67
2
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
259
70
84
84
95
78
78
152
93
77
DUPIC 125
79, 93
85
78
112
104
150
150
188
188
188
142
142
115
159
157
184
184
70
144
130
102
134
134
260
140
152
88
IAEA 164
174
148
() 122() 122() 123() 123() 124() 124() 124() 120() 125 172
138
137
140
157
100
79
74
79
170
139
170
139
170
172
171
140
139
261
169
137
139
136
79
170
163
76
77
158
117
152
107
122
103
MYRRHA 86
89
173
119
182
183
182
108
101
101
102
97
262
101
108
119
87
106
87
106
88
94
103
158
108
180
180
87
106
109
96
97
98
98
101
181
89
152
107
69
153
141
69
112
153
113
151
141
263
181
182
181
115
114
115
113
115
142
114
107
107
153
99
102
95
104
113
70
186
187
90
163
145
109
84
130
96
120
145
121
121
121
264
120
150
109
90
76
76
80
80
118
85
91
162
SMART 85
166
173
173
103
110
10CFR 155
106
75
153
75
154
162
ALARA 155
163
166
167
167
156
138
132
265
132
168
169
183
183
183
135
168
167
167
133
156
131
133
183
183
134
172
137
132
ASME code 84
75
117
91
116
157
166
76
85
100
168
113
104
81
168
266
171
105
93
105
77
68
144
133
149
149
179
179
179
73
73
131
72
180
180
180
180
74
147
71
97
179
179
179
154
154
127
128
154
154
181
267
129
129
130
127
128
71
128
92
160
164
69
75
181
72
81
81
158
94
110
96
91
EURATOM 165
119
143
143, 160
144
142
143
2 74
151
93
145
1 74
110
268
133
172
187
187
187
104
185
185
185
105
169
136
135
94
185
185
185
151
186
186
186
70
150
150
75
82
253 151
91
92
145
146
148
/ () 122 / () 122
269
/ () 123 / () 123 / () 124 / () 124 / () 124 / () 120 / () 125 82
77
99
112, 118
118
182
182
182
85
171
GNEP 155
137
171
187
187
171
99
98
130
146
146
105
181
GEN IV 82
111
114
270
117
114
117
116
82
77
117
116
107
KSATR 174
128
148
91
125
103
169
173
83
163
95
PUREX 125
88
94
83
159
156
158
271
184
184
160
159
83
164
165
122
100
118
161
68
71
162
95
161
162
161
162
103
68
68
83
/ 83
126
71, 120
89
69
69
173
174
140
184
184
157
272
105
90
116
99
80
149
94
186
186
68
nuclear energy ( 2) .
nuclear energy(+) . .
nuclear materials ( 2, 2) . .
nuclear materials . , . . (US NRC) , , , -237, .
nuclear fuel materials ( 2, 3) . 1. 238 235 2. 238 235 3. 4. 1 3 1 5. 238 235 6. 7. 233 8. 5 7 1
nuclear fuel . , . (Th), (U), (Pu) .
1
69
nuclear source materials ( 2, 4) , .
nuclear source .
radioactive materials ( 2) .
radioactive materials , , .
radioactive isotopes ( 2, 5) , . , .
radioactive isotopes . . .
nuclear reactors ( 2, 7) . , .
nuclear reactors
70
. . , , . , , , .
related facilities ( 2, 9) , , , , , , , .
related facilities .
refining ( 2) .
refining .
conversion ( 2) .
conversion 99.9% .
fabrication ( 2) .
71
fabrication () , , .
nuclear power utilization facilities ( 2, 92) , , , , , , , , .
Nuclear Fuel Cycling Business ( 43) .
Nuclear Fuel Cycling Business , , .
atomic energy facility ( 2), , , , .
( 15) 1. : 238 80% () , 1M 1 . 2Kg I, 500g 2Kg II, 15g 500g III . 2. 235: 235 20% ( I-5Kg ,
72
II-1Kg 5Kg , III-15g 1Kg ) 10% , 20% ( II-10Kg , III-1Kg 10Kg ), 10% ( III-10Kg ) . 3. 233: I 2Kg , II 500g 2Kg , III 15g 500g . 4. () : II 10% , , .
()( 2, 2) , , . ( 235 238 ) 235 100 5 1 235 2,000g , 235 100 5 1 235 800g , 1 500g . ( 235 238 ) 235 100 5 1 235 2,000g 1 500g . .
( 2, 22) ( ) , (
73
) . , . .
( 2) , , , , , , , .
nuclear events ( 2) .
7 ( TBq)6 ( TBq)
5 ,
( TBq)
4 .
(1mSv )
3
(0.1mSv )
2 ,
nuclear events , . , , . (IAEA) (INES: International Nuclear Event Scale) . 7 , (0) (deviation) . 1, 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7 .
74
1 .
0
-
( 7) , . .
1 ( 2) .
coolant . 1 2 1 , 2 , 1 . . , . , . , . (), .
2 ( 2) 1 .
75
( 2)1 , , , , , .
( 2)1 . , , 1 .
( 2) .
( 2) (power operation) (reactor shutdown) (shutdown operation) (startup) .
( 2)
76
.
( 2) .
( 2) .
( 2) .
( 2) , .
77
( 2) .
( 2) . , , .
( 2) .
light water reactor( 81) .
light water reactor ( ) . (1 ) (PWR) (BWR) . -235 2-4% . , , .
( 81) .
78
heavy water reactor . 1,2,3,4 CANDU .
moderator , . -235 , , , . , , .
depleted uranium-235 . -235 . , () .
fast breeder reactor-238 -239 . . -238 -239 -239 . (: Mixed Oxide; MOX) . . ( ) . .
79
continued operation of NPPs license renewal , . . 1 2007 6 18 (30) 2008 1 9 .
seismic design , () . , , ,
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