2 Animals or children ? – A scientist’s choice Unit 8 Section A FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY

2

Animals or children ?

– A scientist’s choice

Animals or children ?

– A scientist’s choice

Unit 8 Section AUnit 8 Section A

FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY

Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.

— Albert Einstein

2

8UNIT

I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.

—Abraham Lincoln

Section A

2

8 Human rights vs. animal rightsUNIT

Animals or children ?– A scientist’s choice

Animals or children ?– A scientist’s choice

Objectives

To talk about animal research

To further understand the text

To apply the phrases and patterns

To master the essay writing skill

Contents

Warming-up activities

Text study

Language application

Summary

Animals or children? – A scientist’s choice

Animals or children? – A scientist’s choiceSection A

Warming-up activities

Lead-in

Pre-reading activities

Cultural background



1. Did you have a pet before? How did you treat your pet?

• As your best friend and family member• Take good care of them even they were sick• Never abandoned or ignored when they are

getting older…

Short answer questions

2. Should animals be treated in the same way as human beings? Should scientific experiments use animals to develop medicines to help and heal human beings? What do you think about the experiments on animals?

• Cursed, cruel and non-humanitarian experiment • To help and heal human beings• To help people get rid of pain• To develop the medical research…

Short answer questions

1. How did the American treat animals?

2. What is PETA?

Listen to a talk about animal protection and

discuss the questions.

1. How did the American treat animals?

• To spend thousands of millions of dollars every year;

• On animal food, health care, equipment and toys;

• Care so deeply for them;• Brave the disaster to stay with them…• Animal welfare organizations provide

services…

2. What is PETA?

• An animal rights organization;• For the ethical treatment of animals; • The headquarters in Norfolk,Virginia; • To save and improve the lives of millions of

animals;• The largest animal rights group in the world…

This is the VOA Special English Education Report.

Listen to a short passage concerning animal medical research and fill in the missing information.

To be continued

PETA disapproves of the use of animals for _______________. But many research scientists say this position could prevent development of treatments and cures for serious and _______________.

medical research

deadly diseases

To be continued

Wesley Smith is a lawyer allied with the Discovery Institute, a ________educational group. He has written extensively about science and _______.

Mister Smith points to the Silver Spring Monkey Case as an example of _______ policy. Last year, he wrote on the subject for the online publication of the National Review. His article was called "A Monkey for Your Grandmother."


nonprofit

ethics

harmful

To be continued

He noted the _________ of victims of Alzheimer's disease. This disease ________ mainly older people. It steals their ability to think and care for themselves. Animals are often used in research on such _______________.


suffering

strikes

brain disease

The American Veterinary Medical Association is an organization of doctors who care for animals. The A.V.M.A. agrees with some __________ taken by animal rights groups. But the association also says it cannot accept policies that conflict with what it calls ____________ animal use for human purposes.


positions

responsible

Questions Previewing

1. What is the animal research? And why?

2. Why did animal rights activists ban on animal testing?

3. Why did physician scientists conduct the animal experiments?

Tips

Tips

Tips

Cultural backgroundAnimal research

1. What is the animal research? And why?

• To use animals in experiments;• To research the new drugs;• To improve the success rate of surgeries;• To keep the people healthy and happy;• To help the patients and dying people …


2. Why did animal rights activists ban on animal testing?

• Cruel and inhumane, animals should be

free;• Unreliable, different between people and

animals; • Computers can also be programmed ; • Break the ecological balance.


3. Why did physician scientists conduct the animal experiments?

• To relieve the eternal suffering of people;• To understand the process and test new

therapies;• Most experiments on human beings will fail;• To accelerate the process of medical research;• The research of simulated effects on computer

is of little value …


Main idea & structure

Language focus

Critical thinking

Text study



According to the text, why did the author become a children’s doctor? (Para.1)

Tips love and supreme desire to keep them

healthy and draw the author to medical research.

