1Research Methodology - 1

7/31/2019 1Research Methodology - 1

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first ...

Lets look at

SOMETHING which

we see and understand

around


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Net Poll

Yesterdays QuestionShould airlines have the right to sackoverweight air hostesses?

Todays Question

Yes - 29.29%

Cant Say - 2.14%

Is this way through

which we acquire

truth?


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Is this the way

through which

we acquiretruth..???

after liberalisation, the GNP

is distributed in the favour of

those who have higher propensity to

import and as a result, the

production and the employment

abroad have increased at the cost

of domestic production and

employment. This is also one of

the important reason of recession

in India


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All stars are stationary.The Sun is a star.

The Sun is stationary.

Is this way throughwhich we acquire

truth?


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20% of the sampled worker

are in the favour of the new

pension scheme.

A worker selected willfavour new pension scheme

with probability of 20%.

Is this way through which

we acquire truth?


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Are all these

representing

truth???Are these waysthrough which we

acquire truth?


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HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT ISTRUTH???

And, the process thatleads to truth(???) iscalled KNOWING!!!!


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Are The rows of black and white

squares all parallel?


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What you see and feel may notbe a scientific truth!!!!

A perfect CIRCLE

may look like an

imperfect one!!!!!!


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What you look may not be ascientific reality!!!!

Do we have a fourth

dimension!!!!!!


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Seeing may not

be believing!!!!


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Seeing may not

be believing!!!!


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Is this logic representing ascientific truth?

All elephants are RED.

Ramdas is an elephant.

Therefore, Ramdas is RED.

THINK!!!


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SCIENTIFIC FACTS ARE...

o OBJECTIVE IN NATURE

o VERIFIABLE & SUBJECT TO TESTING AND

QUESTIONING

o BASED UPON WELL ACCEPTED PRINCIPLES OF

LOGIC

o SELF - CORRECTING IN NATURE


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Something to think over

The method for scientific investigation is

nothing butthe expression of the necessary

mode of working of the human mind. It is

simply the mode at whichall phenomena are

reasoned about, rendered precise and exact.

We Are All Scientists by T.H. Huxley in Darwiniana (1863)


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Whats the most important underlying

philosophy behind scientific knowledge?

Keep the process of knowing authentic

and scientific, the truth with be authentic

and scientific!!!


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verywhere our knowledge is incomplete and problems are waiting to be solved.

We address the void in our knowledge, and those unresolved problems,

By asking relevant questions and seeking answers to them.

The role of research is to provide a method for obtaining those answers

By inquiringly studying the facts, within the parameters

Of the scientific method.


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RE -SEARCHPurposeful investigation to solve organizational questions or

problems, conducted in a systematic, objective & scientific way

R- RECOGNITION OF NEEDS

E- EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING

S- SYSTEMATIC &OBJECTIVEE- EXUDE OR DISSEMINATE DATA

A- ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION

R- RECOMMENDATION FOR ACTION

C- COLLECTION OF INFORMATIONH- HELPFUL TO MANAGERS


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FEATURES OF A GOODRESEARCH

EMPIRICAL

VERIFIABLE

RATIONAL

CUMULATIVE

SELF-CORRECTING

ETHICAL

NEUTRALITY

STATISTICAL GENERALIZABILITY


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Problemdiscovery

Problem definition(statement of

research objectives)

Secondary

(historical)

data

Experience

Survey/

Pilot

study

Case

study

Selection of

exploratory researchtechnique

Selection of

basic research

design

Experiment SurveyObservation

Secondary

Data StudyLaboratory Field Interview Questionnaire

Selection of

sampling technique

Sampling

Probability Nonprobability

Collection of

data

(fieldwork)

Editing and

coding

data

Data

processing

Interpretation

of

findings

Report

Data

Gathering

Data

Processing

and

Analysis

Conclusions

and Report

Research Design


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.Albert Einstein

The formulationof the problem is

often more essential

than its solution


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Statement ofResearch Objectives

Problem Definition

Defining Problem results in clear

cut Research Objectives

ExploratoryResearch(Optional)

Analysis of

the Situation

Symptom Detection


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The Process of Problem

DefinitionAscertain thedecision makers

objectives

Understandbackground of theproblem

Isolate/identify theproblem, not thesymptoms

Determine unit ofanalysis

Determine relevantvariables

State researchquestions andobjectives


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Management Problem

Research Problem

Allocate Advertisement budgetamong media

Estimate awareness generatedby each media type

Decide whether to open office onSaturday

Evaluate use of services ondifferent days & determine ifcustomers can do so onSaturday

Introduce a new health service Design a concept test throughwhich likely acceptance and usecan be assessed.


