2 1 Building field-dd

8/13/2019 2 1 Building field-dd

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ONSTRU TIONTE HNOLOGY

CEM 571


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CHAPTER 2

STAGES FOR CONSTRUCTION

1. Building

2. Retaining walls, Drainage

3. Road, Highway, Bridges

4. Airports, Offshore/Marine structure


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BUILDING


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At the end of lectures, student will be able to :

- Identify setting out works involve in building

construction, i.e., site clearing, setting out and

establish the building datum level. (CO1:PO2)

- identify the accommodations, storage and security

requirements during the building construction

stage. (CO1:PO2)- describe the detail building stages involved during

the building construction process. (CO1:PO2)

LESSON OUT OME


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BUILDINGAny man-made structure used or intended for

supporting or sheltering any use or

continuous occupancy.

1. Site works and setting out

2. Accommodation, storage and security

3. Detail building stages


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CONSTRUCTION SITE

A building or construction site can be considered as a

temporary factory employing the necessary resources

to successfully fulfill a contract.


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1. SITE WORKS AND SETTING

OUT

Contractors responsibility after beinggiven possession and site layout planand detail drawings necessary

Commencing tasks:-a. Clearing the site

b. Setting out the building

c. Establishing a datum level


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Construction documents

ARCHITECTDRAWING

ENGINEERSDRAWING

SCHEDULES/PLANNING

SPECIFICATIONBILL OF

QUANTITIESCONTRACTDOCUMENT


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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

SITE INVESTIGATION

SETTING OUT AND TEMPORARY WORKS

TEMPORARY WORKS (ACCOMMODATION,

STORAGE AND SECURITY)

DETAIL CONSTRUCTION STAGES

HANDOVER


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SITE INVESTIGATION

Soil investigation include the following:-

a) Land surveying

Boundaries determination and set up

Establishing a datum level (TBM)

b) Assessment and testing

Sampling of media such as soil, water or air.

c) Availability of materials and basic supply Construction materials

Available road and drainage systems

Electrical and water supply

Environments


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Clearing the Site

May involve:-

Demolition of existing buildings (by experiencedcontractor)

Grubbing out bushes and trees (by manual ormechanical means, or by specialist for the large trees)

Removal of soil to reduce levels following to BuildingRegulation C1 (sterilize the top 300 mm to contain plantlife and decaying vegetation)


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Topography of the site andsome common material on

site


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Removal of tree trunks


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Grubbing of trees, shrubs and roots


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Site clearing work carried out


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Excavator heaping up top soil


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Earthwork operation


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Setting Out the Site

1. Establish a base line from which the whole of thebuilding can be set out.

Marked on site clearly so that it can be re-established at

any time Using steel tape (30 meters and not stretchable is more

suitable)

Marked each corner with a stout peg

Check on the right angle and correct lengths (advisableusing different method)


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Setting out

& settingboundary


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a) SITE BOUNDARYThe surveyor must to determine the site boundary of the

construction area to avoid trespass to the anotherconstruction area.

The boundary had determine


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Land surveyor

determine the

OGL

b LEVELINGThe land surveyor will

determine the original ground

level for the land and mark a

survey peg for drain, pipes,cables and main sewerage

treatment plant (MSTP), also

the road complying with theJabatan Pengairan dan Saliran

(JPS).


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Setting Out the Site

2. Set up profile board-after the main buildinglines

Should set up clear of the foundations trench

positions to locate the trench, foundations andwalls

Required at all trench and wall intersections

2.0


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Typical profile board


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Establishing a Datum Level

All levels in a building are taken from a fixedpoint called a datum

Should establish after the setting out and

related to ordnance benchmark

An arrow with a horizontal mark above thearrow

The centerline of the horizontal being theactual level indicated on an ordnance surveymaps


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Principles of levelling


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Rise and fall method:

Staff reading at A = 2.500 m

Staff reading at B = 0.750 m

Ground level at A = 100 m above ordinance datum(AOD)

Level at B = 100 m + rise ( fall if declining)

Level at B = 100 m + (2.500 0.750) = 101.750 m.

Alternative height of collimation (HC) method:

HC at A = Reduced level (RL) + staff reading = 100 m + 2.500 = 102.500 (AOD)

Level at B = HC at A staff reading at B

= 102.500 0.750 = 101.750 m


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Sloping Sites

Three methods in reducing levels:-

1. Cut and Fill- usual method, the amountof cut will equal the amount of fill

2. Cut Advantages of havingundisturbed soil over the site, buthaving disadvantages of cost ofremoving the spoil from the site

3. Fill Not to be recommended, deepfoundation would be needed, the riskof settlement and the amount of fillshould be limited to 600 mm


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Accommodation,

Storage and

Security

SITE OFFICE


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SITE OFFICE

HOARDING

PROJECT SIGNBOARD


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Accommodation

Regulations 1996 (Health, safety andwelfare)

Requirements defers due to numbers of siteworkers and duration of contract

Staff accommodations usually:-

semi-portable units

mobile caravans or cabins

Facilities provided:-

First aid, stretcher ambulance, first aidroom, shelter and clothing, meals room,washing facilities and sanitary facilities


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Semi-portable Units


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Mobile Caravans OrCabins


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Storage

Type of storage depend on:- Durability

Vulnerability to damage

Vulnerability to theft

Examples..

