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1. W502 – Thermal Environment
International Module W502Thermal Environment
Day 4
2. W502 – Thermal Environment
Today’s Learning Outcomes
• Case Studies– Discuss various case studies to highlight various risk
assessment approaches– Discuss a number of other scenarios which highlight
thermal stress issues
• Student Exercises– Undertake a number of exercises to reinforce the learning's
contained in the lectures
3. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Studies
Risk Assessment & Other Approaches
4. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Study 10
Heat Stress Scenario’s
Source: Ross Di Corletto(Reproduced with permission)
5. W502 – Thermal Environment
Scenario 1
• Descaling of a large sealed circular sedimentation vessel
• Hard scale, on horizontal surfaces, vertical and sloping walls must be removed using pneumatic jackhammers. Activity is for approximately 120 minutes
• One high velocity axial fan on the top of the vessel
• A large access hatch on the roof of the vessel and a small hatch on the bottom have been opened
6. W502 – Thermal Environment
De-scaling of a Sedimentation Tank
Size of Tank: 20m in diameter & 10m high
Ventilation is via an axial fan sucking air into the vessel from an access hat on the top and a small hatch at the bottom
7. W502 – Thermal Environment
Basic Risk Assessment of Scenario 1
HAZARD TYPE Assessment Point Value
1 2 3 Hot surfaces Contact neutral Hot on contact Burn on contact Exposure period < 30 min 30 min - 2 hours > 2 hrs Confined space No Yes Task complexity Simple Moderate Complex Climbing, ascending, descending None Moderate Significant Distance from cool rest area <50 Metres 50-100 Metres >100 Metres Distance from drinking water <30 Metres 30-50 Metres >50 Metres Clothing (permeable) Single layer (light) Single layer (mod) Multiple layer Understanding of heat strain risk Training given No training given Air movement Windy Some wind No wind Resp. protection (-ve pressure) None Half Face Full Face Acclimatisation Acclimatised Unacclimatised 6 6 9 SUB-TOTAL A 21 2 4 6 Metabolic work rate* Light Moderate Heavy SUB-TOTAL B 4 1 2 3 4 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature < 24C >24C 27C >27C 30C > 30C SUB-TOTAL C 2
TOTAL = A plus B Multiplied by C = 50
8. W502 – Thermal Environment
Stage 2 Assessment
• Additional Monitoring– dry bulb, – wet bulb, – globe temperature, – air velocity, – humidity, – metabolic load and – clothing.– posture
• Rational Index
9. W502 – Thermal Environment
Monitored Parameters for Scenario 1
• Dry Bulb = 28.2°C• Globe = 28.9°C• Relative Humidity = 85%• Air Velocity = 0.2 ms-1• Metabolic Load = 165 Wm-2
• Posture = Standing• Clothing is a single layer disposable cotton overalls
with an insulation factor of 0.8 clo • Acclimatised worker
10. W502 – Thermal Environment
Malchaire’s Websitehttp://www.md.ucl.ac.be/hytr/new/en/
Download the HYTR Programs and use the PHS program
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Predicted Heat Strain
12. W502 – Thermal Environment
Predicted Core Temperature Graph
13. W502 – Thermal Environment
Scenario 2
• A worker is involved in the removal of asbestos lagging from a hot vessel
• Task will last approx 2 hours
• The task has been undertaken in an encapsulating bubble
14. W502 – Thermal Environment
Monitored Parameters
• Dry Bulb = 46.9°C• Globe = 54.3°C• Relative Humidity = 22.6%• Air Velocity = 0.2 ms-1
• Metabolic Load = 200 Wm-2
• Posture = Standing• Clothing is a single layer disposable cotton overalls
with an insulation factor of 0.8 clo • Acclimatised worker
15. W502 – Thermal Environment
Predicted Core Temperature Graph
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If a 30 Minute Rest Break is Taken
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Predicted Strain
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Upon Return to Work
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Scenario 3
• If our previous situation is repeated but our asbestos removalists are now taken out of the normal overalls and placed in impervious disposables.
