialized knowledge and recognized educational process of acquiring it.

2) A standard of qualifications governing admission to the profession.

3) A standard of conduct governing the relationship of the practitioners with clients, colleagues and the public.

4) An association or social responsibility inherent in an occupation & the public interest.

5) An association or society devoted to the advancement of the social obligations as distinct from the economic interests of the group.

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Professionalism of management in India1)Licensing is non-existent2)Lack of Client systemIn common parlance Indian management is

described as ‘family management’ with ‘tradional values’ of the organization are in the The two distinguished feature of family management are that both ownership & control hands of members of a family & that organizational objective is to maximize profits even if it necessitates exploitation of the weaker sections of the society.

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Reasons For Professionalism of management in IndiaGrowing Competition

Fast Changes In Technology

Divorce Between ownership & management

Need to manage large scale units

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Future of Management as a Profession in India.

1)Education & training2)Improve the quality of management3)Improve the status & prestige

.

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Skills Required Of Manager

1) Technical skill 2) Interpersonal skill or Human skill

3) Conceptual skill 4) Diagnostic skill5) Political skill

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Technical Skill Technical skill involves understanding ,

performing specific tasks, demonstrating proficiency in a particular workplace activity.

The Technical skill used will differ in each level of management.

Required in lower management.

As one moves to higher levels of management within organization , the importance of technical skill diminishes because the manager has less direct contacts with day to day problems & activities.

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Human SkillHuman skill involves human relations, the

manager’s ability to interact effectively with an organizational member.

This skill is critical at all levels of

Management.

Which in turn, necessitates an insight into human needs & ways & mans of motivating people.

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Conceptual SkillConceptual skill is a manager’s ability to see the

organization as a whole, as a complete entity. Conceptual skill is crucial for top manages,

whose ability to see “the big picture” can have major repercussions on the success of the business.

for example, how work units & teams are best organized.

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Diagnostic skill

• Diagnostic skill is used to investigate problem, decide on a remedy, & implement a solution.

• It involves understanding how organizational

units work together & how the organization fit into its competitive environment.

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Political skill• Political skill involves obtaining power &

preventing other employees from taking one’s power.

• Manager’s use power to achieve organization objectives & this skill can often reach goals with less effort than others who lack political skill.

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Classification of skills.

PLANNING SKILLS

ORGANISING SKILLS

LEADING SKILLS

CONTROLLING SKILLS

DECISION MAKING SKILS

Ability to think ahead

Ability to analyze & describe

Ability to see the big picture

Ability to keep activities on the desired paths

Ability to make good & timely decisions.

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Method of skill developmentManagement skill are linked to a more

complex knowledge based. It involve interaction with other person & it difficult to predict other person behavior.

1)Practical application2)Learning & behavioral practice 3)A opportunities to practice

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Three important modification • The prescribed behavioral principles or

guidelines should be supplemented with scientifically based on knowledge.

• Little feedback about their current level of skill competency.

• Most management skill training in a class room.

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What is "Management Ethics”?The concept has come to mean various things to

various people, but generally it’s coming to know what it right or wrong in the workplace & doing what’s right- this is in regard to effects of products/services & in relationships with stakeholders.

Wallace & Pekel explain that attention to Management ethics is critical during times of fundamental change- times much like those faced now by businesses, both non-profit or for-profit.

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Benefited of Management Ethics in the Workplace Attention to Management ethics has substantially

improved society. Ethics programs help maintain a moral course in

turbulent times. Ethics programs cultivate strong teamwork &

productivity. Ethics programs support employee growth & meaning. Ethics programs are an insurance policy – they help

ensure that policies are legal. Ethics programs help avoid criminal act “of omission “&

can lower fines. Ethics programs help manage values associated with

quality management, strategic planning & diversity management – this benefit needs far more attention.

Ethics programs promote a strong public image. Overall benefits of ethics programs. Last - & most – formal attention to the workplace is the

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Management cultureIntroduction When we talk about culture, we are typically

to the pattern of development reflected in a society system of knowledge, ideology, values, laws, social norms & day to day rituals.

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Characteristics of management culture1. Observed behavioral regularities2. Norms3. Dominant values4. Philosophy5. Rules6. Organizational climate

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