The text is an _________________________, the purpose of which is to convince readers by using good ___________ and strong ____________. The author, through writing this essay, argues for his rightfulness of doing ____________________.

argumentative essay

reasons evidence

animal research

Part I — (Para. 1)

The author was _________________________of being cruel to animals since his top desire is only to keep children healthy with ______________________based on ______________________.

wrongly accused

medical advances

animal research

For career advancement

Tortuer innocent animals

No moral compass

devil

How did animal rights activists describe the researchers? (Para.2)

Response?accuse

What did physician scientists do? (Para.3)

Response Belief

• Be unbelievably uncaring

• Allow them to creep in

• “animal fraud” and hatred

Persist in our belief

Importance of animal research for public health

What Should be

done?

Respond to the

emotional tone by…

Part II — Paras. 2-3

This part unfolds the current situation of

animal-rights movement. Firstly, animal rights

protectors distort the truth by accusing the

physician. The author also criticizes the

indifference of the public, senators and even

the people who worked in the medical field.

To Leave medical research standstill

Most of experiments on human beings will fail

What are the first three reasons to relieve the eternal suffering of human beings ? (Para.4)

To improve and test new

therapies on animal research

Reasons (3)

The optional fourth choice by computer imitation (Para. 5)

Advice?

Possible benefits?

Can computer model exchange

the actual experiments ?

computer models which suggested by animal rights activists are of little value.

What are the terrifying effects of arresting the animal

research? (Para.6)

Drugs to cure infections will remain undiscovered.

Surgical and diagnostic techniques will be developed.

Fundamental biological processes will remain mysteries.

√

√

×undeveloped.

What results did animal research help us to achieve ?(Para.7)

Tips• To fight against the serious sicknesses,

such as _____________, __________________ and _______.

• To operate the most complex surgical procedures, such as __________________ and ___________________________.

heart disease

high blood pressure stroke

heart or hip surgery

organ transplantation surgeries

Part III— Paras. 4-7

As the main part of the essay, it provides

compelling reasons to justify the necessity of

doing animal research. It emphasizes why

doing animal research is so indispensable, and

warns that stopping animal research will cause

significantly negative effects.

How about the present situation of human beings in American today ?(Para.8)

Tips

People are overprotection from the

reality of human life and death and

what it means. They are more

concerned about animals and so little

for sick and dying human beings.

What is the author’s attitude ?(Para.9)

Tips

We should arouse the majority to

protect the future of animal research,

and oppose the misdirected minority.

Part Ⅳ — (Paras.8-9) conclusion of the essay

The author is trying to make his

_______________ be heard and also his

most worried concern. He urges the

public to ____________________ put an end to

the nightmare – to cease animal

research.

final appeal

take actions to

I am wrongly accused of doing animal research since my top desire is only to keep children healthy with medical advances based on animal research. (Para. 1)

Introduction

Animal rights activists distort my medical research and accuse me of being a physician without moral limits. (Paras. 2-3)

Introduction

Current situation of the animal-rights movement

Introduction


Reasons to justify the necessity of animal research

To relieve the eternal suffering of human among the possible three reasons. (para.4)

The optional 4th choice from animal activists is using computer model, but it’s of no value (Para. 5)

The terrifying effects of arresting animal research will only be felt years or decades later. (Para. 6)

Our current combat abilities against sickness are mostly based on previous animal research. (Para. 7)

Introduction


Reasons to justify the necessity of animal research

Conclusion

Human rights vs. animal rightsI am wrongly __________ of doing animal research since my _________________ is only to keep children healthy based on animal research. Although the animal-rights activists ________ the truth. The politicians give in to the __________ of animal rights advocates, even the people working in the medical field let animal rights activists __________.

twist

accused

supreme desire

To be continuedcreep in

lobbying

They ________the issue as one of “______________” and_________. To relieve the _________________ of human beings, animal research is the best choice to understand the process and ______________________, more than that hoping accidental discoveries will ___________________. What’s more, the optional fourth choice is _________ the animal experiments by computer model. It’s _______________.