• We now have a situation whereby physiological monitoring must be undertaken.
20. W502 – Thermal Environment
Physiological Monitoring
Source: University of Wollongong
21. W502 – Thermal Environment
Physiological Monitoring
22. W502 – Thermal Environment
Brouha’s Recovery Rate
• The worker is allowed to rest and the heart rate is measured from
– 30 to 60 seconds (P1), – 90 to 120 seconds (P2), and – 150 to 180 seconds (P3).
23. W502 – Thermal Environment
Brouha’s Recovery Rate (cont)
• Method was modified to suit the personal monitor (HS3800) such that;
– P1 = the average of 0 to 60 seconds– P2 = the average of 60 to 120 seconds, and– P3 = the average of 120 to 180 seconds.
24. W502 – Thermal Environment
Heart Rate Recovery Criteria
• P3 < 90 bpm situation satisfactory
• P3 ≤ 90 & P1 - P3 < 10 – High metabolic load but not significant increase in body
temperature
• P3 > 90 & P1 - P3 < 10 – Excessive strain, insufficient recovery, hence modification
of work patterns is required.
25. W502 – Thermal Environment
Recovery Rate
26. W502 – Thermal Environment
Recovery Rate Calculations
• P1 = 172 bpm, and
• P3 = 163 bpm, hence
172 – 163 = 9 bpm,
This indicates the individual, is under excessive strain.
27. W502 – Thermal Environment
Other Physiological Parameters
• ‘Heart Rate Limit = 185 - 0.65A’ (where A = Age in years); or
• ‘Thermal Heart Rate’ increase is greater than 30 bpm; or
• Recovery heart rate at one minute after a peak work effort is greater than 124 bpm; or
28. W502 – Thermal Environment
Other Physiological Parameters (cont)
• Body core temperature is 38.5oC (101.3oF) for medically selected and
acclimatised personnel; or 38oC (100.4oF) in unselected, unacclimatised
workers;
• Specific Gravity of Urine >1.015
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What Do You Think?
• Are these approaches acceptable?
30. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Study 11
Suspected Heat Stroke Case
Source: South African Department of Mines
News Flash – February 2002
31. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation
• Two operators diamond drilling in an underground mine in South Africa
• The assistant drill operator was busy helping the drill operator when he exhibited symptoms of shivering & disorientation
• The drill operator walked his assistant to the main return airway
• The drill operator left him alone to get help
32. W502 – Thermal Environment
Drill Working Underground
33. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation (cont)
• When the supervisor arrived he decided to arrange transport to the surface and left to make those arrangements
• When the drill operator started to depart the ill person became aggressive & attacked the drill operator
• The ill person was subdued, tied to a stretcher & transported to the surface and then to hospital
• He died at hospital
34. W502 – Thermal Environment
Inspectors Findings
• First aid not administered to person
• No paramedic assistance was provided to person while being transported to hospital
• Area had been temporarily abandoned due to rock fall and operations had just recommenced in area
35. W502 – Thermal Environment
Inspectors Findings (cont)
• No risk assessment conducted in work area prior to commencing work
• Wet bulb was within 10C of legal limit (32.5oC)
• Dry bulb was within 20C of legal limit (37oC)
• Deceased worker was an inexperienced employee
36. W502 – Thermal Environment
Inspectors Recommendations
• Conduct a risk assessment to determine if employees are trained to identify the symptoms and treatment of heat disorders
• An adjusted monitoring programme of thermal conditions should be implemented as prevailing conditions are close to the upper limits
37. W502 – Thermal Environment
What Do You Think?
• Is this a case of heat stroke?
• Where did the system fail?
• Are the inspectors recommendations adequate?
38. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Study 12
Suspected Heat Stroke Case
Source: South African Department of Mines
News Flash – May 2007
39. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation
• An employee was found to be missing at roll call after day shift prior to a blast in an underground mine in South Africa
• Search parties located the now deceased missing person at 10.00 am the following day
• Deceased person located in a temporarily abandoned area of the mine
40. W502 – Thermal Environment
Investigation Findings
• Deceased person was a drill operator but as he could not locate his rock drill machine on that morning did not carryout any drilling activities
• Was working alone with no assistants
• Had been seen by several mine personnel at various locations looking for his drill machine location
41. W502 – Thermal Environment
Investigation Findings (cont)
• Last time he was seen was at 2.00 pm on the day he went missing
• Area where he was eventually found was abandoned in late 2006
• A temporary barricade of wooden planks & plastic curtaining was erected to prevent hot air entering the workings above and to also restrict entry of persons to the abandoned area
42. W502 – Thermal Environment
Investigation Findings (cont)
• Location where the deceased was found had a temperature of >400C and there was no ventilation
• No harmful gases could be detected after the event
• Deceased worked was experienced (25 years) but had not been working in the section for 18 months
43. W502 – Thermal Environment
Recommendations
• Standards for barriers to be improved
• Control of working gang to be improved: to include discipline, communication, reporting system
44. W502 – Thermal Environment
What Do You Think?
• How did this tragedy happen?
• Are the recommendations adequate?
• How could this situation been avoided?
45. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Study 13
Collapse of Air Force Flight Surgeon
Source: Thomas E Kupferer(Reproduced with permission)
46. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation
• Air Force flight surgeon collapsed while responding to an emergency out on the flight line
• Subsequent investigation established that this person had been resident in the country (S E Asian tropical climate) for 6 months
47. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation (cont)
• Flight surgeon had worked in an air conditioned medical facility
• He had taken his meals, slept and passed his spare time in air conditioned quarters
48. W502 – Thermal Environment
What Do You Think?
• Why did the flight surgeon collapse when performing only mildly demanding tasks on the flight line?
49. W502 – Thermal Environment
Case Study 14
Frost Bite & Frost Nip experienced by Soldiers
Source: Penny Goodstein(Reproduced with permission)
50. W502 – Thermal Environment
The Situation
• Soldiers exercising and working in cold climate
• As a result of above activities some soldiers removed their balaclavas and/or gloves due to becoming too hot
• As a result of this action some of the soldiers experienced frost nip or frost bite
51. W502 – Thermal Environment
What Do You Think?
• Could this situation have been prevented?
• If so what steps could have been taken to do so?
52. W502 – Thermal Environment
Calculation & Assessment Exercises
• Break up into groups and attempt the various exercises
• Seek guidance from lecturers (if required)
53. W502 – Thermal Environment
Calculation Exercises
• Heat Stress – 5 calculations– Relative humidity– CET– P4SR– WBGT– HSI
• Cold Stress – 3 calculations– WCI– Effective Chilling Temperature– Work-warm up schedule
54. W502 – Thermal Environment
Student Assessment Exercises
1)Hot environments – coke ovens refractory replacement
2)Cold environments – hiking trip in the alps
3)Risk assessment – Fitter (mechanic) working on a dozer
4)Thermal comfort – shopping centre
55. W502 – Thermal Environment
Empty Coke Oven
Source: BlueScope Steel-reproduced with permission
56. W502 – Thermal Environment
Exercise 1 - Coke Ovens Battery
Source: BlueScope Steel-reproduced with permission
57. W502 – Thermal Environment
Refractory Worker in Typical PPE
Source: BlueScope Steel-reproduced with permission
58. W502 – Thermal Environment
Hot Brickwork Inside an Oven
Source: BlueScope Steel-reproduced with permission
59. W502 – Thermal Environment
Refractory Brickwork to be Removed
Source: BlueScope Steel-reproduced with permission
60. W502 – Thermal Environment
Group Exercise
Read the scenario and answer the question:
What investigations & recommendations would you suggest?
61. W502 – Thermal Environment
Group Exercise (cont)
Read the scenario’s for exercises 2 , 3 & 4 and answer the questions
Note: Some questions will involve calculations
62. W502 – Thermal Environment
Review of Today’s Learning Outcomes
• Case Studies (risk assessment)– Discuss various case studies to highlight various risk
assessment approaches
• Student Exercises– Undertake a number of exercises to reinforce the learning's
contained in the lectures