Cement and plaster (in bag form)dry store free from

moist air

Aggregates and sand clean firm base, separate

different materials and grade, watch on moisture content

Bricks and blocks stacked in stable piles, covered

adequately

S it d P t ti


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Security and Protection-

fencing

To defines limit of site and acts as adeterrent to trespasser or thief

To provide a physical barrier or visual barrier

Should start at the beginning ofconstruction

Type depend on degree of security, cost,neighborhood and duration of contract

At least 1.8m high Minimum number of access and with

lockable barrier

Standard fencesBS 1722


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Protection fencing

Typical fencing details


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Typical fencing details

Cleft chestnut pale fencing


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Chain link fence with concrete

posts2

Cl b d d f ith


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Close boarded fence with

concrete post

Security and Protection


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Security and Protection-

fencing- Hoardings

Close boarded fences of barriers erectedadjacent to a highway or public footpath

Prevent unauthorized persons obtainingaccess to site and protect publicfrom dustand noise

Necessary to obtain written permissionfromthe local authority to erect a hoarding(Highways Act 1980)


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Hoardings

Two forms:-

Vertical hoardings

a series of closed boarded panels securely fixed to

resist wind load and accidental impact loadCan be free standing or fixed by stays by the external

walls of an existing building

Fan hoardings

To protect persons from falling objects

Place at a level above the normal traffic height andensure any falling debris is directed back towards thebuilding or scaffold

T i l f t di g


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Typical free standing

vertical hoarding1

Typical fan hoarding


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Typical fan hoarding

2


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Trench excavation


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FOUNDATIONS

Foundation is the base on which a building rests and itspurpose is to safely transfer the load of a building tosuitable subsoil

Building regulations :-

Safely sustain and submit to the ground the combineddead and imposed loads so as not to imposed anysettlement or other movement in any part of the buildingor of any adjoining buildings or works

Be a such a depth, or be so constructed, as to avoid anydamage by swelling, shrinkage or freezing of the subsoil

Be capable of resisting attack by deleterious material, such assulphates, in the subsoil


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Foundation

Shallow foundationstransfer loads to subsoil at apoint near to the ground floor of the buildingpadfooting, strip, rafts , combinations..

Deep foundationstransfer the loads to a subsoilsome distance below the ground floor of thebuilding..pile foundations


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CONSTRUCTION


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CONSTRUCTIONFOUNDATION


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BEAM

A beam is a structural element that is capable ofwithstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Thebending force induced into the material of the beam asa result of the external load, own weight and external

reactions to these loads is called a bending moment(wikipedia).

Beam can be:

Suspended beamsimply @ fixed support.

Non suspended..cantiliver @ on ground.

Method of construction depends on type of materialsused.


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BEAM.


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SLAB

A broad flat square or rectangular piece of wood, stone orother solid material used to construct buildings, pavements,patios, paths in horizontal plane

Can be suspended or non suspended

Method of construction depends on type of materials used


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SLAB


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COLUMN

A column in structural engineering is a verticalstructural element that transmits, throughcompression, the weight of the structureabove to other structural elements below. For

the purpose of wind or earthquakeengineering, columns may be designed toresist lateral forces


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COLUMN


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WALL


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BRICKWORK

ROOF


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ROOF

A roof is the covering on the uppermost partof a building. A roof protects the buildingand its contents from the effects of weather.Structures that require roofs range from aletter box to a cathedral or stadium,dwellings being the most numerous .

The elements in the design of a roof are :-

the material

the construction

the durability


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ROOF CONSTRUCTION.


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Types of roof

Flat Roofs


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Types of roof Sloping Roofs


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Types of roof

Salt Box


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Types of roof

Gambrel Roof


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Types of roof

Mansard Roof


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Types of roof Pyramid Roof


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Types of roof

Hip Roof


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END OF LECTURE

ANYQUESTIONS

..

CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND


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CAN YOU IDENTIFY AND

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN.

the setting out works involve in building construction, i.e., siteclearing, setting out and establish the building datum level.(CO1)

the accommodations, storage and security requirements

during the building construction stage. (CO1) describe the detail building stages involved during the

building construction process. (CO1)


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END..

THANK

YOU

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2 1 Building field-dd