move us forward

hatredanimal fraud

test new therapies

of little value To be continued

frame

eternal suffering

imitate

The studies what are along with subsequent ____________ will actually end if animal research is severely ___________. I would never ___________ needless cruel treatment of animals. the real question _____________ the importance of the _____________________ and protect its future.

advancesrestricted

advocate

is aware of animal experiment

Practical Phrases Specific Meanings

1. tip the scales 使天平（向某人或物）倾斜 2. have relevance to … 与……有关3. creep in 渐渐影响，逐渐改变 4. in the name of … 以……的名义5. make a contribution 作贡献6. be / become aware of 意识到；明白；知道7. isolate sb. / sth. from … 与……隔离；孤立

使天平（向某人或物）倾斜

(Personality / talent / kindness / quirkiness / tip the scales)

Personality, talent, kindness, and maybe even

quirkiness, may tip the scales.

tip the scales短语逆译

短语应用人格，才艺，亲和力，甚至于奇谋诡诈的手段，都有可能成为加重分量的砝码。意群提示

与……有关

(latest findings/ to a great extent)

The researchers hope the latest findings will have relevance to people to a great extent.

have relevance to短语逆译

短语应用研究者们希望这些最新发现和人类有很大的关联。意群提示

渐渐影响，逐渐改变

(feelings o f uncertainty and doubt)

When feelings of uncertainty and doubt start to creep in, I face those feelings directly and ask myself how can I learn from this to better myself?

creep in短语逆译

短语应用当不确定感和疑惑开始逐渐侵袭，我直面那些感觉，然后问自己，我怎样才能从这些感觉中获得更多收获？意群提示

以……的名义

(in the name of… / democracy )

Soldiers – in the name of democracy, let us all unite!!!

in the name of …短语逆译

短语应用战士们——以民主的名义，让我们团结起来！！！意群提示

作贡献

( make a contribution to )

Everyone should make a contribution to

protecting the environment.

make a contribution短语逆译

短语应用每个人都应该为保护环境做贡献。

意群提示

意识到；明白；知道

(heart disease / be aware of)The researchers say if people want to avoid heart

disease, they should be more aware of how much

sugar is in their food.

be / become aware of 短语逆译

短语应用研究人员表示：人们如果想要预防心脏病，就应该更加清楚的认识到食物中的含糖量。

意群提示

与……隔离；孤立

(for the sake of / isolate from) For the sake of the safety of all, this patient

should be isolated from other patients.

短语逆译

短语应用为了大家的安全，这个病人应该与其他病人隔离开。意群提示

isolate sb. / sth. from

Functional Patterns Functions & Usages

1. When sth. is in question, as is the case with …, sth. is of little value.

用于表达“某人在特定身份下做某事的感受”。

2. There is the danger that …, while …

用于表达“某种情况可能导致的严重后果”。

3. The question is whether… but …

用于表达“人们应该面对的真正问题”。

当原理本身有问题时，就跟正处于研究阶段的复杂的生物系统的情况一样，仅靠计算机模拟的成效甚微。

原句译文

逆译练习

When the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complex biological systems of human life under study, computer modeling alone is of little value.

句型提炼

When sth. is in question, as is the case with……, sth is of little value.

句型提炼

应用提示

用于表达“当某事有问题时，跟某种情况一样… ”

句型应用

典型例句当人们自身意识比较淡薄时，就像目前汽车市场高居不下的购买数量，仅靠政府出台的环保政策收效甚微。

意群提示

When the people’s own consciousness is in question, as is the case with the high purchases of auto market, depending only on the environmental protection policy of the government is of little value.

(own consciousness / depend on / environmental protection policy )

危险的是，那些善意的政治家匆忙作出决定，策略性地满足了那小部分大声疾呼的示威者，这只是权宜之计，而这些决定的后果和造成的破坏性影响要很久才会显现。

原句译文

逆译练习

There is the danger that quick decisions by well-meaning politicians will create resolutions to diplomatically satisfy the small minority of loud protestors while the consequences and damaging impact of those decisions will not be apparent until long after.