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Management Problem

Research Problem

Introduction of new product To determine customer preferencesand purchase intentions of the

proposed new product

Change in advertising campaign To determine effectiveness of thecurrent advertisting campaign

Increase in product pricing To determine the price elasiticity ofdemand and the impact on salesand profits of various levels of pricechange


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Symptoms Can Be Confusing

Problem DefinitionOrganization Symptoms Based on Symptoms True Problem

Twenty-year-oldneighborhoodswimmingassociation in amajor city.

Membership has beendeclining for years.

New water park withwave pool and waterslides moved intotown a few years ago.

Neighborhoodresidents prefer theexpensive waterpark and havenegative image ofswimming pool.

Demographic changes:Children in this 20-year-old neighborhoodhave grown up. Olderresidents no longerswim anywhere.


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Management-research question hierarchy is an easy approach

to identify the research problem from the management dilemma

consisting of hierarchal steps, as follows-


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Management Dilemma- What are the symptoms that cause

management concern?

What environmental stimuli raise

management interest?

Declining sales

Management Question- How can management eliminate the negative

symptoms?

How can management fully capitalize an

opportunity?

How can the sales be improved?

Research Question(s)- What plausible courses of action are available

to management to correct the problem or take

advantage of the opportunity, and which should

be considered?

Should an incentive commission based scheme

be introduced?

Should the level of advertising be increased?

Should the product formula be modified overdifferent regions?

Investigative questions- What does manger need to know to choose the

best alternative?

What is the likelihood that current customer

satisfaction will decrease?

What is the likelihood that the salesperson will

feel motivated by differential compensation

scheme?

Measurement questions- What should be asked or observed to obtain the

manager needs?

Ratings on level of concern on

Lack of predictability of pay

Increased internal compensation

Measures on current image of product

Management decision- What is the recommended course of action,

given research findings?


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Using management-research question hierarchy, developthe same for a management dilemma you face atorganization or for a mega store which is experiencing

declining repeat visits at its new superstore.


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Hypothesis

An unproven proposition

Suggests possible solution to a problem

An assumption on which we base our research premises and test in

the light of our findings A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or

scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation

Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument orinvestigation; an assumption

A hypothesisbecomes a theorywhen there is consistency withobservations/predictions

Manager X has high need for achievement.

Managers of Company Y have high need for achievement.

The government is generating awareness on child labour.

Are women better managers ?


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STATISTICAL Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a claim (assumption)about a population parameter: -

population mean or

population proportion

Example: The mean monthly cell phone bill of this city is =

$42

Example: The proportion of adults in this city with cell phones

is = 0.68

N ll H h i H


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Null Hypothesis H0States the claim or assertion to be

testedExample: The average number of TV sets in

U.S. Homes is equal to three

Is always about a population parameter,

not about a sample statistic

3:H0

3:H0

3X:H

0

N ll H th i H


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Null Hypothesis H0

Begin with the assumption that thenull hypothesis is true

Similar to the notion of innocent untilproven guilty

Refers to the status quo

Always contains = , or sign

May or may not be rejected


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Alternative Hypothesis H1

Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e.g., The average number of TV sets in U.S. homes is not equal

to 3 ( H1: 3 )

Challenges the status quo

Never contains the = , or signMay or may not be proven

Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher istrying to prove


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TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDY

EXPLORATORY/FORMULATIVE STUDIES

DESCRIPTIVE /DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

CAUSAL / HYPOTHESIS TESTING STUDIES

EXPLORATORY STUDIES


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EXPLORATORY STUDIESFormulates problem for more precise

investigation

Defines objectives, identifies variables and formulateshypothesis to be studied.

Helps in screening alternatives and discovering new ideas. Techniques generally employed to obtain insights and gain

clearer idea of problem:- Secondary data analysis, Focus Group interview,

Experience Survey, Case Study, Projective Techniques


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DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

Provides description of phenomenon or characteristicsassociated with subject population

Determines frequency of occurrence of these traits estimates proportions of population having certain

characteristics and discovers associations amongdifferent variables

Techniques generally employed -SECONDARY DATA-examination of records, SURVEY questionnaires,interview, OBSERVATION STUDIES


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CAUSAL / HYPOTHESIS TESTINGSTUDIES

Used for establishing functional relationship betweencause and effect variables and testing hypothesispertaining to these relationships.

Basic research designs for causal research:-

Experiments


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Other CLASSIFICATIONS

QUANTITATIVE/QUALITATIVE

LONGITUDINAL/CROSS-SECTIONAL

EMPIRICAL/LITERATURE-BASED


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1Research Methodology - 1