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1 OVERVOLTAGES DURING
POWER SYSTEM FAULTS
1 • 1 INTRODUCTION
Faults occur in a power system because insulation at the point of
fault is momentarily subjected to voltage stress in excess of its di-
electric strength. In the past, lightning has probably been the most
frequent cause of fault initiation and subsequent line and apparatus
outages. Switching surges also have been frequent causes of over-
voltages of sufficient magnitude to cause insulation to be dielectrically
overstressd, resulting in system faults. Birds, snakes, kites, airplanes,
and rifles in capable, though morally misdirected, hands have been
known to initiate faults. Mechanical failure of insulation may and
occasionally does result in a power system fault.
The list of causes of these faults is long and varied. However, it is
not the purpose of this chapter to concern itself further with the
causes, but rather to consider the consequences of the occurrence of a
fault as far as the system itself is concerned. In considering these
consequences, it will be preferable to think of the power system as an
electrical circuit made up of linear impedance elements of resistance,
inductance, and capacitance. The circuit is normally energized and
carrying load until a fault suddenly occurs. The fault then corre-
sponds to the closing of a switch (or switches, depending on the type
of fault) in the electrical circuit. The closing of this switch (or
switches) changes the circuit so that a new distribution of currents
and voltages is brought about. This redistribution is accompanied in
general by a transient period during which the resultant currents and
voltages may momentarily be relatively high.
There are two components of voltage in such linear circuits due to
the occurrence of a system fault (or due to closing the switch in the
electrical network), viz., (1) fundamental-frequency voltages, and (2)
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