句型提炼

There is the danger / risk that…, while…

句型提炼

应用提示用于表达“由于某种情况导致的严重结果” 。

句型应用

(involve in/ ecological environment / influence on )

典型例句可怕的是，当人们用动物进行医学实验的时候却没有意识到将会破坏生态平衡，最终影响到我们的下一代。意群提示

There is the risk that the people who are involved in animal research won’t realize the damage to the ecological environment while the consequence will influence on our younger generation.

因此，真正的问题是我们能否唤起大多数漠不关心的民众来保护动物实验的将来，以反对嗓门很大，但却是被误导的少数群体。

原句译文

逆译练习Hence, the real question is whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to protect its future against a loud, but misdirected, minority.

句型提炼

Hence, the real question / problem is whether … but …

句型提炼

应用提示用于表达“人们应该面对的真正问题”。

句型应用

(basic news evaluation standard / impartiality of objective news )

典型例句因此，真正的问题是我们能否唤起大多数没有基本新闻评判标准的受众人群来维护新闻消息的客观公正性，以反对影响面很大，但却是被误导的少数媒体。意群提示

Hence, the real question is whether majority who don’t have the basic news evaluation standard can be aroused to maintain the impartiality of objective news against some influential, but misdirected, minority media.

a. I became a children’s

doctor because of my love

for children and my

supreme desire to keep

them healthy . (Para.1, L2)

我成为一名儿科医生，是因为我爱孩子，也因为我的最大愿望是让他们保持健康。

b. There is the danger that quick

decisions by well-meaning politicians

will create resolution to diplomatically

satisfy the small minority of loud

protestors while the consequences

and damaging impact of those

decisions will not be apparent until

long after. (Para.6, L5)

危险的是，那些善意的政治家匆忙作出决定，策略

性地满足了那小部分大声疾呼的示威者，这只是权

宜之计，而这些决定的后果和造成的破坏性影响要

很久才会显现。

c. Hence the real question is

whether an uncaring majority

can be aroused to protect its

future against a loud, but

misdirected, minority. (Para.9,

L5)

因此，真正的问题是我们能否唤起大多数漠不关心

的民众来保护动物实验的将来，以反对嗓门很大，但却是被误导的少数群体。

1 Do you think animal research is necessary and meaningful ? And why?

2 How did we reduce the harm to animals ?

3 What is the relationship between human and animals?

Tips

Tips

Tips

Yes, absolutely. Advancement of science

necessitates animal research. It manifests that drug

experimentation on live mammals is far more

effectual than experimentation on bacteria or on

other lower species in testing drug safety. Secondly,

in space research, live animals are still the only

viable alternative to humans in testing living creature

reaction to outer-space experience on a flight not

considered to be sufficiently safe for human

astronauts.

1. Do you think animal research is necessary and meaningful ? and why?

to be continued

\\

2. How did we reduce the harm to animals ?

I concede that experiments upon animals may induce suffering to the test animals. However, I am convinced that there are no feasible alternatives to this methodology at the current stage of scientific development. On balance, I think that we should allow animals testing to be continued but at the same time use techniques such as analgesic, anesthetic and tranquilizing drugs to minimize the pain inflicted upon the test animal and augment the general welfare of these animals.

to be continued

Animals were friends or foes of humanity at different times of the human history. It is such a complicated relationship between human and animals. In the entire ecosystem of the earth, human can’t live without animals. Human rise to the top of the food chain subsisting harmonious with animals. The integrity of ecological species is also important to the development of human’s future.

3. What is the relationship between human and animals?

What is the conflict between animal rights

activists and physician scientists?

Watch a video clip and discuss the question:

First, there are three stages for us to understand the earthings( 生物 ). We all live in the earth, there are no sexism( 性别歧视 ), racism( 种族歧视 ) and speciesism( 物种歧视 ), included all creatures and human beings. Humans are not the only creature in the earth and share the resource with any other animal.

to be continued

What is the conflict between animal rights activists and physician scientists?

Second, the term of vivisection( 活体解剖 ) is called medical experiment by the living animals, they called it medical science. The reason is to discover the essential methods of curing the human’s disease. There are two mistakes here, one is the effectiveness( 有效性 ) of this way, another is different reaction between human and animals.


to be continued

Third, is this the exemplify the most extreme racist theories(极端种族主义 ) of Nazi as same as the human slaughter( 屠杀 ) animals? The creatures shouldn’t measure by man, they are another nations, what should we do?


Language application

Writing devices

Oral reproduction

Paragraph translation

Animals or children? –A scientist’s choice

Animals or children? –A scientist’s choiceSection A

Learn how to write an argumentative essay ： To write an argumentative essay must provide specific and convincing evidence that supports the thesis statement. A writing mode that reqiures critical thinking and analytical skills. We also need to use the solid evidence and facts to support the viewpoints such as statistics, quotes from experts, and specific examples. You can follow these steps:

to be continued

to be continued

Step 1: choose a position.Know the purpose of your essay, and be clear about which side of the issue you are going to write and what solution you will offer.

Step 2: analyze the audience.Decide if your readers are going to agree or disagree with your position. Think about possible opposing viewpoints.

Step 3: research the topic.A persuasive essay must provide specific and convincing evidence. Often it is necessary to do some research on the topic

Step 4: structure the essay.Figure out what evidence you will include and in what order you will present the evidence. Remember to consider your purpose and your audience.

Learn how to write an argumentative essay ： To write an argumentative essay must provide specific and convincing evidence that supports the thesis statement. A writing mode that requires critical thinking and analytical skills. We also need to use the solid evidence and facts to support the viewpoints such as statistics, quotes from experts, and specific examples. Please take a look at the chart below to see how you can organize the detailswith this pattern : to be continued

to be continued

Thesis statement

Reason 1 Reason 3,4…Reason 2

Read the sample argumentative

essay and see how it develops

with the thesis statement-

supported by reasons pattern.

Topic:

Ban on animal testing

Introduction:

Thesis statement: Even though animals have

made a large contribution to modern medicine,

animal testing should be stopped because it is

immoral, unreliable, and unnecessary.

to be continued

Body:Reason 1: ImmoralReason 2: UnreliableReason 3: Unnecessary

to be continued

Conclusion:

Inhumane, non-effective animal testing

should be stopped immediately when

tests could be done with alternative

methods.

to be continued

Sample essay: Animal testing is largely used in medical

experiments today. Unfortunately, many

animals are seriously harmed in the process.

Even though animals have made a large

contribution to modern medicine, animal

testing should be stopped because it is

immoral, unreliable, and unnecessary.

(Thesis statement)

to be continued

Sample: First of all, animal testing is usually cruel and inhumane. On experiments, innocent animals are going through so much pain and horror. It is absolutely wrong because animals should be free to live as any other creatures and they shouldn’t be taken away from their homes and natural habitats. Many animal tests are performed without any painkillers. Consequently, they lead to animals’ constant pain. (Reason 1)

to be continued

Sample: In addition to being cruel, animal tests aren’t reliable. People and animals are different, and that’s why a medicine that appears safe for animals may not be safe for people or vice versa. One of the examples is Aspirin, which is poisonous to rats and mice but not to people in some cases. While many say that animal testing allows medicines to be created that will aid human life, there are many examples showing they also cause horrible deaths in humans. (Reason 2)

to be continued

Sample: It is true that some drugs can be used on both animals and humans, but this does not mean that they have to be tested on animals in the first place when alternative methods are available. They include, for example, stem cell research. Living tissues can be grown in test tubes and new drugs can be tested on these. Computers can also be programmed to show how medicines will react in the human body. (Reason 3)

to be continued

Sample: In conclusion, inhumane, non-effective animal testing should be stopped immediately when tests could be done with alternative methods. Animals have the same rights as human beings. We can help save animals from suffering and death by donating only to medical research which doesn’t experiment on animals. (Conclusion)

to be continued

Writing practice

Directions: Write an essay of no

less than 150 words on one of the

following topics. One topic has an

outline you can follow.

Topic: Why a petIntroduction: Thesis statement: There are some good reasons why you should keep a pet to have a positive life.Body:Reason 1:Give you unconditional love and companionshipReason 2:Increase your physical activity and improve your healthReason 3:Teach you to have a sense of responsibilityConclusion: Everyone should keep a pet because pets provide you with unconditional love, help you retain good health, and teach you to be responsible.

More topics:

• Why animals testing?

• Why no animal for entertainment?

Suppose, as a physician

scientist, you are expected to

give a speech to animal rights

activists.

Make a speech on the following topic.

You can follow the outline given below.

Part I. Opening part of the speech

1.The current situation of animal research;

2.The problem and development of animal research;

3.Your expectation of the animal research’s future.

To be continued

You can follow the outline given below.

Part II. Your description of the animal research

1. The reasons of animal research;

2. The significance to human beings;

3. The worrying problems to animal rights activists;

4. The more humane methods in animal research.

5. More efficient ways to replace the animal research

Part III. Conclusion1. Opportunities and challenges;2. Your hope and determination for the future

To be continued

You may adopt the following expressions.

on behalf of sb.

to be grateful to do sth;

The harmonious development between…and…;

Thanks to advance …;

Consent to the importance of;

should not make us unappreciative;

to shoulder the responsibilities as;

In the application of

Translate a paragraph based

on a summary of the text by

using the expressions from

the text.

尽管动物权利活动家歪曲真相并且把我描述成恶魔，但是做为一名儿科医生，我从不认为自己是一个邪恶的人。我感情的天平更倾向于希望孩子们健康快乐，这促使我去从事医学研究。我们一直坚信，博学的公众会赞同动物研究对公众健康的重要性。

Cast sb. as

persist in

tip the scales

never thought of

To be continued

twist the truth

让我感到特别愤怒的是，有人对动物的痛苦表达入微，但是对生病和生命垂危的人却冷漠无情。动物实验为人类健康做出重大贡献，真正的问题是我们能否唤起绝大多数漠不关心的民众来保护动物实验的将来。

care for

so little for

make a contribution

be aroused to

Although animal rights activists have twisted the truth and cast me as the devil. But as a children’s doctor, I have never thought of myself as an evil person. My desire to tip the scales in favor of healthy, happy children drew me to medical research. We have persisted in our belief that a knowledgeable public would consent to the importance of animal research for public health. I am particularly angered by any minute expression of caring for the suffering of creatures and so little for sick and dying human beings. Animal experiments has made a significant contribution to human health. The real question is whether an uncaring majority can be aroused to protect its future.

Thematic study

Summary

Revision of the useful

expressions

Revision of the functional

patterns



1 最大的愿望是让他们健康

2 以……的环境

3 更重要的是4 得益于……的进步5 歪曲真相6 设计此类问题 / 研究成为

7 坚信

8 同意……的重要性9 以……的名义10 为我们辩护

supreme desire to keep them healthy

circumstances for…

more importantly

thanks to advance…

twist the truth

frame the issue as

persist in sth

consent to the importance of

in the name of

in our defense

11 不受……的伤害

12 在……底部

13 在……中的应用 14 由于……痛苦 15 应该心存感激 16 收效甚微 17 不在意，不关注

18 别搞错 19 做贡献 20 引起，唤醒

be free of pain

at the bottom of

in the application of

make no mistake

the agony of

should not make us unappreciative

be of little value

so little for

make a contribution

be aroused to

Functions & Usages Sentence Patterns

1. 当某事有问题时，跟某种情况一样……

2. 由于某种情况可能导致某种严重结果。

3. 人们应该面对的真正问题

When sth. is in question, as is the case with …, sth. is of little value.

There is the danger that …, while …

Hence, the real question is whether … but …

The end



Documents

2 Animals or children ? – A scientist’s choice Unit 8 Section A FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY